Travel Demad Maagemet Implemetatio i Badar Lampug Rahayu Sulistyorii 1, a, 1 Lampug Uiversity Istitute Techology of Sumatera a <sulistyorii.smd@gmail.com ad sulistyorii_smd@yahoo.co.uk> Keywords: Traffic Cogestio, Fiacial Loose, Traffic Maagemet, Fuel Cosumptio, Public Trasport. Abstract. The high traffic growth of motorcycle (24% per year) ad private vehicle (20% per year) i Badar Lampug is the mai factor as the egative impact of cogestio. I previous study, the fiacial losses i Badar Lampug i term of fuel cosumptio, time value, ad pollutio costs Rp 2 Trillio per year. I order to fidig a solutio to traffic cogestio could prevet the massive amout of wasted fudig, fially, this paper reviews the rage ad the scope of possible policy measures aimed at travel demad maagemet to reduce egative impact of traffic cogestio. Geometric or physical improvemets to roads ad itersectios have bee the traditioal respose to cogestio ad oly reduce 0.08 degree of saturatio flow. Otherwise, motorcycles laes are oe of importat strategy for alleviatig cogestio ad reduce 0.3 degree of saturatio flow. Further, the additio of ew capacity presets a excellet opportuity to combie it with other types of travel demad strategies. 1. Itroductio Traffic cogestio is oe of the problems that ofte occur i urba areas, i this case Badar Lampug. Especially passeger car ad motorcycle o several mai streets i this city, geerally the most traffic occurs i the morig ad afteroo which is may people do activities at the same time ad i the same destiatio. The purposes of this research are determiig a poit of impact of traffic cogestio ad try to implemet travel demad maagemet as oe of solutio. Based o data from DISPENDA, motorcycles ad passeger cars are growig fast for last te years. The growth of passeger cars owership i Badar Lampug is 20% per year while the motorcycle is 24% per year. The growth of road developmets i this city is much slower tha the growth rate of vehicle owership. Util 2016, the govermet has built five overpass bridges (flyovers) ad wideig o several roads, but it will oly short-term problems solvig. Traffic jam caused fiacial losses accordig to the value of time, fuel cosumptio, ad pollutio. From previous study, the amout of fiacial lost based o value of time are Rp 390 billio per year, Rp 797 billio from fuel cosumptio ad Rp 879 billio per year based o pollutio cost. The amout of cogestio loss i terms of those three variables is Rp 2 Trillio per year. This is a big value of losses ad goig icrease every year. Traffic cogestio is oe of the chroic problems i most cities ad this problem is gettig worse year by year. Physical developmet such as ew road or wideig caot solve the problems. After a few years, the ew highway will be filled with traffic that would ot have existed if the highway had ot bee built. Similarly, the wideed road will be filled with more traffic i a few moths. For this reaso, the study was coducted to discover ad develop cocrete steps that ca be doe by the Govermet such as travel demad maagemet. - 16 - J. Tech. Soc. Sci., Vol.1, No.1, 2017
2. Fiacial Losses i Terms of Value of Time, Fuel Cosumptio ad Pollutio Traffic jam caused fiacial losses viewed from the value of time, fuel cosumptio, ad pollutio. This sectio will discuss about calculatig the fiacial losses caused of three factors above. 