Prfessinal Ski Instructrs f America Adaptive Alpine Standards Exam Supplement Natinal Standards: Level One, Level Tw, Level Three Updated June 2014 ASEA and ASEA-EF 2014
Adaptive Alpine Cntributrs and Develpers: Kirsten Atkins Weylin Barrett Bill Bwness Kristen Caldwell Kathy Chandler Chuck Chiu Ruth DeMuth Beth Fx Lindsay Hallvik Terri Hendersn Geff Krill Jeff Pitts Kathleen Priest Diana Premm Dave Schuiling Kim Seevers Jsh Spelstra Jhn Stevensn Barbara Szwebel Rcky Muntain Nrthern Intermuntain Western Intermuntain Eastern Nrthern Intermuntain Rcky Muntain Rcky Muntain Alaska Central Eastern Nrthern Intermuntain Nrthwest Nrthern Rcky Muntain Rcky Muntain Eastern Western Nrthwest Rcky Muntain ASEA and ASEA-EF 2014 Prfessinal Ski Instructrs f America Adaptive Alpine Standards Exam Supplement Page 2
Table f Cntents 1. Intrductin 4 2. Skiing Demnstratins, Skills and Functinal Skiing Maneuver Examples 5 Adaptive Demnstratin Equivalencies 8 Demnstratin Equivalencies fr Mn-Ski 8 Demnstratin Equivalencies fr Bi-Ski 10 Demnstratin Equivalencies fr Three-Track 13 Demnstratin Equivalencies fr Fur-Track 15 Adaptive Functinal Skiing Task Examples 20 3. Teaching Specific Skill Requirements fr Level I Instructrs 25 Specific Skill Requirements fr LeveI II Instructrs 26 Specific Requirements fr Level III Instructrs 27 4. Prfessinal Knwledge Specific Skill Requirements fr Level I Instructrs 28 Specific Skill Requirements fr LeveI II Instructrs 39 Specific Requirements fr Level III Instructrs 32 Prfessinal Ski Instructrs f America Adaptive Alpine Standards Exam Supplement Page 3
Intrductin The infrmatin in the PSIA Adaptive Alpine Standards Exam Supplement has been develped t cmpliment the 2014 Adaptive Alpine Standards and shuld be studied in cnjunctin with the Standards in preparatin fr taking certificatin exams. Tpics cvered in the Standards are further delineated and Functinal Skiing Task Examples are described. Additinally, this dcument prvides extensive descriptins f the Adaptive Alpine Demnstratin Equivalencies fr candidates using sit dwn equipment and/r utriggers. Reference material used in creating this dcument include the current editins f PSIA-AASI s Cre Cncepts fr Snwsprts Instructrs, the Alpine Technical Manual: Skiing and Teaching Skills (2nd ed.), the Adaptive Snwsprts Instructin manual, and the Children s Instructin Manual (2 nd ed.). Prfessinal Ski Instructrs f America Adaptive Alpine Standards Exam Supplement Page 4
Skiing Demnstratins, Skills and Functinal Skiing Maneuver Examples The instructr will be asked t perfrm the apprpriate maneuver in each stage f the prgressin in his/her persnal skiing and in the specified specialty. Level I The candidate will be able t: Ski a straight run in a balanced, athletic stance n terrain suitable fr first time beginning skiers. Demnstrate a gliding wedge and a braking wedge n grmed green terrain. Demnstrate a cnsistent wedge and/r apprpriate skill blend thrughut a series f 6-8 turns n grmed green terrain. Demnstrate cnsistent spntaneus christie turns and apprpriate skill blend in a series f turns n grmed blue terrain. Demnstrate matching with active steering f the inside leg. Demnstrate shaping f the cntrl phase f the turn by blending apprpriate skills. Demnstrate parallel turns r the equivalent adaptive maneuver (see Appendix A) shwing apprpriate skill use and blending in respnse t speed, turn radius, tactics, cnditins, r intent. Level II The candidate will be able t: Prfessinal Ski Instructrs f America Adaptive Alpine Standards Exam Supplement Page 5
Demnstrate n the easiest grmed green terrain: Demnstrate steering cnsistent with apprpriate blending f skills thrughut a series f turns. Demnstrate n grmed blue terrain: Demnstrate parallel turns r the equivalent adaptive maneuver (see Appendix A) shwing apprpriate skill use and blending in respnse t speed, turn radius, tactics, cnditins, r intent. Demnstrate matching f skis in a variety f places in the turn (beginning, middle, and end) and the apprpriate blending f apprpriate skills depending n speed, terrain, r intentin. Link skidded turns with sme anticipatin and upper/lwer bdy separatin. Maintain cnsistent spntaneus wedge christies fr the entire series f 6-10 turns. Demnstrate n grmed r recently grmed (nt necessarily smth) terrain: Maintain an accurate blending f skills t perfrm a series f 8-12 cnsistent shrt, medium r lng radius parallel turns while maintaining speed cntrl. Demnstrate cnsistently a simultaneus edge change, with an apprpriate ple swing, thrughut a series f 8-12 turns. Bumps: Ski small t medium bumps n blue terrain. Demnstrate the fllwing (but nt limited t) maneuvers such as: Stepping/tracking and skating maneuvers Falling leaf Ski n ne ski n gentle terrain making small directinal changes Parallel turns with n ples Prfessinal Ski Instructrs f America Adaptive Alpine Standards Exam Supplement Page 6
Level III The candidate will be able t: Demnstrate n any terrain and in mst cnditins: Use and blend the apprpriate skills necessary t ski cnsistently thrughut a series f turns. Demnstrate a balanced stance. Demnstrate steering f inside ski t facilitate matching. Demnstrate matching f skis in a variety f phases in the turn (initiatin, shaping, and finishing) and the blending f apprpriate skills depending n speed, terrain, r intentin. Link skidded turns with sme anticipatin and upper/lwer bdy separatin. Maintain a cnsistent series f spntaneus wedge christies shwing apprpriate use and blending f all necessary skills. Demnstrate accurate, cnsistent, pen parallel turns thrughut a series f 10-15 turns, shwing apprpriate use and blending f all necessary skills. Demnstrate cnsistent simultaneus edge change with an effective ple swing that facilitates extensin and edge change at turn initiatin. Demnstrates active steering f bth legs thrughut turns resulting in shape and speed cntrl. Demnstrate n any grmed r recently grmed black terrain (may nt be perfectly smth): Dynamic parallel turns r the equivalent adaptive maneuver (see Appendix A) any place n the muntain in any snw cnditins (except the mst extreme), shwing apprpriate skill use and blending in respnse t speed, turn radius, tactics, cnditins, r intent. Link 10-15 dynamic parallel turns with cntinuus flw, rhythm, and accuracy f mvements. Maintain pressure n the utside ski with dynamic balancing mvements. Bumps: Ski bumps n black terrain. Prfessinal Ski Instructrs f America Adaptive Alpine Standards Exam Supplement Page 7
