Definition. Benthos & Nekton Objectives Some forms of phyto-benthos. Relationship between size of organisms and abundance. Marine Animals. Marine invertebrates. Coral reefs Marine vertebrates. Fish Mammals. Kelp forest ١
Definition On Around In Benthos All organisms living on or in or around substrate. plankton Nekton pelagic Benthos ٢
Biozone Pelagic Benthic Neritic Oceanic Littoral Supralittoral Subtidal Intertidal High zone Low zone Marine Mid Biology zone ٣
Benthos Benthic Flora Benthic Fauna Seagrass Megafauna Green Algae Microfauna Red Algae Brown Algae Macrofauna Meiofauna Kelp Bed Kelp bed ٤
Aquatic Vegetations Marsh grass Seagrass Bed Montaza Bay, Alexandria, By Prof., Hesham Mostafa Kelp bed ٥
Phylum Phaeophyta or Brown Algae Phylum Rhodophyta or Red Algae Seaweeds are large marine multicellular algae. These nonvascular plants are grouped as green, red and brown algae. Phylum Chlorophyta or Green Algae ٦
Relationship Between Size Of Organisms And Abundance The smaller they are, the more abundant they tend to be. Marine Animals Marine invertebrates Phylum Porifera (Sponges) Phylum Cnidaria (Corals, Jellyfish) Phylum Mollusca (Clams, Snails, Octopi) Phylum Arthropoda (Crabs, Shrimp, Lobsters, Copepods) Phylum Echinodermata (Sea Stars, Brittle Stars) Marine worms (Polychaeta, Nematode) Marine vertebrates ٧
Phylum Porifera (Sponges) The contribution Of sponges to total benthic productivity is usually minor Phylum Cnidaria (Corals, Jellyfish Phylum Cnidaria Fossil coral Coral reefs support rich ecosystems Jonathan Bird Jellyfish ٨
Phylum Mollusca (Clams, Snails, Octopi) Bivalve Snails Octopus Phylum Arthropoda (Crabs, Shrimp, Lobsters, Copepods) ٩
Marine worms (Polychaeta, Nematodes) Polychaeta Turbellarian flatworms Nematodes Oligochaete worms Leeches Serpulid worm Phylum Echinodermata (Sea Stars, Brittle Stars) Sea urchins Sea urchins Sunflower starfish ١٠
Coral Reefs http://www.coralreef.noaa.gov/ Coral reefs are aragonite structures produced by living organisms, found in marine waters with little to no nutrients in the water. High nutrient levels such as those found in runoff from agricultural areas can harm the reef by encouraging the growth of Algae. ١١
The stony corals which have formed a symbiotic partnership with tiny algae Zooxanthellae. ١٢
Coral Bleaching Marine Vertebrates ١٣
Marine Vertebrates Tunicates Birds Lancelets Reptiles Fish Amphibian Mammals Marine Vertebrates Marine Vertebrates ١٤
sea squirts :Tunicates Nekton They are active swimming aquatic organisms in a body of water (usually oceans or lakes) able to move independently of water currents. Nekton are contrasted with plankton Cephalochordate Lancelet (Brainless fish) ١٥
Fish Jawless Fish Cartilaginous Fish Bony Fish Suction mouth of lamprey The jawless fish, lamprey and hagfish are the most primitive vertebrates Lamprey Hagfish ١٦
Manta ray Clearnose skate Pacific electric ray Cartilaginous fish White Cartilaginous fish Hammerhead ١٧
Giant Grouper, the world's biggest bony fish ١٨
Egyptian Commercial Bony Fish Family Sparidae Diplodus sp Sparus sp Pagrus sp Boops sp لم لم جا لش غي ل ني Otters B=Marine Mammals Polar bear Dolphin ١٩
Sea lions walrus Seals Manatees Dugongs, or sea cows as they are sometimes called, are marine animals which can grow to about three metres in length and weigh as much as 400 kilograms. They are the only marine mammals in Australia that live mainly on plants. The name sea cow refers to the fact that they graze on the seagrasses, which form meadows in sheltered coastal waters. As dugongs feed, whole plants are uprooted and a telltale-feeding trail is left. Dugongs are more closely related to elephants than to marine mammals such as whales and dolphins, but manatees are their closest living ٢٠