2.1 Fiacial Losses based o Value of Time Cogestio will cause delays ad queues that icrease travel time. The value of travel time is the amout of costs icurred someoe who is willig to save travel time. Cogestio will certaily cause a reductio i travel time savigs. This ca lead to the icreasig of travel costs ad losses due to cogestio. The previous study [1] was coducted to quatify the cost of losses due to cogestio i Badar Lampug city. This study was carried out durig peak hour o Moday, Thursday ad Suday at the itersectio of roads alog ± 3.7 km. The method used to aalyze the value of travel time is The Icome Approach Method. This method is used to calculate value of travel time based o two factors, such as Gross Domestic Regioal Product (GDRP) ad amout of workig time per year. The formula of this method is as follows: λ = (GDRP/perso) / amout of workig time i oe year per perso (1) Where: λ = Value of Travel Time GDRP = Gross Domestic Regioal Product From recet coditio i 2017, GDRP of Badar Lampug is Rp. 57. 4275 Trillio per year, amout of workig time i oe year for each perso is 2,400 ad populatio i 2017 is 1,276,704 people. So, the value of travel time is λ = 57,4275 x 10 12 / (1,276,240/2,400) = Rp. 18,742 per hour The amout of losses due to cogestio, i terms of time value ca be calculated i ways as follows: Cost of Losses = Traffic volume x cogestio time x travel time value (2) The cost of losses due to cogestio with The Icome Approach Method for oe year is 356,519 x 0.12 x 365 x Rp. 18,742 = Rp. 390.223 billio 2.2Fiacial Losses based o Fuel Cosumptio I previous study [2], the ifluece of travel time is related to fuel cosumptio level. The loger travel time caused by traffic jam ad delay, the biggest value related to fuel cosumptio resulted i sigificat losses. Primary data icluded travel time, traffic jam duratio, average speeds of vehicles, travel time for usig oe liter of fuel cosumptio, wasted fuel, ad traffic volume. The types of vehicles i this case are private car usig premium ad solar fuel, urba trasportatio ad Bus Rapid Trasit (BRT). From survey, we foud that 0.875 liter wasted fuel per day per vehicle. The results showed that the highest loss caused by traffic jam obtaied from private car with premium fuel. The estimated loss was Rp 797,043,512,920,- at rush hour. - 17 - J. Tech. Soc. Sci., Vol.1, No.1, 2017
2.3Fiacial Losses based o Air Pollutio Cogestio will icrease vehicle emissios ad cost of air pollutio. The previous research [1] was coducted to aalyze pollutats cocetratios geerated traffic emissios i Badar Lampug. The method that used is the load of emissio factors i Idoesia as well as the level of emissios cost geerated from greehouse emissios (GRK). The emissio factors of vehicles i this study is limited to pollutats such as Carbo Mooxide (CO), Carbo Dioxide (CO 2 ), Hydrocarbos (HC), Nitroge Oxides (NOx), Particulates (PM10), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), from the cotet of vehicle s fuel. I determiig emissios from each vehicle ca be calculated usig several factors such as trip legth, emissio factor (FE), ad traffic volume is as follows: E j= E ij= l. P i. V. C ij= lv P i. i=1 i=1 i=1 C ij E i = j=1 VKT j FE i,j 10 6 (3) Where: Ei VKTj FEi,j V = Emissio from poluta i (to/year) = Total trip legth for the type j of vehicle (km.vehicle/year). = Poluta i per km trip legth per each j type of vehicle (g/km.veh). = total traffic volume i a road segmet. Table 1. Total Vehicle s Emissio for Each Pollutat Total Vehicles Emissio E i (to/year) CO HC NOx PM 10 CO 2 SO 2 8,420 2,051 355,477 71,778 1,318,504 20,059 Cost of each pollutat as follow: CO 2 ad CO = $ 205/to = Rp. 2,665,000/to SO 2 = $ 1000/to = Rp. 13,000,000/to HC = Rp. 572,000/to NOx = Rp. 12,142,000/to = Rp. 41,275,000/to PM 10 Based o a survey ad emissios calculatio, the fiacial losses caused by cogestio based o vehicle emissios withi 1 year is Rp 878,825,000,000. 3. Traffic Jam Solutio with Road Wideig (Physical Improvemet) This previous study [4] be hold to fid out how effective the road wideig to reduces traffic cogestio ad icreases the road performace. The data was aalyzed based o Idoesia Highway Capacity Maual. The compositio of the traffic flow statig i passeger car uits (pcu). All traffic flow values (each directio ad total) was coverted ito passeger car uits usig passeger car equivalets. Based o IHCM, road capacity ca be calculated by referece to the equatio: C = Co FCw FCsp FCsf FCcs (4) - 18 - J. Tech. Soc. Sci., Vol.1, No.1, 2017
