CRICKET Presented by: Indunil Wanasinghe A brief history Origins and Development Cricket's likeliest birthplace is the Weald, an area of arable land in south-east England that lies across Kent and Sussex. The game was probably devised by shepherds and farm workers sometime before 1300 and perhaps as early as the 11th century. Playing on sheep-grazed land, the pioneers would have used a matted lump of sheep s wool as the ball, a crook or other farm tool as the bat and a gate (i.e., a wicket gate) as the wicket. There seems little doubt that the game had a rustic upbringing and it is significant that the Wealden counties and neighbouring Surrey were the earliest centres of excellence. Eventually, it spread north to London and west to Hampshire, the two places that cemented its popularity in the 18th century. 1
Derivation of the name of "cricket" A number of words are thought to be possible sources for the term cricket, which could refer to the bat or the wicket.in Flemish, krick(e) means a stick, and, in Old English, cricc or cryce means a crutch or staff (though the hard /k/ sound suggests the North or Northeast midlands, rather than the Southeast, where cricket seems to have begun). Alternatively, the French criquet apparently comes from the Flemish word krickstoel, which is a long low stool on which one kneels in church which may appear similar to the long low wicket with two stumps used in early cricket, or the early stool in stoolball. The word stool is old Sussex dialect for a tree stump, and stool ball is a sport similar to cricket played by the Dutch. 2
A brief history According to some other theories, cricket originated outside England and was brought there by the Normans after 1066. As early as the 8th century, bat and ball games were played in the Punjab region of southern Asia the ancestors of games such as gilli-danda and perhaps polo. Like the other great recreational import of the time, chess, these sports are believed to have migrated via Persia and through Constantinople into Europe. There are 8th and 9th century accounts of bat and ball games being played in the Mediterranean region, sometimes as churchsponsored events to promote community spirit. If the games reached France in this manner, it is reasonable to assume they would cross the Channel and be introduced in England. But all of this is speculation and there is general agreement among cricket historians that the sport did originate in south-east England. Origins and Development Dates in cricket history 1550 (approx) Evidence of cricket being played in Guildford, Surrey. 1598 Cricket mentioned in Florio s Italian English dictionary. 1624 Jasper Vinall becomes first man known to be killed playing cricket: hit by a bat while trying to catch the ball at Horsted Green, Sussex. 1676 First reference to cricket being played abroad, by British residents in Aleppo, Syria. 1697 First reference to a great match with 11 players a side in Sussex. 3
Dates in cricket history Origins and Development 1709 First recorded inter-county match: Kent v Surrey. 1744 Kent beat All England by one wicket at the Artillery Ground. First known version of the Laws of Cricket, issued by the London Club, formalising the pitch as 22 yards long. 1771 Width of bat limited to 4 1/4 inches, where it has remained ever since. 1788 First revision of the Laws of Cricket by MCC. 1794 First recorded inter-schools match: Charterhouse v Westminster. Dates in cricket history Origins and Development 1877 First Test match: Australia beat England by 45 runs in Melbourne. 1880 First Test in England: a five-wicket win against Australia at The Oval. 1889 South Africa s first Test match. Declarations first authorised, but only on the third day, or in a one-day match. 1900 Six-ball over becomes the norm, instead of five. 4
Dates in cricket history Origins and Development 1807 First mention of straight-armed (i.e. round-arm) bowling: by John Willes of Kent. 1836 (approx) Batting pads invented 1844 First official international match: Canada v United States. 1850 Wicket-keeping gloves first used. 1873 WG Grace becomes the first player to record 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in a season. Dates in cricket history Origins and Development 1909 Imperial Cricket Conference (ICC now the International Cricket Council) set up, with England, Australia and South Africa the original members. 1948 First five-day Tests in England. 1957 Declarations authorised at any time. 1960 First tied Test, Australia v West Indies at Brisbane 1971 First one-day international: Australia v England at Melbourne. 5
