ISBN 978-1-56145-618-5 $16.95 Cathryn Sill, a former elementary school teacher, is the author of the acclaimed ABOUT series. With her husband John and brother-in-law Ben Sill, she coauthored the popular bird-guide parodies A FIELD GUIDE TO LITTLE-KNOWN AND SELDOM-SEEN BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA, ANOTHER FIELD GUIDE TO LITTLE-KNOWN AND SELDOM-SEEN BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA, and BEYOND BIRDWATCHING. John Sill is a prize-winning and widely published wildlife artist who illustrates the ABOUT series and illustrated and coauthored the FIELD GUIDES and BEYOND BIRDWATCHING. A native of North Carolina, he holds a B.S. in Wildlife Biology from North Carolina State University. The Sills live in Franklin, North Carolina. Children s nonfiction / Nature www.peachtree-online.com What are oceans? What kinds of animals and plants live in oceans? Why are oceans important? ISBN 13: 978-1-56145-618-5 ISBN 10: 1-56145-618-7 $16.95 Sill / Sill ABOUT HABITATS Oceans ABOUT HABITATS Oceans ABOUT HABITATS Oceans ABOUT HABITATS: OCEANS is a thoughtful yet entertaining first glimpse into the world of nature for young children. In this informative book in the ABOUT HABITATS series, author and former teacher Cathryn Sill explains in simple, easyto-understand language what oceans are and how wildlife survives in these diverse environments. With the help of beautifully detailed paintings by noted wildlife illustrator John Sill, the author describes the characteristics of different types of oceans from the chilly Arctic Ocean to the warmer waters of the Indian Ocean and shows how various species of animals and plants have adapted to life in these habitats. An afterword and glossary provide more detailed information about oceans in general and about the flora and fauna featured in the illustrations. Jacket photos by Fred Eldredge, Creative Image Photography Printed in Singapore Written by Cathryn Sill Illustrated by John Sill
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About Habitats OCEANS INTERIOR:Layout 1 7/29/11 10:01 AM Page 2 ABOUT HABITATS To the One who created oceans. Genesis 1:9 10 Oceans 2 Published by PEACHTREE PUBLISHERS 1700 Chattahoochee Avenue Atlanta, Georgia 30318-2112 www.peachtree-online.com Text 2012 by Cathryn P. Sill Illustrations 2012 by John C. Sill All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other except for brief quotations in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher. Illustrations created in watercolor on archival quality 100% rag watercolor paper. Text and titles set in Novarese from Adobe. Printed in September 2011 by Imago in Singapore 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 First Edition Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sill, Cathryn P., 1953- About habitats : oceans / Cathryn Sill ; illustrated by John Sill. p. cm. ISBN 978-1-56145-618-5 / 1-56145-618-7 1. Ocean--Juvenile literature. 2. Marine ecology--juvenile literature. I. Sill, John, ill. II. Title. GC21.5.S55 2012 578.77--dc23 2011020466 Written by Cathryn Sill Illustrated by John Sill 3
About Habitats OCEANS INTERIOR:Layout 1 7/29/11 10:01 AM Page 4 O CEANS FEATURED IN THIS BOOK A R C T I C Oceans O C E A N EUROPE A T L A N T I C O C E A N P A C I F I C O C E A N AFRICA I N D I A N O C E A N SOUTH AMERICA AUSTRALIA S O U T H E R N O C E A N ANTARCTICA PleaSe note: Map and ocean areas are not to scale. 4 A BOUT H ABITATS ASIA NORTH AMERICA P A C I F I C O C E A N 5
About Habitats OCEANS INTERIOR:Layout 1 7/29/11 10:01 AM Page 6 Oceans are huge bodies of salt water that cover most of Earth. 6 PLATE 1 SOUTHERN OCEAN Wandering Albatross 7
About Habitats OCEANS INTERIOR:Layout 1 7/29/11 10:01 AM Page 8 All the world s oceans are joined together. 8 PLATE 2 PLANET EARTH 9
About Habitats OCEANS INTERIOR:Layout 1 7/29/11 10:01 AM Page 10 The bottom of the ocean is often called the ocean floor. Parts of it are flat. 10 PLATE 3 ATLANTIC OCEAN Southern Stingray 11
About Habitats OCEANS INTERIOR:Layout 1 7/29/11 10:01 AM Page 12 Other places on the ocean floor have the world s tallest mountains and deepest valleys. 12 PLATE 4 TROPICAL AND TEMPERATE OCEANS WORLDWIDE Scalloped Hammerhead Shark 13
About Habitats OCEANS INTERIOR:Layout 1 7/29/11 10:01 AM Page 14 Ocean water is always moving. 14 PLATE 5 PACIFIC AND ATLANTIC OCEANS Short-beaked Common Dolphin 15
About Habitats OCEANS INTERIOR:Layout 1 7/29/11 10:01 AM Page 16 The water in oceans may be warm and tropical 16 PLATE 6 TROPICAL OCEANS Clownfish Sea Anemone 17
