Any changes made to this rulebook in 2017 are written in RED

Similar documents
GENERAL RULE REGULATIONS

RULE BOOK DISCLAIMER 2018 TRACK RULES ALL DIVISIONS

THUNDER HILL SPEEDWAY TRACK RULES

Evergreen Speedway 2015 General Rules Page 1

2018 NEVADA SPEEDWAY GENERAL RULES

I-30 Speedway Procedural Rules

1. Track Rules 1. Before entering the speedway, you must have read and understand these rules.

General Rules and Procedures at I-80 Speedway. Updated as of 4/23/2015. Changes are in red and underlined

2017 Evergreen Speedway General Rules

2018 GENERAL RULES. Hours of Operation

CORRIGAN OIL SPEEDWAY GENERAL RULES (Updated

2018 Independence Motor Speedway (IMS) General Procedures

2019 GENERIAL RULES. Hours of Operation

2015 Civil War 360 Sprint Car Rules

2018 Fairbury American Legion Speedway Rules and Regulations

SOUTHERN RACEWAY TIRE POLICY. 10 th Annual Southern 100

TRACK PROCEDURES 2018

2018 AAS General Rules Promoted by BMRP 900 Riverside Avenue, Roseville, CA Revised 2/19/18

THIS BOOK IS EFFECTIVE JANUARY 1, 2018 & SUPERCEDES ALL PREVIOUS RULES.

ADAMS COUNTY SPEEDWAY 2018 GENERAL RULES (Updated December 1, 2017) (New or altered rules will be red and underlined)

2019 Race Day Rule Book

Winchester Speedway RULES

PROCEDURE AND LINEUP RULES FOR THE ATLANTA MOTOR SPEEDWAY INEX-SANCTIONED EVENTS* (Updated: March 27 th, 2017)

I-25 Speedway Official Rules

2018 GENERAL RULES FOR ALL DIVISIONS Big O Speedway/Big O Kart Speedway

General Rules THE DRIVER AND CAR OWNER WILL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR HIS OR HER ENTIRE CREW AND WILL SUFFER THE PENALTIES FOR ANY VIOLATION OF THESE RULES.

8. Tri-City Motor Speedway and sponsors reserve the right to use photos of any car for promotional purposes.

1 ST $20,000 2 ND $10,000 3 RD $5,000 4 TH $4,000 5 TH $3,000 6 $2,500 7 $2,300 8 $2,200 9 $2, $2,000

2018 GENERAL TRACK RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR ALL DIVISIONS

Marion Center Speedway 2018 General Rules

Promoter/Owner - Joe DeWitte For rules and tech info, call (810) or cell (248)

2017 GENERAL RULES. Revised on 5/16/17

General Rules and Race Procedures 2018

GENERAL RULES AND PROCEDURES 2018

HOUSTON MOTORSPORTS PARK OFFICIAL RULE BOOK

2018 Senoia Raceway Rulebook General Rules

HOUSTON MOTORSPORTS PARK OFFICIAL RULE BOOK

CUT- OFF TIME FOR DRAW IS 5:30pm! (Cut off time will vary at Special events.)

BURRIS MONEY SERIES RULES

NO ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES ALLOWED IN THE PIT AREA AT ANY TIME.

Kokomo Club Race Format

1. RACE DATES a. Regular season racing shall be scheduled at the beginning of each race season. b. Practice will be allowed on race nights as per

2017 Madison International Speedway Procedural Rules

2017 NORMAN COUNTY RACEWAY GENERAL RULES

2016 IOWA MICRO SPRINT CAR SERIES RULES

HulaCross Official Rules v

SWAINSBORO KART TRACK RACE INFO

2014 Mark Galloway 150 Shootout Evergreen Speedway th Av SE, Monroe, WA Fax

MATHEWS MOTORSPORTS 2018 TUFF TRUCK & MUD BOGS

Coastal Plains Dragway

2018 GENERAL RULES Revised on 5/29/18

2017 Race Procedures and Rules

Located off Hwy. 140 and Kershaw Rd White City, Oregon (541) 826-OVAL SOUTHERN OREGON SPEEDWAY RACING / CONDUCT RULES Updated: 5/29/2012 John Skinner

