66 LAB 7 HUMAN RESPIRATORY LAB Assignments: Due before lab: Quiz: Three Respiratory Interactive Physiology Animations pages 69 73. Complete the charts on pgs. 67 and 68 and read directions for using BIOPAC During the lab period: Pages 76 81 Do the Protocols I & II in your lab manual using the BIOPAC and respiratory spirometer. Do the Protocols III - V involving control or respiration (Holding your breath, hyperventilating and breathing into a bag) in groups of 3 or 4 at your lab table. Due next lab: Read and be familiar with the Terms of Renal Lab (page 83.) Know substances in the urine, the protocol for Lab 8 and how to calculate the chloride concentration in urine. Quiz: See Assignment sheet. Objectives: Know the respiratory volumes and capacities Measure TV, VC, IRV, ERV using the BIOPAC System (Protocol I) Calculate TV, VC, IRC, ERV and minute ventilation rate (Protocols I & II) Understand and explain the control of respiration Make predications concerning breathing rates before and after hyperventilation, breathing into a paper bag, and holding your breath and be able to give physiological explanations for your results.(protocols III-V)
67 LUNGS VOLUMES Measurement Average Value Description Tidal Volume (TV) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) Residual Volume (RV) Total Lung Capacity (TLC) Vital Capacity (VC)
68 Label the chart below using the following terms. Tidal Volume (TV), Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV), Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV), Vital Capacity (VC), Residual Volume (RV) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx VC = IRV + ERV + TV Question: Use the values below to answer question #1. A patients lung volumes are the following: VC = 4800 ml TV = 600 ml ERV = 1300 ml Calculate the patient's IRV
69 Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation (Lab 7) View Pulmonary Ventilation in Mastering A&P and answer the following: (Mastering A&P> study area>a&p Fix>Interactive Physiology>Pulmonary Ventilation) 1. What is Boyle s Law? 2. If the volume of a container increases, the pressure in the container. 3. a. What happens to the diaphragm and external intercostals muscles during inspiration? b. What effect does this have on the volume of the thoracic cavity? c. How does this affect the pressure within the thoracic cavity? 4. The intrapleural pressure is always negative compared to the other two pressures (subatmospheric), what purpose does this serve? 5. What are the three causes of the negative (subatmospheric) pressure in the intrapleural cavity? a. b. c. 6. What is a pneumothorax? 7. What happens to the lungs when intrapulmonary pressure = intrapleural pressure? 8. a. What is the effect of Acetylcholine (parasympathetic nerve stimulation) on the bronchioles? b. How does this affect airway resistance? 9. a. What is the effect of histamine on airway resistance? b. How does this affect airway resistance?
70 Respiratory System: Gas Exchange (Lab 7) (View Gas Exchange in Mastering A&P and answer the following questions: (Mastering A&P> study area>a&p Fix>Interactive Physiology>Gas Exchange) External Respiration 1. What is the PO2 of alveolar air? 2. What is the PO2 of the blood entering the pulmonary capillaries? 3. Explain the diffusion of oxygen at the alveolus in terms of its concentration gradient? 4. What is the PO2 of the blood leaving the pulmonary capillaries? 5. What is the PCO2 of alveolar air? 6. What is the PCO2 of the blood entering the pulmonary capillaries? 7. Explain the diffusion of carbon dioxide at the alveolus in terms of its Concentration gradient? 8. What is the PCO2 of the blood leaving the pulmonary capillaries? 9. What is Henry s Law? 10. Why is the PCO2 concentration gradient much smaller than the PO2 concentration gradient?
71 Internal Respiration 11. What is the PO2 in the tissues? 12. What is the PO2 in the systemic capillaries entering the tissues? 13. Explain the diffusion of oxygen at the tissues in terms of its concentration gradient? 14. What is the PO2 of the blood in the systemic capillaries leaving the tissues? 15. What is the PCO2 of the tissues? 16. What is the PCO2 in the systemic capillaries entering the tissues? 17. Explain the diffusion of carbon dioxide at the tissues in terms of its concentration gradient? 18. What is the PCO2 in the systemic capillaries leaving the tissue?
72 Respiratory System - Control of Respiration (Lab 7) (View Control of Respiration in Mastering A&P and answer the following: (Mastering A&P> study area>a&p Fix>Interactive Physiology>Control of Respiration) 1. What are the 3 main chemical factors that control respiration? a. b. c. 2. What part of the brain are the inspiratory neurons located? 3. Inspiratory neurons send impulses along the nerve to the (skeletal muscle) and muscles. 4. How is expiration initiated? 5. The most important factor controlling the rate and depth of breathing is. 6. What ion stimulates the central chemoreceptors? 7. Refer to question #6. Explain how this ion is formed? 8. If a patient hyperventilates, what happens to their CO2 levels? How does this effect the ph?