About Habitats OCEANS INTERIOR:Layout 1 7/29/11 10:01 AM Page 18 or cold and frozen. 18 PLATE 7 ARCTIC OCEAN Beluga Whale 19
About Habitats OCEANS INTERIOR:Layout 1 7/29/11 10:01 AM Page 20 20 Plants that live in oceans need sunshine to grow. They live in shallow water or float near the top where there is more light. PLATE 8 PACIFIC OCEAN Giant Kelp (also shown: California Sea Lion) TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL OCEANS WORLDWIDE Sargassum Seaweed (also shown: Sargassumfish) 21
About Habitats OCEANS INTERIOR:Layout 1 7/29/11 10:01 AM Page 22 Most ocean animals live near the top of the water where there is plenty of sunlight. 22 Plate 9 SUBTROPICAL OCEANS WORLDWIDE Blackwing Flyingfish 23
About Habitats OCEANS INTERIOR:Layout 1 7/29/11 10:01 AM Page 24 Some live in the dim light between the surface and the bottom of the ocean. 24 PLATE 10 OCEANS WORLDWIDE Sperm Whale Giant Squid 25
About Habitats OCEANS INTERIOR:Layout 1 7/29/11 10:01 AM Page 26 Fewer animals live in the deepest parts of oceans where it is cold and dark. 26 PLATE 11 OCEANS WORLDWIDE Humpback Anglerfish 27
About Habitats OCEANS INTERIOR:Layout 1 7/29/11 10:01 AM Page 28 a. b. Animals that live in oceans move in different ways. PLATE 12 WARM OCEANS WORLDWIDE a. Portuguese Man-of-War PACIFIC OCEAN b. Giant Octopus WARM OCEANS WORLDWIDE c. Striped Remora with Blacktip Reef Shark PACIFIC OCEAN d. Fiordland Penguin ATLANTIC OCEAN e. Spiny Lobster c. d. e. 28 29
About Habitats OCEANS INTERIOR:Layout 1 7/29/11 10:01 AM Page 30 Some always stay in one place. 30 PLATE 13 PACIFIC AND INDIAN OCEANS Giant Clam 31
About Habitats OCEANS INTERIOR:Layout 1 7/29/11 10:01 AM Page 32 Many ocean animals eat meat. 32 PLATE 14 ATLANTIC OCEAN Atlantic Sailfish (also shown: Sardines) 33
About Habitats OCEANS INTERIOR:Layout 1 7/29/11 10:01 AM Page 34 Others eat plants. 34 PLATE 15 TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL OCEANS WORLDWIDE Green Sea Turtle 35
About Habitats OCEANS INTERIOR:Layout 1 7/29/11 10:01 AM Page 36 Ocean animals need ways to stay safe. They may hide, swim together in schools, attack enemies, or use poison. PLATE 16 INDIAN OCEAN a. Leafy Sea Dragon INDIAN AND PACIFIC OCEANS b. Yellow and Bluebacked Fusilier ATLANTIC OCEAN c. Blue Crab INDIAN AND PACIFIC OCEANS d. Red Lionfish a. c. b. d. 36 37
About Habitats OCEANS INTERIOR:Layout 1 7/29/11 10:01 AM Page 38 38 Oceans provide food, jobs, transportation, and recreation for people all over the world. They are important places that need to be protected. PLATE 17 ATLANTIC OCEAN Laughing Gulls (also shown: Shrimp Boat) 39
About Habitats OCEANS INTERIOR:Layout 1 7/29/11 10:02 AM Page 40 OCEANS Afterword PLATE 1 Oceans cover 71 percent of Earth. All ocean water is salty. Most of the salt comes from land. The salt found in soil and rocks is dissolved in water and washed into the oceans by rivers. Underwater volcanoes also add salt to the ocean. Albatrosses spend most of their lives gliding over the ocean looking for food such as fish and squid. Wandering Albatrosses have the largest wingspan (up to 11 1 / 2 feet or 3.5 m) of any bird in the world. They live in the Southern Ocean. PLATE 4 Mountains beneath the ocean are called seamounts. Many seamounts are under thousands of feet of water. The tops of some of these mountains rise above the ocean s surface to form islands. The deep valleys on the ocean floor are called trenches. Scalloped Hammerheads (a type of shark) sometimes swim in large schools around seamounts. They live in temperate and tropical waters all over the world. PLATE 2 There are five oceans in the world. The Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans are all connected to form one World Ocean. Smaller bodies of water linked to oceans are called seas and gulfs. Earth is sometimes called the Blue Planet because the huge size of the ocean causes it to look blue from outer space. PLATE 3 The area of the ocean floor around the edge of each continent is called the continental shelf. It slopes out gently for many miles. Much of the deep ocean floor is covered by flat places called abyssal plains. Some rays live along the bottom of the ocean on the continental shelf. Their flat bodies help them hide and hunt. Southern Stingrays use the venomous spine on their tails to defend themselves. They live in the western Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea. PLATE 5 Waves, tides, and currents keep ocean water in constant motion. Wind blowing across the surface of the ocean creates waves. Tides cause the ocean level to rise and fall two times a day in most places. Currents are streams of water that move