2015 PARTICIPANTS RULES OF CONDUCT & RACE PROCEDURES RULE BOOK

2019 CENTRAL ARIZONA SPEEDWAY RUNNING RULES

SPORTSMAN OFF-ROAD RACING SERIES GENERAL RULES

GRAYS HARBOR RACEWAY OUTLAW TUNER

SANDIA SPEEDWAY GENERAL COMPETITION RULEBOOK. Effective March 2017

ET BRACKET SERIES, PRESENTED BY: AED PERFORMANCE

Rocky Mountain MX Series 2018 Rule Book

TORC Series GENERAL RULES PRO, & GRASSROOTS DIVISIONS

2017 DirtFish SCCA RallyCross National Challenge and Championship

Wenatchee Valley's Super Oval

Norway Speedway Track Policy

The Bullring at Las Vegas Motor Speedway

MotorSport Ranch Club Race Series Rulebook. Version

2019 Rules Coulee Go-Kart Raceway LLC

BRIDGEPORT SPEEDWAY 2018 RULES AND REGULATIONS

General Rules and Procedures Revised March 8, 2016 A. ADMITTANCE PROCEDURES 1. Eagle Raceway reserves the right to refuse admission to any party.

GENERAL RULES AND PROCEDURES

2018 INFORMATION GUIDE

2019 GENERAL RULES AND PROCEDURES

2019 Sporting Regulations Last Updated: 1/30/19

General Track Rules- Holding the line on cost by maintaining consistent rules and enforcement Sportsmanship and conduct: Fire Extinguishers:

WHELEN ALL-STAR SHOOTOUT

Selinsgrove Speedway General Rules AREAS HIGHLIGHTED IN RED ARE CHANGES FOR THIS SEASON

Peterborough Karting Challenge 2018 Arrive and Drive Series

OCEAN SPEEDWAY Race Procedures and Track Rules

SANDIA SPEEDWAY GENERAL COMPETITION RULEBOOK

Rules for Stockton 99 Speedway

2017 Can-Am Racing Series Rule Book

Short Track Super Series Fueled By Hi-Tek Pioneer Pole Buildings Inc. South Region Rules & Procedures

General Safety Rules-

$5,000-to-win Late Model Championship on Saturday, October 4! SPECIAL INFORMATION FOR UMP LATE MODELS READ CAREFULLY

Arizona Off-Road Promotion (AZOP) 2019 ATV Rules

2018 COMPETITION FORMAT Event #2 Autograph Night 25 Race of Champions Super Stock Series The Hillside Buffalo, Holland, New York

LANCO MICRO MIDGET AUTO RACING CLUB, INC Competition Rules

Tomah-Sparta Speedway 2018 Rules and Regulations

LUCAS OIL OFF ROAD RACING SERIES GENERAL RULES TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE.. 2 TERMINOLOGY...2 GENERAL RULES. 2 EVENT PROCEDURES...4 SAFETY RULES...

239 Wisner Avenue, Middletown, New York 10940

2018 MARITIME PRO STOCK TOUR PROCEDURES

SEEKONK SPEEDWAY 2016 GENERAL RULES & PROCEDURES

Burris National Speedway Series 2014 Season Rule Book

2018 KART CLUB RULES

Eight Heat Races by Group (invert TBA), B-Features & FOUR $1,000-to-win 20-lap A-Features.

2018 Stafford Motor Speedway General Rules

2018 Central Valley Mini Stocks (CVMS) Official Rulebook

2017 NEW EGYPT SPEEDWAY GENERAL RULES (ALL DIVISIONS)

Corporate Sports League Soccer Rules/Regulation & Laws of the Game

2019 Motorcycle Rules

Transcription:

