Studies of Polar Caps by HEND page 1
I.Mitrofanov, M.Litvak, A.Kozyrev, A. Sanin and V.Tret yakov W.Boynton, D.Hamara and C.Shinohara University of Arizona, Tucson, USA page 2
HEND (High Energy Neutron Detector) was developed by Russian Space Research Institute for NASA Mars Odyssey mission Sc/IN LD SD MD SD LD Sc/IN MD page 3
HEND (High Energy Neutron Detector) was developed by Russian Space Research Institute for NASA Mars Odyssey mission Sc/IN MD LD Sc/IN LD SD MD SD SD LD Sc/IN MD page 4
HEND (High Energy Neutron Detector) was developed by Russian Space Research Institute for NASA Mars Odyssey mission Gamma Sensor SD MD LD Sc/IN SD LD LD SD HEND MD NS MD page 5
Might HEND see the Residual Polar Caps at North and at South during summer time? page 6
Mars Odyssey 300 km Layer of neutrons production about 1-21 2 m thick page 7
Now HEND is at the middle of the second Martian year of orbital mapping of South pole: -1 st year Summer -2 nd year Winter 80-90 S 02/18/2005 30 30 Summer Winter 02/18/2002 page 8
Summer at the South Pole 60 30 page 9
Now HEND is at the middle of the second Martian year of orbital mapping of North pole: -1 st year -2 nd year Winter Summer 80-90 N Winter 30 30 Summer page 10
Summer at the North Pole 60 30 page 11
{74 pixels} water ice, wt% N 80 70 70 HEND map for water ice at the Northern Permafrost Region page 12
HEND estimation for water ice at the North Pole 80 70 page 13
Summer at the South Pole 60 30 page 14
First Mars Express Science Conference, ESTEC, 21-25 February, 2005 water ice, wt% {98 pixels} S 80 70 HEND map for water ice at the Southern Permafrost Region depth, cm {98 pixels} S 80 70 HEND map for depth of water ice at the Southern Permafrost Region page 15
{98 pixels} water ice, wt% 80 70 S 80 70 S HEND map for water ice at Southern Permafrost Region page 16
HEND estimation for water ice at the South Pole 80 70 page 17
Yes? 80 80 page 18
Where is the Southern Residual Polar Cap with CO 2? page 19
South 4.5 North 3.6 summer winter page 20
South 4.5 North 3.6 winter summer page 21
North South 4.5 3.6 page 22
Seasonal cycle at the South Pole Summer Winter 30 30 Summer page 23
Which mixture of water ice and CO 2 does HEND data supports for Southern Residual Polar Cap? page 24
70 Segment of Southern Residual Polar Cap 85 80 page 25
Model for Segment of South Residual Polar Cap Atmosphere: Ames GCM Top Subsurface: CO 2 with h Bottom Subsurface: ζ (H 2 O ice) + (1 - ζ) CO 2 page 26
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Atmosphere Top Subsurface: CO 2 with h = cm page 28
Atmosphere CO 2 with 18% H 2 O ice page 29
Atmosphere Top Subsurface: CO 2 with h = 37 cm CO 2 with 87% H 2 O ice page 30
Conclusions: 1) HEND/Odyssey well sees water ice for Northern Residual Polar Cap 2) HEND/Odyssey does not see carbon dioxide for Southern Residual Polar Cap 3) HEND/Odyssey sees quite similar seasonal changes around both North and South Poles 4) HEND/Odyssey data supports water ice (>20 wt% ) under the top layer of dry ice of CO 2 (< 40 cm) for region of the Southern Residual Polar Cap page 31