Origins and Development 1975 First World Cup: West Indies beat Australia in final at Lord s. 1976 First women s match at Lord s, England v Australia. 1977 Centenary Test at Melbourne, with identical result to the first match: Australia beat England by 45 runs. 1982 Sri Lanka s first Test match. 1994 Brian Lara of Warwickshire becomes the only player to pass 500 in a firstclass innings: 501 not out v Durham 2004 Lara becomes the first man to score 400 in a Test innings, against England. 6
What is Test cricket? Test match cricket is the longest competitively played form of cricket. Each Test match takes up to five days, and usually forms part of a Test series of between two and six matches. The first Test match of all took place at Melbourne in 1877 between Australia and England, and since then South Africa (1889), New Zealand (1930), West Indies (1930), India (1932), Pakistan (1954), Sri Lanka (1982), Zimbabwe (1992), and Bangladesh (2000) have become Test-playing sides. In Test matches each side has two innings. To win a Test, a side has to not only dismiss the opposition team twice but also score more runs than them. Sometimes five days is not enough time for a definite result, and the game ends in draw. 7
Test Ranking Table 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Team Australia England South Africa India Pakistan Sri Lanka New Zealand West Indies Zimbabwe Bangaladesh Rating 1232 1160 1126 1083 1059 1054 1036 956 849 785 Sri Lanka s Test Match History Sri Lanka's first ever test match ( Vs England Feburary 1982) President of the BCCSL Gamini Dissanayake Bandula Warnapura, Sri Lanka's first test captain 18-year-old Arjuna Ranatunga (54) England beat Sri Lanka by seven wickets Sri Lanka's rebel tour of South Africa (September 1982) Sri Lanka beat India to record their first ever test victory (September 1985) The first ever overseas test and series victory in New Zealand (March 1995) 8
Sri Lanka proudly enters into the world record books (August 1997) highest ever test innings making 952 runs for six wickets. Sanath Jayasuriya 340 Roshan Mahanama 225 Aravinda De Silva 126 Arjuna Ranatunga 86 One-Day Cricket One-day cricket is a form of cricket which can be played in a single day. It is also called "limited overs" cricket. Organisation of a One-Day Match A one-day match is a game of one innings per side, played on a single day. Each innings is restricted to a maximum number of overs - 50 is standard, but 40 or 60 are sometimes used. When the fielding side has bowled the allotted number of overs, the batting side's innings is complete, no matter how many wickets remain. If the batting side loses 10 wickets before its allotted overs are bowled, the innings also ends. Note that because each innings is completed, the match cannot end in a draw. It can, however, end in a tie if both sides score the same number of runs. 9
A typical one-day match is scheduled as follows: The first 50-over innings - scheduled for 3.5 hours of play. A 45-minute meal break. The second 50-over innings - another 3.5 hours. Field Restrictions A major difference between two-innings matches and a oneday match is that there are playing conditions that restrict where fielders may stand at various times duirng an innings. A field restriction circle is drawn on the field, made of two semi-circles of radius 27.34m (30 yards) centred on the wickets, joined by parallel lines running parallel to the pitch. During the first 15 overs of a 50-over innings: Only two fielders may be outside the circle when the bowler delivers the ball. Two fielders must be in stationary positions close to the batsman, primarily as catchers rather than run-savers. During the remainder of a 50-over innings: Only five fielders may be outside the circle when the bowler delivers the ball. These restrictions are designed to prevent the fielding side simply stationing multiple fielders on the boundary to prevent the scoring of boundaries and keep the score down. 10
ODI Ranking Table 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Team Australia Sri Lanka New Zealand Pakistan South Africa England India West Indies Zimbabwe Bangaladesh Rating 136 123 116 116 11 109 97 90 44 14 THE GAME 11