2017 General Rules Any changes made to this rulebook in 2017 are written in RED ALL DECISIONS MADE ON RACE NIGHT ARE FINAL! OFFICIALS RESERVE THE RIGHT TO ADD, DELETE OR MODIFY ANY RULE AS NEEDED TO IMPROVE THE COMPETITIVENESS OF ANY OR ALL RACING IF NECCESARY. The rules and/or regulations set forth herein provide for the orderly conduct of racing events and to establish minimum acceptable requirements of such events. These rules shall govern the condition of all such events. All participants are deemed to have complied with these rules. No expressed or implied warranty of safety shall result from publications of or compliance with these rules and/or regulations. Speedway rules are intended as a guide for the conduct of the sport and are in no way a guarantee against injury or death to a participant. 1. OFFICIALS: General Manager, Competition Director, Race Director, Flagman, Scorers, Technical and Safety Inspectors, and Pit Steward. 2. COMPETITORS: A. Competitors are independent contractors and not agents, servant or employees. B. Competitors will use their own methods in performing their duties in accordance with the Speedway rules, as they may be amended from time to time. C. It will be the competitor s obligation to furnish any tools, supplies, or materials, which he/she deems necessary to perform his/her duties. D. Competitors will be responsible for competing, and all actions of competitor s employees, crew and agents. E. Competitor assumes and takes full responsibility for reporting and paying to the appropriate authorities all charges, premiums and taxes, if any, due or payable to any funds the member may receive as a result of his duties and/or activities as a competitor including but not limited to social security taxes, unemployment insurance taxes, compensation insurance, income taxes and withholding taxes. F. ALL COMPETITORS MUST PICK UP THEIR PAY AT THE END OF EACH RACE NIGHT. PAY WILL NOT BE MAILED. IT IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY TO STAY AND GET YOUR PAY. BACK PAY CHECKS WILL BE IN PIT OFFICE FOR FOUR WEEKS. BY SIGNING THE PAY SHEET, YOU AGREE TO THE RACE FINISH.

G. Any returned Check for any reason will incur a $50.00 fee. You will not be permitted to race until fee is paid in addition to amount of Check. Can be paid by Cash or Money Order ONLY. Future Checks from competitor will not be honored. 3. PROTESTS: A. YOU MUST BE ON THE LEAD LAP TO HAVE THE OPTION TO PROTEST. PROTEST MAY BE MADE BY DRIVER OR CAR OWNER B. Protests must be made in writing and protest fee paid in cash. Cannot be bumper to bumper. Fees: All fees must be paid in cash P&G or Carburetor inspection $50.00. No Track fee Cam Doctor Protest $125.00. Track retains $50.00 $500.00 Motor tear down top half of engine. Track retains $75.00. $1250.00 Complete motor tear down top and bottom. Track retains $200.00 Protest fees for specific items (transmission, clutch etc) will be at tech inspectors discretion C. TIME LIMIT: All protests must be filed within TEN (10) minutes after race ends. D. Protests must be registered with Tech Official. E. If the car is found to conform to the rules and the protest is disallowed, the protest fee will go to the protested car. If the car is found to be in violation of the rules and the protest is allowed, the protest fee will be returned to the protestor. F. ONLY the protested car s Owner or Driver, Two (2) people max, the party protesting the legality and Track Officials will be allowed to be present at protest ruling. Party means: The person who protests must be a car owner or driver participating in the race. G. More than one driver may protest any one car if they pay the protest fee for a specific rule violation. H. Driver or Owner can only protest three times in one season and must wait three weeks before protesting again. I. All motors will be torn down at the track and inspected. Track reserves the right to impound the motor and inspect it at a later date agreed on by the tech inspectors, the protesting party and the party being protested. J. New Smyrna Speedway reserves the right to pull any motor at any time to dyno and/or inspect and verify the legality of the motor. Any refusal will automatically deem that the motor in question is illegal and will result in immediate

disqualification from the event and the driver and car owner will be banned from all New Smyrna Speedway events until the said motor is surrendered whether it be legal or illegal. 4. PROTEST REFUSAL: A. Any Car Owner/Driver refusing an engine protest of any kind will lose all money, points and trophies earned for that race date. B. The next time the car competes it will be inspected after the race regardless of the finishing position. C. Any competitors who fail to tear down a car for inspection when requested to do so by the Official in charge of the event will be subject to disqualification. D. If you borrow a car for points, it must be within the same class. 5. CONFISCATION: A. New Smyrna Speedway reserves the right to retain, confiscate or otherwise, any illegal part or parts on any racing vehicle. Florida Spec Engines: ANY Florida Spec engine in any car is FOR SALE after any event for the cost of a replacement engine. Crate Engines: Any crate engine in any division (other than Pro Late Model) is FOR SALE after any event for the cost of a new replacement stock Crate Engine. Pro Late Models see Pro Late Model rules 6. CONDUCT VIOLATIONS: A. Every Car Owner/Driver at an event is expected to conduct themselves in a sportsmanlike manner. B. Every Car Owner/Driver is directly responsible for any person(s) deemed to be associated with his/her car at the discretion of New Smyrna Speedway Officials. Any Conduct Violations committed by these individuals will be charged to Car Owner/Driver. C. Failure to obey New Smyrna Speedway Officials or Security could result in fines, suspension and possible disqualification with the loss of all points, money and trophies for that race date or all points accumulated for the entire point s season.