Adaptive Demnstratin Equivalencies Demnstratin Equivalencies fr Mn-Ski Gliding Wedge Quiet upper bdy balanced ver the middle f the ski Skeletally stacked, upright (static) upper bdy Equal and cnstant pressure n bth utriggers with the snw Outriggers remain in clse prximity t the mn-ski (i.e., shulder width apart making snw cntact between binding te and tip f ski) Gliding Wedge t a Stp Quiet upper bdy balanced ver the middle f the ski Outriggers remain in clse prximity t the mn-ski (i.e., shulder width apart making snw cntact between binding te and tip f ski) Equal, cnstant, and prgressive pressure f bth utriggers Outriggers create a slwing effect as the tail f the utrigger tips are prgressively pushed frward int the snw (this mvement is created by pushing the hands frward while drpping the shulders and flexing/runding the spine). This is the slwing technique described in the 2003editin f the Adaptive Snwsprts Instructin manual. An imprved slwing technique has been develped since the writing f that manual and may be substituted fr this dem. See Belw: -OR- Outriggers create a slwing effect as the utrigger tips are rtated utward creating a diverging wedge. Slwing can be increased r decreased by increasing r decreasing the angle f utward rtatin and/r by increasing r decreasing the amunt f utrigger pressure applied t the snw. Wedge Turns Tall stance and balanced upper bdy ver the midline f the ski. Symmetrical utrigger steering (at turn initiatin bth utrigger tips are pinted in the directin f the next turn and this mvement is held thrughut the shaping phase f the turn). Minimal cuntering mvements f the upper bdy ther than the head is always rientated dwnhill (in the directin f the hub f the next turn) and never acrss the hill. As rtary mvements in the turn develp, the ski and utriggers are steered acrss the hill, increasing pressure by terrain dictated edging n the inside edge f ski and bth riggers. Althugh the hips and upper bdy remain basically centered ver the midline f the ski, the center f mass may mve slightly t the inside f the turn n steeper terrain ( terrain dictated edging ). A slight amunt f banking is acceptable in rder t cntrl the edge angle. Emphasis is n prducing a runded, deliberate turn shape, and thrughut the turn maintaining the tips f bth utriggers in clse prximity t the tip f the ski (i.e., there is n cuntering mvements f the utrigger r reaching dwnhill ). The wedge turn shws the fundamental skills in a slw mving situatin, emphasizing the rtary mvements created by the utriggers with limited edge and pressure mvements t maintain cnstant speed and radius f the turn. A desired utcme is t achieve a sense f rhythm, flw, and cntrl frm turn t turn, while maintaining a cnstant speed relative t the shape f the turn. Prfessinal Ski Instructrs f America Adaptive Alpine Standards Exam Supplement Page 8
Wedge Christie Speed is greater than that f a wedge turn and shuld be cnstant thrughut the task relative t the shape f the turn. The ski and lwer bdy is allwed t turn slightly mre than the upper bdy, resulting in a slightly cuntered relatinship with the ski (i.e., head and shulders slightly cuntered in the directin f the next turn). This increased upper bdy cuntering encurages angulated edging mvements. Hwever, angulatin is minimal as related t the terrain apprpriate fr this dem. Asymmetrical utrigger steering (at turn initiatin ne utrigger tip is pinted in the directin f the next turn) and matched r mved (tward the midline) back t the neutral psitin prir t r after the fall line the turn (similar t the match f the skis f a standup skier ding a wedge christie). There is n active reaching f the utrigger dwnhill althugh the dwnhill utrigger will be farther away frm the mn-ski than in the wedge turn because f the increased cunter f the upper bdy). As rtary mvements are accmplished, there is a release f the ski s edge and slight mvement f center f mass int the new turn. Edge release is initiated by a minimal upper bdy extensin in the directin f the new turn. Edge angle and pressure n the inside edge f the ski, is slightly greater and ccurs earlier than in a wedge turn. This results in the riggers becming quite light and flat, making it easy t symmetrically guide int a parallel relatinship with the ski. This "matching" ccurs at r after the fall line, cinciding t the christie phase f the turn. (Similar t what ccurs with tw skis.) Thrughut the turn, the skier demnstrates dynamic balance by maintaining a tall athletic stance with slightly runded shulders and flexed spinal clumn. Prgressive steering cmbined with increased speed and a relatively flat ski prduce a rund, skidded arc. Basic Parallel Speed is greater than that f a wedge christie and shuld be cnstant thrughut the task relative t the shape f the turn. Nearing the cmpletin f a prir turn, the skier s upper bdy is slightly flexed and cuntered in the directin f the next turn. With pressure predminately n the inside edge f the ski, the utside rigger is in an arc away frm the midline, pinted tward the hub f next turn. This asymmetrical utrigger steering mvement (frm the utside/dwnhill utrigger) crrespnds with a cuntered upper bdy in the directin f the next turn (utrigger, arm, and shulder all mve tgether as the upper bdy finishes the ld turn in a cuntered psitin). Outrigger mvements and upper bdy separatin crrespnd t the turn size (i.e., lng radius turns crrespnd t a 1 and 11 clck cuntering and shrt radius turns require a 3 and 9 clck mvement much as a ple tuch fr a stand-up skier) and t the student s mvement range. As the skier starts extending tward the new turn, a change in pressure dminance begins frm the ld utside edge t the new inside edge. Cntinuatin f the abve mvements results in a crss-ver r lateral mvement f the center f mass and a flattening f the skis, which cmbined with the guidance f bth ski and rigger tward the fall line. Edging mvements are achieved by angulatin f the spine/trs with shulders level t the fall line relative t the student s mvement range. The inside rigger and ski cmplement the actins f the dminant inside edge f ski. Prgressive steering cmbined with flexin dwn and inward regulates edging and pressure, which are prgressive thrughut the turn. Prfessinal Ski Instructrs f America Adaptive Alpine Standards Exam Supplement Page 9