Captain If at any time the captain is not available, a deputy shall act for him. (a) If a captain is not available during the period in which the toss is to take place, then the deputy must be responsible for the nomination of the players (b) At any time after the toss, the deputy must be one of the nominated players. Responsibility of Captains The captains are responsible at all times for ensuring that play is conducted within the spirit and traditions of the game as well as within the Laws. Number of Players A match is played between two sides, each of eleven players, one of whom shall be captain. By agreement a match may be played between sides of more or less than eleven players, but not more than eleven players may field at any time. Nomination of Players Each captain shall nominate his players in writing to one of the umpires before the toss. No player may be changed after the nomination without the consent of the opposing captain. 12
The umpires Appointment and attendance Before the match, two umpires shall be appointed, one for each end, to control the game as required by the Laws, with absolute impartiality. The umpires shall be present on the ground and report to the Executive of the ground at least 45 minutes before the scheduled start of each days play. Change of Umpires An umpire shall not be changed during the match, other than in exceptional circumstances, unless he is injured or ill. If there has to be a change of umpire, the replacement shall act only as the strikers end umpire unless the captains agree that he should take full responsibility as an umpire. Field and Equipments There are certain rules regarding the measurement of the ball, bat, pitch, wicket and the creases. There is a boundary for the playing area. The boundary is marked either by a white line, a rope laid on the ground or a fence. Sometimes flags and posts are used instead of a boundary line. The Ball The ball will be leather skinned and its weight must not be less than 155.9gms and not more than 163gms. The circumference of the ball must be in between 22.4cm and 22.9cm. 13
The Bat Usually a wooden bat of weight 2 lb 40z is used. It should be 10.8cm in width and 96.5cm in length including the handle. The Wickets Each wicket is 22.80cm in width and consist of three wooden stumps with two wooden bails on the top. The wickets should be pitched opposite and parallel to each other at a distance of 20.12m between the center of the two middle stump. The stumps stand 70cm tall and each bail is 11.1cm in length. Bowling and Popping Creases The bowling crease is marked in line with the stumps at each end and is 2.64m in length. The popping crease which is the back edge of the crease marking, is in front of and parallel with the bowling crease. The back edge of the crease is 1.22m from the center of the stumps and extended to a minimum of 1.83m on either side of the line of the wicket. The return crease is marked at each end of the bowling crease at right angles to it and extend forward to join the popping crease and a minimum of 1.22m behind the wicket. 14
Fielding positions Catching positions Some fielding positions are used offensively. That is, players are put there with the main aim being to catch out. Being out caught is the most common method of dismissal. (Slip,Gully,Leg Slip, Leg Gully) Other positions Other positions worth noting include: Wicket-keeper wicketkeeper in cricket is the fielding player who stands behind the batsman on strike at the wicket. His major function is to stop balls that pass the batsman (to prevent a run or runs) but also to attempt to dismiss the batsman in various ways. Sweeper, an alternative name for deep cover, deep extra cover or deep midwicket (that is, near the boundary on the off side or the on side), usually defensive and intended to prevent a four being scored.. 15
Umpiring Signals Signalling dead ball Signalling no ball Signalling four Signalling out Signalling five penalty runs to the batting side Revoking the last signal 16
Signalling leg bye Signalling wide Signalling the commencement of the last hour Signalling new ball Signalling a short run Signalling six 17
INTERNATIONAL CRICKET GROUNDS W.A.C.A. Ground East Perth, Perth, Western Australia Ground profile Also or formerly known as Western Australia Cricket Association Ground Established 1890 Capacity 22000 Playing area 149.0 long, 139.0 wide Floodlights Yes First Test Australia v England - Dec 11-16, 1970 First ODI India v New Zealand - Dec 9, 1980 18