D. If you do not return a trophy, you will be charged for the trophy and suspended from the next race. E. Suspensions or Penalties include both Driver and Car. Suspension duration will be at the track s discretion. F. Anyone, be it Car Owner, Driver, Crew Member and/or family member entering a pit area other than their own will be considered at fault if they are involved in a disturbance and could result in a minimum TWO (2) week suspension, possible disqualification with loss of all points, money and trophies for that race date or all points accumulated for the entire points season and/or a fine of a minimum of $250.00. This applies to the Driver and car as well as the individual involved. G. Anyone, be it Car Owner, Driver, Crew Member and/or Family Member who is determined to be guilty of unsportsmanlike conduct on or off the track by a New Smyrna Speedway Official, could result in a minimum of TWO (2) week suspension, possible disqualification with loss of all points, money and trophy for that race date, or all points accumulated for the entire points season and/or a minimum fine of $500.00 the first time; $1,000.00 the second time and $5,000.00 the third time and full suspension for the remainder of the season. This applies to the Driver, and Car as well as the individual involved. H. Anyone, be it Car Owner, Driver, Crew Member and/or Family Member who performs an act or participates in actions deemed by Officials as detrimental to the sport, including but not limited to verbal abuse of any Official could result in a minimum TWO (2) week suspension, possible disqualification with loss of all points, money and trophies for that race date and/or a fine of $250.00 minimum. This applies to the Driver and car as well as the individual involved. I. Any Competitor(s) who assaults or threatens bodily harm to any Official or persons serving under his direction could result in a minimum TWO (2) week suspension, possible disqualification with the loss of all points, money, trophy for that race date or all points accumulated during the entire point season and/or a minimum fine of $500.00. J. Any Competitor(s), Owner(s), Crew Member(s) or any other person(s) deemed to be associated with a specific car, who participate in fights in the Pits, on the track, or on the track premises could result in a minimum TWO (2) week suspension, possible disqualification with the loss of all points, money and trophy for that race date or all points accumulated for the entire point season and/or a minimum fine of $500.00. K. ALL FINES WILL BE PAID IN CASH PRIOR TO BEING ALLOWED TO COMPETE IN THE NEXT EVENT.

7. ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES: A. It is forbidden to consume any alcoholic beverages in the pits during any race event. B. You MAY NOT go to the grandstands and consume alcohol and return to the Pits. C. GLASS BOTTLES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN THE PITS AT ANY TIME. D. Violations could mean immediate expulsion from the Pits as well as disciplinary action not limited to a two (2) week suspension and/or a minimum $250.00 fine. This applies to the Driver/Car Owner and any person(s) deemed to be associated with his/her car at the discretion of Officials. 8. INJURY: A. Anyone injured during the course of the racing program MUST notify the track EMS/EMTs and provide all required information prior to leaving the premises on that date in order to be eligible for any insurance benefits. B. Notifications made after that date will not be accepted and the insurance eligibility will be forfeited. C. If you are injured and you put in a claim for insurance or you have an injury visible to officials, you will be required to provide a Doctor s Release before you will race again. D. Doctor s Release must state that you are cleared to compete in stock car racing. E. ANYONE INJURED WHILE FIGHTING IS NOT COVERED BY TRACK INSURANCE. 9. PIT SPEED: Excessive speed and/or careless driving in the Pits will not be tolerated and could result in suspension, disqualification, and possible Car Owner/Driver fines or both. No passengers will be allowed in or on the race cars for any reason. 10. RACE EVENT PARTICIPATION: A. All Competitors, Car Owners, Crew Members and/or Mechanics AGREE THE TRACK IS IN SAFE, RACEABLE, AND USABLE CONDITION IF THEY TAKE PART IN DRIVING ACTIVITIES. B. No Car Owner, Driver, Crew Member and/or Mechanic shall have any claim for damages, expenses or otherwise against Promoter, Operating Corporation of Officers, Directors, Officials, Agents, or Employees by reason of disqualification or damage to either the Car, Driver or both.