The increased efficiency f rtary mvements (caused by the increased distance between rigger tip and center f rtatin) allws fr a much earlier match f the inside/steering rigger and shrter duratin f differential frictin caused by rigger tip/snw cntact. A prgressive increase f edging and pressure in the turn reduces the amunt f skid and helps shape the arc f the turn, which shuld be fairly cnsistent thrughut. Dynamic Parallel There is refinement f all aspects f the fundamental skills f pen parallel and they are perfrmed at greater speed with mre precisin. Speed shuld remain cnstant thrughut the task relative t the shape f the turn. Ski is used as a wrking cmpnent in the turn t achieve desired turn shape and type. Characteristics such as ski flex and sidecut are cnsidered. The ther equipment, such as seat and shck/spring are is als accunted fr. Turns are carved, but nt railed. Stance is functinal fr the speed, radius and terrain being utilized. At turn initiatin the dwnhill utrigger is mved further away frm the midline in a reaching mvement. This reach with the utrigger is simultaneus with an active crss-ver f the center f mass frm the ld inside edge t the new edge. Pressure transfer at turn initiatin is very deliberate, and cmmitment f the center f mass tward the new turn is very active. All mvements cntribute tward carrying the energy frm ne turn t the next. The increased efficiency f rtary mvements (caused by the increased distance between rigger tip and center f rtatin because f the reaching mvement tward the next turn) allws fr a much earlier match f the inside/steering rigger and shrter duratin f rigger tip/snw cntact. Edge/pressure engagement is taking place befre the fall line. Intensity, duratin, and timing f mvements determine the size, shape, and speed f the turn, i.e. gliding, shrt, medium, and lng. Demnstratin Equivalencies fr Bi-Ski Gliding Wedge t a Stp: Quiet upper bdy balanced ver the middle f the skis. Skeletally stacked, upright (static) upper bdy. Equal, cnstant, and prgressive pressure n bth utriggers with the snw. Outriggers remain in clse prximity t the bi-ski making snw cntact in line with the skier s shulders and hips. Skier s arms are slightly flexed (almst straight) allwing fr strng balancing mvements thrugh utrigger use. Outriggers create a slwing effect as the tail f the utrigger tips are prgressively pushed frward int the snw (this mvement is created by pushing the hands frward while drpping the shulders and flexing/runding the spine). This is the slwing technique described in the latest editin f the Adaptive Snwsprts Instructin manual. An imprved slwing technique has been develped since the writing f this manual and may be substituted fr this dem. See Belw: -OR- Outriggers create a slwing effect as the utrigger tips are rtated utward creating a diverging wedge. Slwing can be increased r decreased by increasing r decreasing the angle f utward rtatin and/r by increasing r decreasing the amunt f utrigger pressure applied t the snw. -ALTERNATIVE- Prfessinal Ski Instructrs f America Adaptive Alpine Standards Exam Supplement Page 10
If the skier is physically unable t perfrm a slwing maneuver utilizing utriggers, a single carved turn t a stp may be substituted. The turn is perfrmed by increasing pressure n ne utrigger and tipping the bi-ski nt its edges causing the bi-ski t carve in the directin f the tipping. The ppsite utrigger is utilized t cntrl balance and manage the extent f edging. Once initiated, the turn is held acrss the fall line t a gravity assisted stp. Wedge Turns Tall stance with a balanced upper bdy ver the midline f the skis. Maintain a cnstant speed thrughut the turn. Utilize push ff, drp n blck t create ski design turns. At turn initiatin, pressure n the uphill utrigger is increased as the skier pushes ff t create an active crss-ver mvement (skier s center f mass is mved frm inside f ld turn t inside f new turn). The dwnhill utrigger is utilized t blck the skier frm ver-edging, t assist with balance, and refine the amunt f edging t crrespnd t the desired radius and speed f the turn. Minimal cuntering mvements f the upper bdy ther than the head is always rientated dwnhill (in the directin f the hub f the next turn) and never acrss the hill. A slight amunt f banking is acceptable in rder t cntrl the edge angle. Emphasis is n prducing a runded, deliberate turn shape, and thrughut the turn maintaining the tips f bth utriggers in clse prximity t the bi-ski (i.e., there is n cuntering mvements f the utrigger r reaching dwnhill ). The wedge turn shws the basic skills f skiing in a slw-mving situatin, priritizing edging mvements ver rtary, creating ski designed turns t maintain cnstant speed and radius f the turn. A desired utcme is t achieve a sense f rhythm, flw, and cntrl frm turn t turn, while maintaining a cnstant speed relative t the shape f the turn. Wedge Christie Speed is greater than that f a wedge turn resulting in a skid after the fall line relative t the shape and speed f the f the turn. Utilize push ff, drp n blck t create ski design turns. The ski and lwer bdy is allwed t turn slightly mre than the upper bdy, resulting in a slightly cuntered relatinship with the ski (i.e., head and, if physically pssible, shulders slightly cuntered in the directin f the next turn). This increased upper bdy cuntering cmbined with higher edge angles and strng blcking mvements with the dwnhill utrigger encurages angulated edging mvements. Edge angle and pressure n the inside edge f the dwnhill (utside) ski, is greater and ccurs earlier than in a wedge turn. Cmbined with steeper terrain, increased speed, and varied turn radius, a spntaneus skid will ccur after the skier passes thrugh the fall line. T cntrl the skid, the tip f the dwnhill utrigger is pinted in the directin f the next turn creating rtary frces equal t r slightly greater than the skid. Befre the finish f the turn the dwnhill utrigger is matched r mved (tward the midline) back t the neutral psitin (similar t the match f the skis f a standup skier ding a wedge christie). Thrughut the turn, the skier demnstrates dynamic balance by maintaining a tall athletic stance with slightly runded shulders and flexed spinal clumn. Amalgamate a cmbinatin f ski design turns with a slight displacement f the skis (skid) as centrifugal frces increase after the fall line. Prfessinal Ski Instructrs f America Adaptive Alpine Standards Exam Supplement Page 11