Sydney Cricket Ground Moore Park, Sydney, New South Wales Ground profile Moore Park Road Paddington, NSW, Also or formerly known as Sydney Cricket Ground No. 1; Garrison Ground (1848-1877), Association Ground Established 1848 Capacity 43649 Playing area 156.0m long, 154.0m wide Floodlights Yes First Test Australia v England - Feb 17-21, 1882 First ODI Australia v England - Jan 13, 1979 Melbourne Cricket Ground Jolimont, Melbourne, Victoria Ground profile Established 1854 Capacity 96308 Playing area 172.9m long, 147.8m wide Floodlights Since March 1985 First Test Australia v England - Mar 15-19, 1877 First ODI Australia v England - Jan 5, 1971 19
Adelaide Oval North Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Ground profile Established 1873 Capacity 32,000 Playing area 190.2m long, 126.2m wide Floodlights Yes First Test Australia v England - Dec 12-16, 1884 First ODI Australia v West Indies - Dec 20, 1975 Lord's St John's Wood Road, London, England Ground profile Also or formerly known as Lord's Cricket Ground Established 1814 Named after Thomas Lord Capacity 30000 Floodlights No First Test England v Australia - Jul 21-23, 1884 First ODI England v Australia - Aug 26, 1972 20
Old Trafford Stretford, Manchester, England Ground profile Established 1857 Capacity 19000 Floodlights No First Test England v Australia - Jul 10-12, 1884 First ODI England v Australia - Aug 24, 1972 Eden Gardens Kolkata, India Ground profile Established 1864 Capacity 90,000 Floodlights Yes First Test India v England - Jan 5-8, 1934 First ODI India v Pakistan - Feb 18, 1987 21
R.Premadasa Stadium Khettarama, Colombo, Sri Lanka Ground profile Also or formerly known as Khettarama Stadium First Test Sri Lanka v Australia - Aug 28-Sep 2, 1992 First ODI Sri Lanka v Pakistan - Mar 9, 1986 New Wanderers Stadium Johannesburg, South Africa Also or formerly known as Kent Park First Test South Africa v England - Dec 24-29, 1956 First ODI South Africa v India - Dec 13, 1992 22
The World Cup A brief history The first attempt at any kind of world championship was in 1912, when a three-way series was arranged between the then current Test playing nations, Australia, England and South Africa. Dogged by poor weather, the experiment was dropped and not repeated until 1975, when, following the success of domestic one-day competitions, the six Test-playing nations (England, Australia, New Zealand, West Indies, India and Pakistan) were joined by Sri Lanka and East Africa in the first World Cup in England. A resounding success, the tournament was repeated in 1979 and 1983 in England, before moving abroad, maintaining a four-year cycle. The next tournament takes place in the Caribbean in 2007. World Cup 1975 Venue : Lords, England Teams : England, Australia, New Zealand, West Indies, India, Pakistan, Srilanka and East Africa Finals : Between West Indies led by Clive Lloyd and Australia led by Ian Chappell on June 21, 1975. Winner : West Indies beat Australia for 17 runs Score : 291 for 8 off 60 Overs Man of the match : Clive Lloyd scoring 102 runs off just 85 balls Sponsors : Prudential Insurance Company, hence called the Prudential World Cup 23
World Cup 1979 Venue : Lords, England Teams : Australia, Canada, England, India, New Zealand, Pakistan, Srilanka and West Indies Finals : Between West Indies led by Clive Lloyd and England led by Mike Brearley on June 23, 1979. Winner : West Indies beat England by 92 runs Score : 286 runs for 9 wickets Man of the match : Vivian Richards scoring an unbeaten 138 runs Sponsors : Prudential Insurance Company, hence called the Prudential World Cup World Cup 1983 Venue : Lords, England Teams : Australia, England, India, New Zealand, Pakistan, Srilanka, West Indies and Zimbabwe Finals : Between West Indies led by Clive Lloyd and India led by Kapil Dev on June 25, 1983. Winner : India beat West Indies by 43 runs Score : 183 runs all out off 54.4 Overs Man of the match : Indian Vice Captain Mohinder Amarnath for picking 3 wickets for 12 balls. Also took 26 runs Sponsors : Prudential Insurance Company, hence called the Prudential World Cup 24