C. All Car Owners, Drivers, Crew Members and/or Mechanics assume full responsibility for any and all injuries sustained, including death and property damage, any time they are on the racing premises, enroute thereto or there from. 11. ENTRY FEES & FORMS: A. Forms: Any and all entry forms, license forms etc. submitted by a competitor MUST BE LEGIBLE and contain all information requested, including signature of the Car Owner/Driver. B. Fees: Race event entry fees are for the car and do not include the Pit Pass cost for Car Owner/Driver or Crew Members. No entry fee for 50 lap races 75 lap race: $75 100 lap race: $100 125 lap race: $125 200 lap race: $200 For any special races, all divisions must go through tech, register and pay any entry fee before you can practice. Registration window will close (1) one hour prior to race time. 12. QUALIFYING PROCEDURES: A. The Driver that qualifies (time trials) the car, must start the race in the SAME car. Only two (2) crew members are allowed on pit road for qualifying. No one under the age of 18 is permitted on Pit Road with the exception of registered drivers. B. If there is a Driver/Car change from qualifying, the car will start at the rear of the field if there is a position available. C. The Car and Driver qualify as one unit race ready. D. The tires you qualify on MUST be the tires you start and finish the race on. Any tire change must be due to a flat and must be verified by a track official. (Exception: Governor s Cup 200) E. Top three (3) will submit to mandatory inspection. 4th and 5th place qualifiers will be on Stand By. This applies to ALL divisions. F. Any driver reporting late for qualifying will get only one (1) lap and will qualify first (when possible). G. The fast qualifier will pull a pill for inversion except on 200 lap races.

H. All divisions may tape nose for qualifying and may remove tape after authorization from officials. I. In the event of matching fast times, the second fastest time will be used to determine the position. 14. FALSE STARTS: A false start occurs when a Driver breaks the plane of the bumper of the car in front of him/her or moves forward from his/her position before the starting signal is given. On a second (2nd) false start, the driver in violation will be sent to the rear of the field. 15. STARTS: A. All cars must start under their own power at the beginning of each race. B. The Pole position driver starts the race on the initial start. C. The leader starts the race on restarts. D. All divisions will comply with a double file restart. The leader can choose the inside or outside lane. E. Drivers will be notified at the Driver s meeting of any change in the start/restarts. F. All odd numbered positions line up on the inside. The second place car and all even numbered positions line up on the outside. G. The finish of the last completed lap by the COMPETITIVE FIELD determines the line up for restarts. If transponders are used the field will be set by how the field was at the time of the caution. H. The car you start the race in must be the one you finish in. 16. MINIMUM DURATION: A. If a Feature is stopped at less than 50% of its scheduled distance and is not restarted, it will be considered incomplete and organizers will NOT be obligated to distribute funds. B. If 50% or more has been run, the event will be considered complete. C. RACES MAY BE LAP OR TIME LIMITED DURING THE RACE SEASON.