Basic Parallel Speed is greater than that f a wedge christie turn and shuld be cnstant thrughut the task relative t the shape f the turn. Outriggers have been lengthened making snw cntact between binding te and tip f ski with a significantly increased bend in the elbws cmpared t the wedge and wedge christie demnstratin. Asymmetrical utrigger steering (at turn initiatin ne utrigger tip is pinted in the directin f the next turn) and matched r mved (tward the midline) back t the neutral psitin prir t r after the fall line f the turn. There is n active reaching f the utrigger dwnhill althugh the dwnhill utrigger will be farther away frm the bi-ski than in the wedge christie turn because f the increased cunter f the upper bdy. As rtary mvements are accmplished, there is a release f the ski s edge and slight mvement f center f mass int the new turn. If physically pssible, edge release is initiated by a minimal upper bdy extensin in the directin f the new turn. Thrughut the turn, the skier demnstrates dynamic balance by maintaining a tall athletic stance with slightly runded shulders and flexed spinal clumn. Prgressive utrigger steering cmbined with increased speed and a relatively flat ski prduce a rund, skidded arc. Dynamic Parallel Speed is greater than that f basic parallel and shuld be cnstant thrughut the task relative t the shape f the turn. Nearing the cmpletin f a prir turn, the skier s upper bdy is slightly flexed and cuntered in the directin f the next turn. With pressure predminately n the inside edge f the ski, the utside rigger is in an arc away frm the midline, pinted tward the hub f next turn. This asymmetrical utrigger steering mvement (frm the utside/dwnhill utrigger) crrespnds with a cuntered upper bdy riented in the directin f the next turn (utrigger, arm, shulder and trs, if pssible, all mve tgether as the upper bdy finishes the ld turn in a cuntered psitin). Outrigger mvements and upper bdy separatin crrespnd t the turn size (i.e., lng radius turns crrespnd t a 1 and 11 clck cuntering, with 12 clck being aligned with the lng axis f the ski tward the ski tip and shrt radius turns require a 3 and 9 clck rientatin f the upper bdy and dwnhill utrigger at the finish f the prir turn; much as a ple tuch fr a tw-track skier) and t the student s physical ability and mvement range. As the skier starts extending tward the new turn, a change in pressure dminance begins frm the ld utside edge t the new inside edge. Cntinuatin f the abve mvements results in a crss-ver r lateral mvement f the center f mass and a flattening f the skis, which cmbined with the guidance f bth ski and rigger tward the fall line. Edging mvements are achieved by angulatin f the spine/trs with shulders level t the fall line relative t the student s physical ability and mvement range. The inside rigger and ski cmplement the actins f the dminant inside edge f ski. Prgressive steering cmbined with flexin dwn and inward regulates edging and pressure, which are prgressive thrughut the turn. The increased efficiency f rtary mvements (caused by the increased distance between rigger tip and center f rtatin) allws fr a much earlier match f the inside/steering rigger and shrter duratin f differential frictin caused by rigger tip/snw cntact. A prgressive increase f edging and pressure in the turn reduces the amunt f skid and helps shape the arc f the turn, which shuld be fairly cnsistent thrughut. Prfessinal Ski Instructrs f America Adaptive Alpine Standards Exam Supplement Page 12
Demnstratin Equivalencies fr Three-Track Gliding Wedge t a Stp: Quiet upper bdy balanced ver the middle f the ski. Skeletally stacked, upright (static) upper bdy with a slight flex f the ankle, knee, hips, and spine. Equal, cnstant, and prgressive pressure n bth utriggers with the snw. Outriggers remain in clse prximity t the ski (i.e., shulder width apart making snw cntact between binding te and tip f ski). Outriggers create a slwing effect as the tail f the utrigger tips are prgressively pushed frward int the snw (this mvement is created by pushing the hands frward while drpping the shulders and flexing/runding the spine). This is the slwing technique described in the latest editin f the Adaptive Snwsprts Instructin manual. An imprved slwing technique has been develped since the writing f this manual and may be substituted fr this dem. See Belw: -OR- Outriggers create a slwing effect as the utrigger tips are rtated utward creating a diverging wedge. Slwing can be increased r decreased by increasing r decreasing the angle f utward rtatin and/r by increasing r decreasing the amunt f utrigger pressure applied t the snw. Wedge Turns Tall stance with a balanced upper bdy ver the midline f the ski. Maintain a cnstant speed thrughut the turn. Emphasis is n leg steering (at turn initiatin, steering with the leg thrughut the shaping phase f the turn). Symmetrical utrigger steering may be used as a rtary enhancer (at turn initiatin bth utrigger tips are pinted in the directin f the next turn and this mvement is held thrughut the shaping phase f the turn), but shuld nly be used as a supplement t the primary rtary pwer f leg steering. Minimal cuntering mvements f the upper bdy ther than the head is always rientated dwnhill (in the directin f the hub f the next turn) and never acrss the hill. As rtary mvements in the turn develp, the ski and utriggers are steered acrss the hill, increasing pressure by terrain dictated edging n the inside edge f ski and minimally, bth riggers. Althugh the hips and upper bdy remain centered ver the midline f the ski, the center f mass may mve slightly t the inside f the turn n steeper terrain ( terrain dictated edging ). A slight amunt f banking is acceptable in rder t cntrl the edge angle. Emphasis is n prducing a runded, deliberate turn shape, and thrughut the turn maintaining the tips f bth utriggers in clse prximity t the tip f the ski (i.e., there is n cuntering mvements f the utrigger r reaching dwnhill ). The wedge turn shws the basic skills f skiing in a slw mving situatin, emphasizing the rtary mvements created by leg steering with limited edge and pressure mvements t maintain cnstant speed and radius f the turn. A desired utcme is t achieve a sense f rhythm, flw, and cntrl frm turn t turn, while maintaining a cnstant speed relative t the shape f the turn. Wedge Christie Speed is greater than that f a wedge turn and shuld be cnstant thrughut the task relative t the shape f the turn. Prfessinal Ski Instructrs f America Adaptive Alpine Standards Exam Supplement Page 13