continuously in a certain direction throughout oceans. Short-beaked Common Dolphins are marine mammals that live in warm temperate and tropical waters of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. PLATE 6 Oceans closest to Earth s equator are tropical. Coral reefs are found in the warm waters of tropical oceans. Some anemones and clownfish live together on coral reefs. Anemones catch food by grabbing and stinging small animals with their tentacles. Clownfish are covered with slimy mucus that protects them from the stings. Clownfish stay safe from enemies by living among the anemones tentacles. They help the anemones by eating tiny animals and plants that cause them harm. 40 41
About Habitats OCEANS INTERIOR:Layout 1 7/29/11 10:02 AM Page 42 PLATE 7 The coldest ocean waters are near the North and South Poles. In winter the surfaces of polar oceans freeze over. Many animals are able to live below the ice. Animals that need to breathe air must stay near breathing holes. Beluga Whales live in the chilly Arctic Ocean. They are sometimes called sea canaries because of the whistling sounds they make. PLATE 10 The middle zone of the ocean is called the twilight zone. It has little sunlight. Sperm Whales come to the surface to breathe, but they dive to the twilight zone to hunt for squid. They are able to stay underwater for up to two hours. Sperm Whales live in deep waters in all the oceans. Giant Squid can be up to 59 feet (18m) long. They are rarely seen in the wild. Their remains have been found in the stomachs of Sperm Whales. Giant Squid probably live in all the oceans. PLATE 8 Giant Kelp is the largest ocean plant and one of the fastest growing plants in the world. It can grow up to 24 inches (60 cm) a day. Giant Kelp makes dense forests in shallow water in the northeast Pacific and in temperate waters of southern oceans. Sargassum Seaweed drifts in large mats on the surface in parts of the ocean. Many animals such as the Sargassumfish live in Sargassum Seaweed. Sargassumfish inhabit tropical and subtropical oceans around the world. PLATE 9 The top layer of the ocean is called the sunlit zone. Tiny plants and animals called plankton are plentiful in the sunlit zone. Plankton provides food for many ocean animals, including flyingfish. Larger animals often feed on those that eat plankton. Flyingfish are able to escape from predators by jumping out of the water and gliding through the air. Blackwing Flyingfish live in subtropical oceans around the world. PLATE 11 The deep part of the ocean that gets no sunlight is called the midnight zone. There is little food in this region. Some animals that live there eat dead plants and animals that have drifted down from the surface. Other deep ocean dwellers have long sharp teeth for catching prey. Humpback Anglerfish have glowing lures that cause curious animals to come close to their large mouths. Anglerfish live in all the oceans. PLATE 12 Portuguese Men-of-War use their gas-filled balloons to float on the surface of the warm oceans around the world. Giant Octopuses swim in the Pacific Ocean by drawing water into their bodies and forcing it out in a powerful squirt. Striped Remoras hitch rides. They have suction cups on the top of their heads, which they use to attach themselves to animals such as Blacktip Reef Sharks. Remoras live in all warm oceans. Fiordland Penguins dive and swim in the Pacific Ocean. Spiny Lobsters walk along the ocean floor in the Western Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea. 42 43
About Habitats OCEANS INTERIOR:Layout 1 7/29/11 10:02 AM Page 44 PLATE 13 Animals that stay in one place without moving are called sessile. Giant Clams fasten themselves on coral reefs and sit there for the rest of their lives. Their bright colors come from algae that live in the clams and provide them with food. These clams also feed by filtering plankton from the water. They can be over 4 feet (120 cm) long and weigh over 500 pounds (225 kg). Giant Clams live in the Indian and South Pacific Oceans. PLATE 16 Leafy Sea Dragons look almost exactly like some types of seaweed. These fish can easily hide from enemies in seaweed beds. They live in the Indian Ocean along the southern coast of Australia. Yellow and Bluebacked Fusiliers often form large schools that can confuse predators. They inhabit parts of the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans. Blue Crabs, which live in the western Atlantic Ocean, snap their claws aggressively when threatened. Red Lionfish defend themselves with venomous spines located on their fins. They are native to the Indian