C = capacity (pcu / h). Co = base capacity (pcu / h). FCW = lae width factor. FCsp = separatig directio factor. FCsf = side frictio factor. FCCS = city size factor. Joural of Techology ad Social Sciece (JTSS) Free flow speed actually used by the followig equatio: FV = (FVO + FVW)*FFsf *FFVcs (5) FV: free flow speed of light vehicles (km / h) FVW: effective carriageway width (km / h) FVO: base free flow speed of light vehicles (km / h) FFVcs: speed adjustmet for the size of the city FFVsf: side frictio factor adjustmet ad width of shoulder The degree of saturatio ca be calculated by the followig equatio: DS = Degree of saturatio flow Q = total flow (pcu / h) C = capacity (pcu / h) DS = Q / C (6) Fig. 1. Traffic Flow i Directio 1 Road capacity C = (1650 2.5) 0.92 1.00 0.92 0.94 = 3,496 pcu/ hour. The degree of saturatio flow o the mai streets (DS)= 2692/3496 = is 0.77 with a level of service (LOS) C. Fig. 2. Cross Sectio Before Road Wideig - 19 - J. Tech. Soc. Sci., Vol.1, No.1, 2017
After doig 1.2 m road wideig, the degree of saturatio flow (DS) is 0.76 with the level of service (LOS) C. This is idicated that geometric improvemet is ot effective to icreasig the level of service (LOS) sigificatly. Fig. 3. Cross Sectio After Road Wideig 2. Furthermore, to determie the level of service (LOS) after doig road wideig is show i Table Table 2. The Compariso of Before ad After Road Improvemet Factor Before geometric improvemet After geometric improvemet Capacity (C) 2854 pcu/hour 3083 pcu/hour Traffic Flow (Q) 2208 pcu/hour 2370 pcu/hour Degree of Saturatio Flow 0.773 0.768 Travel Speed 50 km/hour 54 km/hour Such pheomeo is called by iduced demad, either buildig ew roads or wideig roads are the log-lastig solutio to traffic cogestio. 4. Traffic Jam Solutio with Travel Demad Maagemet Trasportatio Demad Maagemet (TDM, also called Mobility Maagemet) is a geeral term for strategies that result i more efficiet use of trasportatio resources. 4.1 Motorcycles Lae Separatio Motorcycle laes usually located o the mai carriageway for each traffic flow directio. Motorcycle laes i this sceario obtaied from paited lies o existig road. Fig. 4. The Sceario of Separated Motorcycle Lae Based o problem-solvig such as specials separatio motorcycles lae sceario, it produces a decrease of DS from 0.77 to 0.595 or icrease level of service (LOS) from C to A. It idicates that this sceario more effective tha road wideig. - 20 - J. Tech. Soc. Sci., Vol.1, No.1, 2017
Table 3. The Compariso of Before ad After Motorcycle Separated Lae Improvemet Factor Before Motorcycle Separated Lae After Motorcycle Separated Lae Capacity (C) 2854 pcu/hour 2711pcu/hour Traffic Flow (Q) 2208 pcu/hour 1613pcu/hour Degree of Saturatio Flow 0.773 0.595 Travel Speed 50 km/hour 53 km/hour 4.2 The Side Frictio Reductio Sceario Cogestio leads to various effects like delay of travel, reducig speed, ad reducig capacity. The reaso for cogestio i Badar Lampug is ot oly due to substatial growth of traffic volume but also due to the may activities prevail o the side of the road. They are o-street parkig, stop vehicles, pedestria movemet, ad others. Side frictio used i the calculatio is the side frictio that occurs whe the curret peak hour is 07:00 to 8:00 pm. I the iterval, there were 99 cases that hour pedestrias (PED), 83 the icidece of vehicles parked vehicles, raisig or lowerig passegers (PSV), 140 evets i ad out of vehicles (EEV) ad 9 evets slow vehicle (SMV). This sceario try to reduce side frictio such as o-street parkig. Fig. 5. The Sceario of Side Frictio Reductio This Sceario (side frictio reductio) produces DS 