The ski and lwer bdy is allwed t turn slightly mre than the upper bdy, resulting in a slightly cuntered relatinship with the ski (i.e., head, shulders, trs, and hips slightly cuntered in the directin f the next turn). This increased upper bdy cuntering encurages angulated edging mvements. Hwever, angulatin is minimal as related t the terrain apprpriate fr this dem. Asymmetrical utrigger steering may be used as a rtary enhancer (at turn initiatin ne utrigger tip is pinted in the directin f the next turn) and matched r mved (tward the midline) back t the neutral psitin prir t r after the fall line f the turn (similar t the match f the skis f a standup skier ding a wedge christie). There is n active reaching f the utrigger dwnhill althugh the dwnhill utrigger will be farther away frm the ski than in the wedge turn because f the increased cunter f the upper bdy). As rtary mvements are accmplished, there is a release f the ski s edge and slight mvement f center f mass int the new turn. Edge release is initiated by a minimal upper bdy extensin in the directin f the new turn. Edge angle and pressure n the inside edge f the ski, is slightly greater and ccurs earlier than in a wedge turn. This results in the riggers becming quite light and flat, making it easy t symmetrically guide int a parallel relatinship with the ski. This "matching" ccurs at r after the fall line, cinciding t the christie phase f the turn. (Similar t what ccurs with tw skis.) Thrughut the turn, the skier demnstrates dynamic balance by maintaining a tall athletic stance with slightly runded shulders and spinal clumn with flexed knee and ankle. Prgressive leg steering cmbined with increased speed and a relatively flat ski prduce a rund, skidded arc. Basic Parallel Speed is greater than that f a wedge christie and shuld be cnstant thrughut the task relative t the shape f the turn. Nearing the cmpletin f a prir turn, the skier s upper bdy and hips are slightly flexed and cuntered in the directin f the next turn. With pressure predminately n the inside edge f the ski, the utside rigger is in an arc away frm the midline, pinted tward the hub f next turn. This asymmetrical utrigger steering mvement (frm the utside/dwnhill utrigger) crrespnds with a cuntered upper bdy riented in the directin f the next turn (utrigger, arm, shulder, trs, and hips all mve tgether as the upper bdy finishes the ld turn in a cuntered psitin.) Outrigger mvements and upper bdy separatin crrespnd t the turn size (i.e., lng radius turns crrespnd t a 1 and 11 clck cuntering, with 12 clck being aligned with the lng axis f the ski tward the ski tip and shrt radius turns require a 3 and 9 clck rientatin f the upper bdy and hips at the finish f the prir turn; much as a ple tuch fr a tw-track skier). As the skier starts extending tward the new turn, a change in pressure dminance begins frm the ld utside edge t the new inside edge. Cntinuatin f the abve mvements results in a crss-ver r lateral mvement f the center f mass and a flattening f the skis, which cmbined with the guidance f bth ski and rigger tward the fall line. Edging mvements are achieved by angulatin f the hips and knee with shulders level t the fall line. The inside rigger and ski cmplement the actins f the dminant inside edge f ski. Prgressive leg steering cmbined with flexin dwn and inward regulates edging and pressure, which are prgressive thrughut the turn. A prgressive increase f edging and pressure in the turn reduces the amunt f skid and helps shape the arc f the turn, which shuld be fairly cnsistent thrughut. Prfessinal Ski Instructrs f America Adaptive Alpine Standards Exam Supplement Page 14
Dynamic Parallel There is refinement f all aspects f the basic skills f skiing f pen parallel and they are perfrmed at greater speed with mre precisin. Speed shuld remain cnstant thrughut the task relative t the shape f the turn. Ski is used as a wrking cmpnent in the turn t achieve desired turn shape and type. Ski characteristics such as flex and sidecut are cnsidered. Turns are carved, but nt railed. Stance is functinal fr the speed, radius and terrain being utilized. At turn initiatin, the dwnhill utrigger is mved farther away frm the midline in a reaching mvement. This reach with the utrigger is simultaneus with an active crss-ver f the center f mass frm the ld inside edge t the new edge. Pressure transfer at turn initiatin is very deliberate, and cmmitment f the center f mass tward the new turn is very active. All mvements cntribute tward carrying the energy frm ne turn t the next. Edge/pressure engagement is taking place befre the fall line. Intensity, duratin, and timing f mvements determine the size, shape, and speed f the turn, i.e. gliding, shrt, medium, and lng. Demnstratin Equivalencies fr Fur-Track (Please nte: sectins in italics are fr skiers unable t create a wedge with their skis.) Gliding Wedge t a Stp (fr skiers capable f creating a wedge with their skis): Quiet upper bdy balanced ver the skis. If Outriggers shuld be used as balance tls but if necessary, the skier may be supprted (weight bearing) by the utriggers. Skeletally stacked, upright (static) upper bdy with a slight flex (if pssible) f the ankles, knees, hips, and spine. Weight equally distributed ver bth skis. Equal, cnstant, and prgressive pressure n bth utriggers with the snw. Outriggers remain in clse prximity t the ski (i.e., shulder width apart making snw cntact between binding te and tip f ski). Creating a wedge thrugh leg steering, pinting tes in and heels ut. Prgressively increasing the size f the wedge, creating a slwing effect (increasing edge angle and pressure n the skis) Gliding Wedge t a Stp (fr skiers unable t create a wedge