Genetic characterization of steelhead population dynamics in the Columbia River Jon E. Hess, Andrew P. Matala, Joseph S. Zendt, and Shawn R. Narum
Genetic characterization of steelhead population dynamics in the Columbia River Genetic tools Genetic structure Steelhead bypass examples Concluding remarks Steelhead
1) Parentage Based Tagging (PBT): Genetic tools Baseline of hatchery broodstock genetic data Identify all offspring of hatchery parents Data obtained similar to CWT but improved tagging rate (~100%) No juveniles have to be handled or injected with physical tags 2) Genetic Stock Identification (GSI): Baseline of population genetic data Identify the most likely population origin of hatchery and wild fish
Genetic tools- PBT Snake River Steelhead Majority sampled in 2008 All broodstock sampled since 2009 Steele et al. 2011. Parentage Based Tagging of Snake River hatchery steelhead and Chinook salmon. Bonneville Power Administration. Annual Progress Report, Project number 2010-031-00.
Genetic tools- GSI Steelhead GSI baseline 180 SNP loci 14 Reporting Groups; 131+ Collections 8000+ Individuals Hess JE, Campbell NR, Matala AP, Narum SR (2013) 2012 Annual Report: Genetic Assessment of Columbia River Stocks. U.S. Dept. of Energy Bonneville Power Administration Report Project #2008-907-00
Genetic structure 180 SNPs 12005 Ind. 115 Pop. 14 Rep.Gr.
Examples of tributary by-pass observed during population studies Steelhead GSI baseline 180 SNP loci 14 Reporting Groups; 131+ Collections 8000+ Individuals Hess JE, Campbell NR, Matala AP, Narum SR (2013) 2012 Annual Report: Genetic Assessment of Columbia River Stocks. U.S. Dept. of Energy Bonneville Power Administration Report Project #2008-907-00
Examples of tributary by-pass observed during population studies GSI/PBT assignment: steelhead returning to the Klickitat River Lyle Falls Trap (2007-2013) Of wild steelhead passing upstream 6 25 % originated from out of basin hatcheries
How much out of basin straying of steelhead occurs in the Klickitat R. and from what sources do these strays originate? 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Ad clipped LyleH07 LyleH08 LyleH09 LyleH10 LyleH11 LyleH12 Proportion of individuals in a STRUCTURE category Collection Other Inland Skamania 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Adipose intact LyleW07 LyleW08 LyleW09 LyleW10 LyleW11 LyleW12 LyleW13 Proportion of individuals in a STRUCTURE category Collection Other Inland Skamania
How much out of basin straying of steelhead occurs in the Klickitat R. and from what sources do these strays originate? Proportion of individuals in a STRUCTURE category 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% LyleH07 Ad clipped LyleH08 LyleH09 LyleH10 LyleH11 Collection LyleH12 Other Inland Skamania Skamania Inland Other Skamania Lower Columbia Upper Columbia SF Clearwater Middle Col./Snake Upper Clearwater Proportion of individuals in a STRUCTURE category 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Adipose intact LyleW07 LyleW08 LyleW09 LyleW10 LyleW11 LyleW12 LyleW13 Other Inland Skamania Klickitat MF Salmon Yakima Upper Salmon Skamania Inland Other Collection
Examples of tributary by-pass observed during population studies PBT assignment: steelhead returning to the Iskuulpa Creek weir (2013) Of 182 steelhead passed upstream 5 (2.7%) originated from Snake River hatcheries Hydro-Dam Umatilla River 1 Wallowa Hatchery 1 1 2 Pahsimeroi Hatchery E. F. Salmon River
Examples of tributary by-pass observed during population studies PIT-tag detection: 36 adult steelhead in Rock Creek (unsupplemented) 26 Initially traveled as far upstream as McNary Dam 19 had known juvenile mark/release locations Hydro-Dam Lower Granite Dam (barged) Rock Creek McNary Dam 12 Lolo Cr. 1 2 1 Yankee Fork 3 Magic Valley Hatchery Hagerman-NFH
Examples of tributary by-pass observed during population studies PIT-tag detection: juvenile release sites for 3 kelt steelhead interrogated at Lower Granite Dam (total ~4000) Hydro-Dam Nason Cr. Entiat R. Klickitat R.
Examples of tributary by-pass observed during population studies PBT assignment: steelhead sampled at Sherars Falls (Deschutes River) Ad-clipped: 354/446 (79%) originated from Snake River hatcheries Ad-intact: 32/278 (11.5%) originated from Snake River hatcheries Hydro-Dam Grande Ronde Dworshak Hatchery 27 4 48 1 Squaw Cr/ EF Salmon Sherars Falls 95 Wallowa Hatchery 7 26 66 2 105 5 Oxbow Hatchery Sawtooth Hatchery Pahsimeroi Hatchery
Concluding Remarks 1) Genetic structure - high similarity (high gene flow) across a broad region that includes the middle Columbia River and lower Snake River basin 2) Genetic Stock Identification (GSI), parentage based tagging (PBT), and PIT-tags document straying in Klickitat R., Umatilla R., Rock Cr., Snake R., and Deschutes R. 3) Ability to detect strays of Snake River origin is high due to the PBT baseline. Could create some bias (detection will appear unidirectional). As PBT baseline expands this bias will diminish.