0.745 ad icrease travel speed 56km/hour. Table 4. The Compariso of Before ad After Side Frictio Reductio Factor Before Side Frictio Reductio After Side Frictio Reductio Capacity (C) 2854 pcu/hour 2711pcu/hour Traffic Flow (Q) 2208 pcu/hour 2020pcu/hour Degree of Saturatio Flow 0.773 0.745 Travel Speed 50 km/hour 56 km/hour 4.3Bus Rapid Trasit Applicatio to Reducig Traffic Jam Mass trasit developmet is oe way to icrease the capacity of roads i order to reduce traffic cogestio. Oe of the public trasportatio that ca be applied is BRT (Bus Rapid Trasit). I this system, city buses performace will be improved by givig some priority o the road, such as: special bus laes. Fig. 6. Sectioal Road after Road Wideig - 21 - J. Tech. Soc. Sci., Vol.1, No.1, 2017
I this sceario [3], it is assumed that the width of traffic lae is 8.2 m, cosist of the width of BRT lae is 2.2 m ad two laes with 3 m each wide for passeger car. Table 5. The Compariso of Before ad After BRT Lae Implemetatio Factor Before BRT Lae Implemetatio After BRT Lae Implemetatio Capacity (C) 3496pcu/hour 3076pcu/hour Traffic Flow (Q) 3056pcu/hour 1759pcu/hour Degree of Saturatio Flow 0.87 0.57 Travel Speed 50 km/hour 56 km/hour The implemetatio of BRT lae ca miimize the egative effects of cogestio. Otherwise o first implemetatio, it could be ot popular regulatio because that would reduce the umber of traffic laes for other vehicles. 5. Other Solutio From the results we ca see that travel demad maagemet implemetatio such as special lae for motorcycles, side frictio reductio, ad BRT Lae implemetatio are more effective tha road wideig. Other aspect of travel demad maagemet that could be implemeted i Badar Lampug to reduce traffic cogestio; reduce ifrastructure ivestmet costs; improve air quality ad reduce etire cost of gasolie are parkig maagemet; car pollig ad school pollig; travel hour spread; bicycle ad pedestria; cogestio pricig; campus actio for efficiet trasportatio; car-free plaig; kiss ad ride; park ad ride; itelliget trasport system; also trasit orieted developmet. 6. Coclusio Travel demad maagemet implemetatio ca miimize the egative effects of cogestio compared to physical treatmet such as wideig or built a ew road. The etire objective is to esure that travel demad maagemet priciples are cosidered as a solutio for reduce traffic cogestio. No sigle solutio for cogestio problem solvig. It will also iform our trasport parters, developers ad the public to maage the demad for travelig. Travel demad maagemet is ot the sole resposibility of oe agecy, otherwise it should be delivered by a umber of orgaizatios. The followig agecies play a key role i maagig travel demad. Refereces [1] Sulistyorii, " How Much Moey Will Losses Cause of Accidet ad Traffic Jam i Badar Lampug, Idoesia ", Advaces i Evirometal Sciece ad Eergy Plaig, Teerife, Caary Islads, Spai, Jauary 10-12, 2015, pp 282-288 [2] Sulistyorii, " How May Cost Losses Caused By Traffic Jam I Term of Fuel Cosumptio ad Time Value o Mai Road i Badar Lampug", Coferece for Civil Egieerig Research Network, ITB Badug, Idoesia November 4-5, 2014, pp.1-5. [3] Lumbagaol, ad Sulistyorii, The Effect of Wideig Roads ad Evaluatio of Operatioal Applicatio BRT (Bus Rapid Trasit) to Reducig Traffic Jam i Teuku Umar Street Badar Lampug, 15th FSTPT Iteratioal Symposium, Bekasi, Idoesia November 23-25, 2012, [4] Adika, ad Sulistyorii, The Effect of Wideig Roads to Reducig Traffic Jam i Teuku Umar Street Badar Lampug, 15th FSTPT Iteratioal Symposium, Bekasi, Idoesia November 23-25, 2012. [Remarks by Editorial Office] The origial mauscript has bee replaced by this ew mauscript. The mior errors has bee corrected by the author ad the correct versio, i.e., this mauscript, was uploaded o 13 March 2017 based o the author s request. - 22 - J. Tech. Soc. Sci., Vol.1, No.1, 2017