with their skis): Quiet upper bdy balanced ver the skis. Outriggers shuld be used as balance tls but, if necessary, the skier may be supprted (weight bearing) by the utriggers. Skis are maintained in a parallel relatinship. Skeletally stacked, upright (static) upper bdy with a slight flex (if pssible) f the ankles, knees, hips, and spine. Weight equally distributed ver bth skis. Equal, cnstant, and prgressive pressure n bth utriggers with the snw. Outriggers remain in clse prximity t the ski (i.e., shulder width apart making snw cntact between binding te and tip f ski). Outriggers create a slwing effect as the tail f the utrigger tips are prgressively pushed frward int the snw (this mvement is created by pushing the hands frward while drpping the shulders and flexing/runding the spine). This is the slwing technique described in the latest editin f the Prfessinal Ski Instructrs f America Adaptive Alpine Standards Exam Supplement Page 15
Adaptive Snwsprts Instructr manual. An alternative slwing technique has been develped since the writing f this manual and may be substituted fr this dem. See belw: -OR- Outriggers create a slwing effect as the utrigger tips are rtated utward creating a diverging wedge. Slwing can be increased r decreased by increasing r decreasing the angle f utward rtatin and/r by increasing r decreasing the amunt f utrigger pressure applied t the snw. Wedge Turns (fr skiers capable f creating a wedge with their skis): Tall stance with a balanced upper bdy ver the skis. Maintain a cnstant speed thrughut the turn. Speed cntrl is a result f turn shape rather than wedge size. Emphasis is n leg steering generated as lw in the bdy as pssible (at turn initiatin steering with the legs thrughut the shaping phase f the turn). Symmetrical utrigger steering may be used as a rtary enhancer (at turn initiatin bth utrigger tips are pinted in the directin f the next turn and this mvement is held thrughut the shaping phase f the turn), but shuld nly be used as a supplement t the primary rtary pwer f leg steering. Minimal cuntering mvements f the upper bdy ther than the head is always rientated dwnhill (in the directin f the hub f the next turn) and never acrss the hill. As rtary mvements in the turn develp, the skis and utriggers are steered acrss the hill, increasing pressure t the utside ski by terrain dictated edging n the inside edge f the dwnhill ski and minimally, bth riggers. Althugh the hips and upper bdy remain centered ver the skis, the center f mass may mve slightly t the inside f the turn n steeper terrain ( terrain dictated edging ). A slight amunt f banking is acceptable in rder t cntrl the edge angle. Emphasis is n prducing a runded, deliberate turn shape, and thrughut the turn maintaining the tips f bth utriggers in clse prximity t the tip f the ski (i.e., there is n cuntering mvements f the utrigger r reaching dwnhill ). The wedge turn shws the basic skills f skiing in a slw mving situatin, emphasizing the rtary mvements created by leg steering with limited edge and pressure mvements t maintain cnstant speed and radius f the turn. A desired utcme is t achieve a sense f rhythm, flw, and cntrl frm turn t turn, while maintaining a cnstant speed relative t the shape f the turn. Wedge Turns (fr skiers unable t create a wedge with their skis): Tall stance with a balanced upper bdy ver the skis. Skis are maintained in a parallel relatinship. Maintain a cnstant speed thrughut the turn. Speed cntrl is a result f turn shape rather than slwing via the utrigger. Emphasis is n leg, hip, r trs steering generated as lw in the bdy as pssible (at turn initiatin steering with the legs r hips thrughut the shaping phase f the turn). Symmetrical utrigger steering may be used as a rtary enhancer (at turn initiatin bth utrigger tips are pinted in the directin f the next turn and this mvement is held thrughut the shaping phase f the turn) but shuld nly be used as a supplement t the primary rtary pwer f leg, hip, r trs steering. Prfessinal Ski Instructrs f America Adaptive Alpine Standards Exam Supplement Page 16
Minimal cuntering mvements f the upper bdy ther than the head is always rientated dwnhill (in the directin f the hub f the next turn) and never acrss the hill. As rtary mvements in the turn develp, the skis and utriggers are steered acrss the hill, increasing pressure t the utside ski by terrain dictated edging n the inside edge f the dwnhill ski and minimally, bth riggers. Althugh the hips and upper bdy remains centered ver the skis, the center f mass may mve slightly t the inside f the turn n steeper terrain ( terrain dictated edging ). A slight amunt f banking is acceptable in rder t cntrl the edge angle. Emphasis is n prducing a runded, deliberate turn shape, and thrughut the turn maintaining the tips f bth utriggers in clse prximity t the tip f the ski (i.e., there is n cuntering mvements f the utrigger r reaching dwnhill ). The wedge turn shws the basic skills f skiing in a slw mving situatin, emphasizing the rtary mvements created by leg, hip, r trs steering (supplemented as needed by utrigger steering) with limited edge and pressure mvements t maintain cnstant speed and radius f the turn. A desired utcme is t achieve a sense f rhythm, flw, and cntrl frm turn t turn, while maintaining a cnstant speed relative t the shape f the turn. Wedge Christie (fr skiers capable f creating a wedge with their skis): Speed is greater than that f a wedge turn and shuld be cnstant thrughut the task relative t the shape f the turn. Emphasis is n leg steering (at turn initiatin steering with the legs thrughut the shaping phase f the turn). The ski and lwer bdy is allwed t turn slightly mre than the upper bdy, resulting in a slightly cuntered relatinship with the ski (i.e., head, shulders, trs, and hips slightly cuntered in the directin f the next turn). This increased upper bdy cuntering encurages angulated edging mvements. Hwever, angulatin is minimal as related t the terrain apprpriate fr this dem. At turn initiatin creating a wedge thrugh leg steering subsequently matching the skis int a parallel relatinship befre r after the fall line. As rtary mvements are accmplished, there is a release f the ski s edge and slight mvement f center f mass int the new turn. Edge release is initiated by a