World Cup 1987 Venue : Eden Gardens, Kolkata, India Teams : Australia, England, India, New Zealand, Pakistan, Srilanka, West Indies and Zimbabwe Finals : Between Australia led by Allan Border and England led by Mike Gatting on November 8, 1987. Winner : Australia beat England by 7 runs Score : 253 runs for 7 wickets off 50 Overs Man of the match : David Boon scoring 75 runs Sponsors : Reliance company, hence called the Reliance World Cup. Jointly hosted by India and Pakistan. World Cup 1992 Venue : Australia Teams : Australia, England, India, New Zealand, Pakistan, Srilanka, West Indies, Zimbabwe and South Africa Finals : Between Pakistan led by Imran Khan and England led by Graham Gooch on March 25, 1992. Winner : Pakistan beat England by 22 runs Score : 249 runs for 6 wickets off 50 overs Man of the match : Wasim Akram, who picked up three important wickets late in the England innings Player of the tournament : New Zealand captain Martin Crowe for scoring 456 runs Sponsors : Jointly hosted by Australia and New Zealand called the Benson and Hedges World Cup. 25
World Cup 1996 Venue : Lahore, Pakistan Teams : Australia, England, India, Kenya, New Zealand, Netherlands, Pakistan, South Africa, Srilanka, United Arab Emirates, West Indies and Zimbabwe Finals : Between Srilanka led by Arjuna Ranatunga and Australia led by Mark Taylor on March 17, 1996. Winner : Srilanka beat Australia by 7 wickets. For the first time in the history of the tournament, the team chasing won. Score : 241 runs with 22 deliveries to spare off 50 overs Man of the match : Aravinda da Silva for his unbeaten 107 runs Player of the Tournament : Sanath Jayasurya for aggressive batman ship with runs at the amazing rate of 1.32 per ball faced. Sponsors : Jointly hosted by India, Pakistan and Srilanka called the Wills World cup World Cup 1999 Venue : Lords, England Teams : Australia, Bangladesh, England, India, Kenya, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, Scotland, Srilanka, West Indies and Zimbabwe Finals : Between Australia led by Steve Waugh and Pakistan led by Wasim Akram on June 20, 1999. Winner : Australia beat Pakistan by 8 wickets. Score : 133 runs in 29.5 overs to spare Man of the match : Shane Warne for picking 4 wickets for 33 balls Player of the tournament : South Africa's All rounder, Lance Klusener for scoring 281 runs at an average of 140.50, with his strike rate an amazing 1.22 runs per ball faced. He also captured 17 wickets, just three off the tournament s leading wicket-taker, at an average of just over 20. Sponsors : ICC World Cup hosted by England 26
World Cup 2003 Commencing : 8th February Venue : Johannesburg, South Africa Teams : Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, England, India, Kenya, Namibia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, Scotland, Srilanka, West Indies and Zimbabwe Finals : March 23 Winner : Australia beat India by 125 runs. Sponsors : ICC World Cup jointly hosted by South Africa, Zimambwe and Kenya Australian cricket team poses for photographers with Cricket World Cup trophy after defeating India in the finals at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg on March 23, 2003. Reuters Sachin Tendulkar, Man of the Tournament, receives the trophy from Sir Garfield Sobers after the final in Johannesburg, South Africa, on March 23, 2003. Reuters 27
Great Players Steve Waugh Australia Full name Stephen Rodger Waugh Born June 2, 1965, Canterbury, Sydney, New South Wales Current age 40 years 67 days Major teams Australia, Ireland, Kent, New South Wales, Somerset Playing role Lower middle order batsman Batting style Right-hand bat Bowling style Right-arm medium Relations Brother - DP Waugh, Twin brother - ME Waugh Test 168 10927 51.06 ODI 325 7569 32.90 28
Arjuna Ranatunga Sri Lanka Full name Arjuna Ranatunga Born December 1, 1963, Colombo Current age 41 years 250 days Major teams Sri Lanka, Sinhalese Sports Club Batting style Left-hand bat Bowling style Right-arm medium Relations Brother - D Ranatunga, Brother - N Ranatunga, Brother - S Ranatunga Test 93 5105 35.69 ODI 269 7456 35.84 Wisden Cricketer of the Year 1999 Arjuna Ranatunga receives the World Cup, Sri Lanka v Australia, Lahore, March 17, 1996 29
Muttiah Muralitharan Sri Lanka Full name Muttiah Muralitharan Born April 17, 1972, Kandy Current age 33 years 113 days Major teams Sri Lanka, ACC Asian XI, Kent, Lancashire, Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club Batting style Right-hand bat Bowling style Right-arm offbreak Test 93 549 wkts ODI 24 375 wkts Brian Lara West Indies Full name Brian Charles Lara Born May 2, 1969, Cantaro, Santa Cruz, Trinidad Current age 36 years 98 days Major teams ICC World XI, West Indies, Northern Transvaal, Trinidad & Tobago, Warwickshire Batting style Left-hand bat Bowling style Legbreak Test 117 10818 54.09 ODI 256 9354 41.94 Wisden Cricketer of the Year 1995 30