and Pacific Oceans but have been introduced to other places. PLATE 14 Animals that eat meat are called carnivores. Large carnivores usually eat smaller animals. The smaller animals eat animals and plants that are even smaller. This is called a food chain. Adult Atlantic Sailfish have no predators and are at the top of their food chain. They eat small fish such as sardines. Sardines eat the tiny marine animals and plants called plankton. Atlantic Sailfish live in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. PLATE 15 Animals that eat plants are called herbivores. Adult Green Sea Turtles eat ocean plants such as seagrasses and algae. Green Sea Turtles are endangered because people hunt and eat them and their eggs, and because land development destroys their nesting sites. Pollution sometimes ruins the seagrass beds that provide food for them. Green Sea Turtles live in tropical and subtropical oceans around the world. PLATE 17 All of the oceans together provide the largest habitat and support the greatest variety of life on Earth. Oceans influence the world s climate. They provide many natural resources such as oil, salt, and other valuable minerals. Oceans are an important source of oxygen. In spite of their huge size, oceans have been harmed by human activity. Pollution and overfishing are two major threats to the well-being of oceans. Healthy oceans are necessary for healthy people. 44 45
About Habitats OCEANS INTERIOR:Layout 1 7/29/11 10:02 AM Page 46 GLOSSARY ABOUT... SERIES BIOME an area such as a grassland or wetland that shares the same types of plants and animals ECOSYSTEM a community of living things and their environment HABITAT the place where animals and plants live Camouflage colors or patterns on an animal that help it hide Continent one of seven main masses of land on the earth Equator an imaginary line around the center of the earth halfway between the North and South Poles Predator an animal that lives by hunting and eating other animals Prey an animal that is hunted and eaten by a predator School a large group of one kind of fish Subtropical next to the tropics Temperate not very hot and not very cold Tropical the area near the equator that is hot year-round Venom poison injected by an animal BOOKS BIBLIOGRAPHY EYE WONDER: OCEAN by Samantha Gray (DK Publishing, Inc.) OCEANS AND SEAS by Nicola Davies (Kingfisher Publications) THE BLUE PLANET SEAS OF LIFE: OCEAN WORLD by David Orme and Helen Bird (BBC Worldwide Limited, Scholastic Inc.) THE MAGIC SCHOOLBUS ON THE OCEAN FLOOR by Joanna Cole and Bruce Degen (Scholastic Inc.) WEBSITES http://www.globio.org/glossopedia/article.aspx?art_id=69&art_nm=oceans http://www.wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/habitats/oceans/ http://ocean.nationalgeographic.com/ocean/?source=navenvocean http://www.mbgnet.net/ ISBN 978-1-56145-234-7 HC ISBN 978-1-56145-312-2 PB ISBN 978-1-56145-256-9 HC ISBN 978-1-56145-335-1 PB ISBN 978-1-56145-358-0 HC ISBN 978-1-56145-407-5 PB ISBN 978-1-56145-183-8 HC ISBN 978-1-56145-233-0 PB ISBN 978-1-56145-038-1 HC ISBN 978-1-56145-364-1 PB ISBN 978-1-56145-588-1 HC ISBN 978-1-56145-331-3 HC ISBN 978-1-56145-406-8 PB ISBN 978-1-56145-454-9 HC ISBN 978-1-56145-028-2 HC ISBN 978-1-56145-147-0 PB ISBN 978-1-56145-207-1 HC ISBN 978-1-56145-232-3 PB ISBN 978-1-56145-488-4 HC ISBN 978-1-56145-301-6 HC ISBN 978-1-56145-405-1 PB ISBN 978-1-56145-141-8 HC ISBN 978-1-56145-174-6 PB ISBN 978-1-56145-454-9 HC 46
About Habitats OCEANS INTERIOR:Layout 1 7/29/11 10:02 AM Page 48 PMS 117U ABOUT HABITATS SERIES ISBN 978-1-56145-390-0 HC ISBN 978-1-56145-559-1 HC ISBN 978-1-56145-469-3 HC THE SILLS Cathryn Sill, a former elementary school teacher, is the author of the acclaimed ABOUT series. With her husband John and her brother-in-law Ben Sill, she coauthored the popular bird-guide parodies, A FIELD GUIDE TO LITTLE-KNOWN AND SELDOM-SEEN BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA, ANOTHER FIELD GUIDE TO LITTLE-KNOWN AND SELDOM-SEEN BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA, and BEYOND BIRDWATCHING. John Sill is a prize-winning and widely published wildlife artist who illustrated the ABOUT series and illustrated and coauthored the FIELD GUIDES and BEYOND BIRDWATCHING. A native of North Carolina, he holds a B.S. in Wildlife Biology from North Carolina State University. The Sills live in Franklin, North Carolina. ISBN 978-1-56145-432-7 HC ISBN 978-1-56145-618-5 HC TJ412-9-2008 IMUS 7/PCA0178 About Monutains W:10 xh:8.5 175L 140IKPP W/F Rhodamine/Magenta 48 Back End_i
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