minimal extensin (as physically pssible) in the directin f the new turn. Edge angle and pressure n the inside edge f the skis, is slightly greater and ccurs earlier than in a wedge turn. This results in the riggers becming quite light and flat, making it easy t symmetrically guide int a parallel relatinship with the ski. This "matching" ccurs at r after the fall line, cinciding t the christie phase f the turn. (Similar t what ccurs with tw skis.) Thrughut the turn, the skier demnstrates dynamic balance by maintaining a tall athletic stance with slightly runded shulders and spinal clumn with flexed knee and ankle. Prgressive leg steering cmbined with increased speed and a relatively flat ski prduce a rund, skidded arc. Wedge Christie (fr skiers unable t create a wedge with their skis): Speed is greater than that f a wedge christie and shuld be cnstant thrughut the task relative t the shape f the turn. The ski and lwer bdy is allwed t turn slightly mre than the upper bdy, resulting in a slightly cuntered relatinship with the ski (i.e., head, shulders, trs, and hips slightly cuntered in the Prfessinal Ski Instructrs f America Adaptive Alpine Standards Exam Supplement Page 17
directin f the next turn). This increased upper bdy cuntering encurages angulated edging mvements. Hwever, angulatin is minimal as related t the terrain apprpriate fr this dem. Asymmetrical utrigger steering may be used as a rtary enhancer (at turn initiatin ne utrigger tip is pinted in the directin f the next turn) and matched r mved (tward the midline) back t the neutral psitin prir t r after the fall line f the turn (similar t the match f the skis f a standup skier ding a classic wedge christie). There is n active reaching f the utrigger dwnhill althugh the dwnhill utrigger will be farther away frm the ski than in the wedge turn because f the increased cunter f the upper bdy). As rtary mvements are accmplished, there is a release f the ski s edge and slight mvement f center f mass int the new turn. Edge release is initiated by a minimal upper bdy extensin in the directin f the new turn. Edge angle and pressure n the inside edge f the ski, is slightly greater and ccurs earlier than in a wedge turn. This results in the riggers becming quite light and flat, making it easy t symmetrically guide int a parallel relatinship with the ski. This "matching" ccurs at r after the fall line, cinciding t the christie phase f the turn. (Similar t what ccurs with tw skis.) Thrughut the turn, the skier demnstrates dynamic balance by maintaining a tall athletic stance with slightly runded shulders and spinal clumn with flexed knee and ankle. Prgressive leg steering (if physically pssible) cmbined with increased speed and a relatively flat ski prduce a rund, skidded arc. Basic Parallel Speed is greater than that f a wedge christie and shuld be cnstant thrughut the task relative t the shape f the turn. Nearing the cmpletin f a prir turn the skier s stance is slightly flexed and cuntered in the directin f the next turn. With pressure distributed between bth skis, the utside rigger is in an arc away frm the midline, pinted tward the hub f next turn. This asymmetrical utrigger steering mvement (frm the utside/dwnhill utrigger) is a rtary enhancer t the primary rtary pwer f leg steering (when physically pssible) and crrespnds with a cuntered upper bdy riented in the directin f the next turn (utrigger, arm, shulder, trs, and hips all mve tgether as the upper bdy finishes the ld turn in a cuntered psitin.) Outrigger mvements and upper bdy separatin crrespnd t the turn size (i.e., lng radius turns crrespnd t a 1 and 11 clck cuntering, with 12 clck being aligned with the lng axis f the ski tward the ski tip and shrt radius turns require a 3 and 9 clck rientatin f the upper bdy and hips at the finish f the prir turn; much as a ple tuch fr a tw-track skier) and t the student s physical ability and mvement range. As the skier starts extending tward the new turn, a change in pressure dminance begins frm the ld inside edge f the dwnhill ski t the new inside edge f the utside ski. Cntinuatin f the abve mvements results in a crss-ver r lateral mvement f the center f mass and a flattening f the skis, which cmbined with the guidance f bth ski and rigger tward the fall line. Edging mvements are achieved by angulatin f the hips and knee with shulders level t the fall line relative t the student s physical ability and mvement range. The inside rigger and ski cmplement the actins f the dminant inside edge f the dwnhill ski. Prgressive leg steering (if pssible) cmbined with flexin dwn and inward regulates edging and pressure, which are prgressive thrughut the turn. A prgressive increase f edging and pressure in the turn reduces the amunt f skid and helps shape the arc f the turn, which shuld be fairly cnsistent thrughut. Prfessinal Ski Instructrs f America Adaptive Alpine Standards Exam Supplement Page 18
Dynamic Parallel There is refinement f all aspects f the basic skills f skiing f pen parallel and they are perfrmed at greater speed with mre precisin. Speed shuld remain cnstant thrughut the task relative t the shape f the turn. Skis are used as a wrking cmpnent in the turn t achieve desired turn shape and type. Ski characteristics such as flex and sidecut are cnsidered. Turns are carved, but nt railed. Stance is functinal fr the speed, radius, and terrain being utilized. At turn initiatin, the dwnhill utrigger is mved farther away frm the midline in a reaching mvement. This reach with the utrigger is simultaneus with an active crss-ver f the center f mass frm the ld inside edge t the new edge. Pressure transfer at turn initiatin is very deliberate, and cmmitment f the center f mass tward the new turn is very active. All mvements cntribute tward carrying the energy frm ne turn t the next. Edge/pressure engagement is taking place befre the fall line. Intensity, duratin, and timing f mvements determine the size, shape, and speed f the turn, (i.e. gliding, braking, shrt, medium, and lng). Prfessinal Ski Instructrs f America Adaptive Alpine Standards Exam Supplement Page 19