Sir Garry Sobers West Indies Full name Garfield St Auburn Sobers Born July 28, 1936, Chelsea Road, Bay Land, St Michael, Barbados Current age 69 years 11 days Major teams West Indies, Barbados, Nottinghamshire, South Australia Also known as Garry Sobers Batting style Left-hand bat Bowling style Left-arm fast-medium, Slow left-arm orthodox, Slow left-arm chinaman Test 93 8032 57.58 235wkts the finest allround player in modern cricket Born with an extra finger on each hand (removed at birth), 365 not out against Pakistan at Kingston. It was his first hundred in a Test, made at the age of 21, and it was to stand as the highest Test score for 36 years, until Brian Lara surpassed it in April 1994 six consecutive sixes hit off an over from Malcolm Nash, a superb innings of 254 for the Rest of the World against Australia in 1971 Knighted for services to cricket 1975 Wisden Cricketer of the Year 1964 Selected as one of five Wisden cricketers of the century, 2000 31
WHAT IS SWING? The cricket ball often moves in the air towards or away from a batsman when a pace bowler is bowling. It is this deviation most fast bowlers strive for because of the problems it causes batsmen. Swing is all about aerodynamics Batsmen are used to facing orthodox swing - which happens when the ball is still relatively hard and new in the first 10 to 15 overs. However, over the past 20 years fast bowlers have developed a new method of making the ball move in the air with the older ball called 'reverse swing'. But to obtain any sort of movement, there are a number of factors to consider. THE BALL You will often see fielders constantly shining one side of a ball by rubbing it on their trousers. The rubbing helps to maintain a smooth, shiny side while the opposite is left to deteriorate through normal wear and tear. In simple terms, the aerodynamics of bowling means the shiny side travels faster through the air, while the rough side acts as a brake, pushing the ball in that direction. But other factors also play a part too. 32
SEAM POSITION The stitching around the centre of the ball is called the seam, which acts as a rudder for faster bowlers. All fast bowlers grip the seam vertically, with the middle and index fingers on either side, with the ball resting in the third finger and thumb. The straighter the seam when the ball is delivered, the greater the chance of swing, especially when the ball is older with one shiny and one rough side. WHAT IS REVERSE SWING? Once the ball becomes older and more worn, it will begin to move in the opposite direction to where it would usually swing with no great change in the bowling grip. For example, an outswinger's grip will move towards the batsman in the air while an inswinger will move away from the bat. All this tends to happen very late on in the delivery, making it difficult for the batsman to pick up the changes in the air. Not every single bowler can obtain reverse swing - the ball needs to be propelled above 80mph or thereabouts to make it move in the air. Former Pakistan international Sarfraz Nawaz was the founder of reverse swing during the late 1970s, and he passed his knowledge on to former team-mate Imran Khan. 33
Bernoulli Equation A non-turbulent, perfect, compressible, and barotropic fluid undergoing steady motion is governed by the Bernoulli Equation: where g is the gravity acceleration constant (9.81 m/s 2 ; 32.2 ft/s 2 ), V is the velocity of the fluid, and z is the height above an arbitrary datum. C remains constant along any streamline in the flow, but varies from streamline to streamline. If the flow is irrotational, then C has the same value for all streamlines. HOW DOES IT WORK? "As the ball gets older, the air changes its preference for the side of the ball it will go faster around. "The rough side is too worn while the once-shiny side has reached a point where it is rough enough for the air to flow quicker around. "So, without changing the position of the seam, the ball begins to swing in the opposite direction." For the ball to reverse, the seam needs to be angled approximately 15 degrees away from the direction the bowler wants the ball to move. So for the ball to reverse into the batsman, the bowler will grip the ball with an outswinger's grip. 34
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