73 9. Name 4 other factors that influence ventilation? a. b. c. d. 10. Explain the Hering-Breuer Reflex and how it prevents over inflation of the lungs? 11. What are the 5 factors that increase ventilation during exercise? a. b. c. d. e.
74 Directions for using the Biopac #12 Lung Calibration 1 with filter and large syringe attached plunger out hold steady Calibration 2 Do 5 push-and-pulls with plunger: 1 sec push or pull, then 2 sec between each. Remove syringe and add mouth piece to bacteriological filter. Put on nose clip. =
75 Protocol I 1. Breathe normally for 10-12 breaths Tidal Volume (p-p) 2. Inhale deeply Inspiratory Reserve Volume (p-p) 3. Breathe normally for 6-7 breaths 4. Exhale deeply Expiratory Reserve Volume (p-p) 5. Breathe normally for 6-7 breaths 6. Inhale deeply then exhale deeply Vital Capacity (max) Protocol II Before and after exercise Use Biopac to determine frequency and tidal volume. Record on next page. Protocols III V do not use Biopac Throw away mouthpiece and bacteriological filter. Do not throw away nose clip!
76 Worksheets for Respiratory Lab PROTOCOL I Measure: TV, IRV, ERV and VC using the Biopac System TV = (p-p) IRV = (p-p) ERV = (p-p) VC (measuring) = (max) VC (adding the volumes) = Compare these values to normal values given in your textbook. Are they higher, lower or about the same? Record your response next to your values.
77 PROTOCOL II Using the Biopac Computers measure normal respirations for one minute. Record TV and count the number of breaths in one minute. TV = ml Frequency = breaths/min Now calculate Minute ventilation (V E = TV x breaths/minute). Minute Ventilation (VE) = ml/min Prediction - Exercise Please write down what you think will happen to frequency, tidal volume and the minute ventilation in response to exercise. Will it increase, decrease or stay the same. Fill in the chart with arrows. Frequency Tidal Volume Minute Ventilation Now, measure frequency and tidal volume using the Biopac computer immediately after a few minutes of exercise. Compare with control values calculated above. Record your values and compute minute ventilation: Control Exercise Frequency Tidal Volume Minute Ventilation What happens to frequency and tidal volume with exercise?
78 PROTOCOL III Holding your breath. 1. Breathe normally for 2 minutes, then inhale deeply. Now measure how long you can hold your breath. Record in the table below. 2. Breathe normally for 2 minutes and exhale deeply. Now measure how long you can hold your breath. Record below. A. Measurement: After forced inspiration After forced expiration How long you can hold your breath B. DATA SHEET: 1. If you inhale deeply before holding your breath, do you have the urge to inspire or expire when you resume respiration? 2. Explain your results in #1. Consider what effect lung volume may have on the desire to inspire or expire.( Discuss this in terms of the Hering Breuer reflex) 3. If you exhale deeply before holding your breath, do you have the urge to inspire or exhale when you resume respiration?
79 PROTOCOL IV Hyperventilation is an increase in ventilation with no change in metabolic rate. 1. First, breathe normally for 1 minute and record breathing rate. 2. Then hyperventilate by breathing deeply and forcefully at the rate of about 1 breath/4 sec for about 30 seconds. Record breathing rate after hyperventilation has been completed. 3. Rest for 3 minutes. Then, hold your breath for as long as you can and record below. 4. Hyperventilate for 1 minute, then hold your breath for as long as you can and record. A. Measurement Breathing rate before hyperventilation (breaths/min) Breathing rate after hyperventilation (breaths/min) How long can you hold your breath after normal quiet breathing? How long you can hold your breath after hyperventilating? Breathing rate 1. After hyperventilating, is your respiratory rate faster or slower than during normal quiet breathing? 2. Why? Discuss chemoreceptors and respiratory drive 3. After hyperventilating, can you hold your breath for a longer or shorter period of time compared to after normal quiet breathing?
80 4. Why? Discuss chemoreceptors and respiratory drive. 5. Why do you become dizzy after hyperventilating?
81 PROTOCOL V Breathing into a paper bag. 1. Breathe normally for 3 minutes and record your breathing rate. 2. Then breathe into a paper bag for 3 minutes. After completing this, measure your breathing rate for 1 minute. 3. Next, hyperventilate for 1 minute. Then breathe into a paper bag for 3 minutes. After completing this, measure your breathing rate for 1 minute. A. Measurement What do you think will happen to your subject s ventilation following a period of rebreathing the same gas? 1. Normal quiet breathing rate 2. rebreathing bag air after normal respiration 3. rebreathing bag air after hyperventilation Breathing rate 1. After breathing into a paper bag for 3 minutes, does respiration become faster or slower than during normal quiet breathing? 2. Why? Discuss in terms of chemoreceptors and respiratory drive. 3. Hyperventilate before breathing into a paper bag. Is your respiration slower or faster than after rebreathing in bag after normal respiration? 4. Explain your results. Discuss in terms of chemoreceptors and respiratory drive.