Adaptive Functinal Skiing Task Examples (Frm PSIA-RM Adaptive Exam Guide, Functinal Skiing) Sideslip t Hckey Stp Why this maneuver? This maneuver is extremely imprtant as a methd used in tethering mn- r biskis, guiding blind students r wrking with any ther disability. The sideslip t hckey stp is essential fr mastering the beginner terrain mving int the intermediate zne and can be perfrmed in any discipline. This maneuver is perfrmed n smth, easy blue terrain. Descriptin: Frm a straight run in the fall line, initiate a sideslip thrugh simultaneus turning f bth legs acrss the fall line while maintaining a stable upper bdy and balanced/neutral stance. (A slight flexin f the legs will enhance the ability t turn the feet and legs independent f the trs.) 1. While side-slipping, a natural lead f the uphill ski and bdy keeps hips free t adjust edge angles. Upper bdy shuld face dwn the hill while skis turn acrss the hill. 2. Sideslip shuld be maintained in a narrw crridr, withut traveling acrss the hill in a crridr n mre than the apprximate length f 1 ½ skis. 3. Cntinuus fre/aft adjustments will help maintain a perpendicular sideslip with minimal travel acrss the hill. 4. After a distinct sideslip, prgressively tip bth feet and legs int the hill t engage edges t a balanced stp, r hckey stp. 5. Cntinuus adjustments frm ft t ft will help center skier ver bth skis. 6. Reverse directin and repeat the maneuver t the ther side. Falling Leaf Why this maneuver? This maneuver allws instructrs t mve slwly dwn a hill (similar t the sideslip), while adjusting acrss the hill t match the adaptive student s path f travel. The falling leaf maneuver saves instructrs frm having t wedge in the fall line, thus making it an energy-efficient way t ski with nvice adaptive skiers. When used as a ski drill it teaches the adaptive student abut pressure cntrl and is a great task used in the advanced beginner zne. This maneuver is perfrmed n steeper green t easy blue, grmed terrain. Descriptin: Frm a sideslip in the fall line, use feet and legs t direct skis back and frth acrss the hill. The skier maintains the same directinal rientatin while the skis mve frward and backward. A swping Z-shaped pattern with crdinated blending f skills will help maintain speed cntrl and allw the skier t maneuver as desired acrss the hill. 1. Frm a sideslip in the fall line, use crdinated flexing and extending mvements f the jints, alng with fre/aft pressure f the skis, t allw the skis t mve frward and backward acrss the hill. 2. Use turning mvements f the legs and feet as necessary t cntrl shape and speed. 3. Use tipping mvements f the feet and legs t cntrl edge engagement. 4. This maneuver shuld be symmetrical with the fall line. 5. This maneuver is perfrmed in bth directins. Traverse - t Diagnal Sideslip - t Traverse Why this maneuver? This maneuver is anther way fr instructrs t mve slwly acrss the hill while assisting students, withut having t hld a wedge psitin. The ability t cntrl the degree f edge Prfessinal Ski Instructrs f America Adaptive Alpine Standards Exam Supplement Page 20
engagement and make subtle adjustments is als an imprtant skill when tethering adaptive students n specialized equipment. As an exercise, it enhances the student s ability t maintain balance and stance while establishing edge cntrl. This maneuver is perfrmed n steeper green t easy blue, grmed terrain. Descriptin: Frm a clean traverse acrss the fall line, use feet and legs t release the edges f the skis s they sideslip diagnally acrss the hill. After a brief perid f diagnal sideslipping, re-engage the edges using the feet and legs and cntinue in a clean traverse acrss the hill. 1. Frm a traverse, release bth edges t a frward sideslip thrugh simultaneus tipping mvements f the feet and legs. 2. The upper bdy shuld remain stable and in a slightly cuntered relatinship t the feet and legs. (Cunter is develped thrugh turning mvements f the feet and legs.) 3. After the diagnal sideslip, re-engage bth edges thrugh simultaneus tipping mvements f the feet and legs. 4. Perfrm this maneuver in bth directins acrss the hill. Stem r Step Turns Why this maneuver? This maneuver is an excellent way t get frm ne directin t anther quickly. It is extremely imprtant in maintaining speed cntrl when tethering because it minimizes time spent in the fall line when changing directins. This maneuver is nt necessarily tugh but it is als referred t as a blcking turn t stp and change the directin f travel. Descriptin: At the end f a turn, stem the uphill ski int a diverging (wedge) psitin. Quickly transfer weight t the uphill ski and initiate the turning prcess. Match the inside ski frm a wedge psitin t a parallel psitin and cmplete the turn with the skis parallel. This maneuver is perfrmed n harder blue terrain t easy black terrain, shwing quick directinal changes. 1. End each turn with the skis parallel. The skis can either be mving frward slwly as the turn is finished, r skidding sideways fr speed cntrl. This maneuver can als be demnstrated frm a cmplete hckey stp. 2. Use the apprpriately sized wedge psitin t regulate the initiatin f the next turn. This can either be large r small, depending n the situatin. 3. The uphill ski can be stepped and placed int this wedge psitin, r the tail f the ski can be brushed ut thrugh the snw until the wedge psitin is achieved. 4. Once the ski has been placed, make an immediate and cmplete weight transfer t the uphill ski. This will start the turn initiatin int the new turn and help t minimize time in the fall line. 5. Quickly match the skis nce again int a parallel psitin by sliding, brushing r stepping the inside ski int the parallel. This is cnsidered a 1-2, r sequential mvement. The matching mvement is made with a rtatin f the leg and ft, steering the ski t match. 6. The turn is cmpleted with the skis parallel. Turn shape can be rund, skidded, r sideslipped t a hckey stp t maintain speed cntrl. 7. Stem step turns, f any shape, shuld be linked tgether with rhythm and flw. Speed cntrl is maintained using turn shape. Hur Glass Parallel Turns with Prgressive Radius Reductin Why this maneuver? It is an imprtant fr adaptive instructrs t be able t change the radius f their turns while maintaining speed cntrl in rder t manage specialized adaptive equipment safely. Hur glass turns are an excellent way t practice this skill and t teach t any level f student. Prfessinal Ski Instructrs f America Adaptive Alpine Standards Exam Supplement Page 21