D. If your division does not have 6 cars for the feature race, you will run a minimum of 10 laps, maximum of 15 laps. E: Drivers meeting is mandatory. Failure to attend will result in starting in the rear. Random roll call may be called at any time for any division. 17. FINISH LINE INTERPRETATION: The finish line shall be considered to extend from the grandstand retaining wall to the inside of pit wall, and any car rolling down pit road under its own power may legally receive the green, white or checkered flag. YOU MUST TAKE THE CHECKERED FLAG ON THE RACING SURFACE TO WIN THE RACE. 18. SCORING COMPLAINTS: A. If the Car Owner/Driver has a complaint about scoring they MUST notify an official and wait until the races are completed to consult with the PROPER OFFICIALS. The Track Officials are available for thirty (30) minutes AFTER the race program is complete. B. NO ONE, for any reason, will disrupt or halt the program to voice a complaint. C. ABSOLUTELY NO ONE IS ALLOWED IN THE SCORING TOWER TO DISCUSS ANY CALLS MADE DURING OR AFTER THE RACE. 19. CARS SENT TO REAR OF LINEUP DURING A RACE: A. If your car causes the yellow or red light or flags to be displayed, it will be sent to the rear. (Behind the last car on the lead lap, if you were on the lead lap.) B. Any other action taken will be at the Officials discretion. 20. CAUTION LAPS: A. On all caution laps, cars will line up single/double file until given the sign to double file. B. Under caution, the Drivers are to be very cautious and aware of the cars involved in the wreck, the wreckers, the safety buggy, and the crew working on the track. No weaving in the vicinity of safety workers. C. NO ONE is allowed on the racing surface during a caution or while the race is under red, EXCEPT OFFICIALS or unless approved by an Official. D. Competitors may work on their car under red on pit road only.

E. If you to the pits or pit road under caution or on the pace lap you will line up at the rear of the field. In Accordance with the NASCAR Whelen All American Series Rule Book: During an Event, if a race car is involved in an on track incident and/or is stopped on or near the racing surface and unable to continue to make forward progress, unless extenuating emergency conditions exist with the race car (i.e. fire, smoke in cockpit, etc.) the driver should take the following steps: Shut off electrical power and, if driver is uninjured, lower window net. Do not loosen, disconnect or remove any driver personal safety equipment until directed to do so by safety personnel or a Track Official. After being directed to exit the race car, the driver should proceed to either the ambulance, other vehicle, or as otherwise directed by safety personnel or a Track Official. At no time should a driver or crew member(s) approach any portion of the racing surface or apron. At no time should a driver or crew member(s) approach another moving vehicle. All vehicles not involved in the incident or that are able to continue afterwards should slow down to a cautious speed as outlined, use extreme care as they approach an incident scene, and follow any directions given by safety personnel or Track Officials. Cars in line behind the safety car should not weave or otherwise stray from the line in the vicinity of the incident. 21. BLACK FLAG: A. The BLACK FLAG is a CONSULTATION flag. Come down pit road for consultation with Official. B. Failure to maintain competitive pace or obey the move over flag will be cause for black flag. C. If you bring out the caution unassisted, 3 TIMES, you will be Black Flagged and sent to the Pits for the remainder of your race. D. Cars that go three (3) laps down are subject to black flag

22. CAR NUMBERS: A. All divisions will have numbers 18 tall, 3 thick on the roof facing the grandstand side and both doors. B. 6 tall numbers will appear on the upper right hand corner of the windshield; right front bumper cover; left rear bumper cover. 23. PIT/PUSH VEHICLES: A. Four Wheelers, Scooters, Golf Carts Etc.: Must have the car number of the racecar you are with, displayed where it can be seen. B. Four wheelers, push carts, etc. are NOT allowed on Pit Road or the Race Track for any reason. C. No one under the age of 16 is allowed to drive 4 wheelers, scooters, golf carts, bicycles etc on New Smyrna Speedway property. D. All push vehicles must be full bodied and enclosed. 24. CAR WEIGHT: 1 lb. per green flag lap may be deducted from the total weight at the end of the race for all divisions, all races. 25. DECALS, ETC. No obscene decals, paintings, expressions, etc. on racecars, trailers, etc. 26. NASCAR LICENSES: All drivers are required to have a valid NASCAR License to race. 27. TRACK SIGN-IN / LINE-UP PROCEDURES: A. Sign in will be at the Pit Office and must be done in person. B. Numbers will be pulled which will be your starting position. C. If you elect to go to the rear of the field you must tell the pit office. D. In the event of a driver change you must notify the pit office. E. You must show your NASCAR license or receipt each time you register The Heat Race (Feature if no Heat Race) line up order is as follows:

All Drivers eligible to draw for starting position Prior Winners who have not yet served penalty Heat Race winner will draw inversion pill for feature line up. In the event of two Heats, winner of Heat one will draw for inside row, winner of Heat two will draw for outside row. Heat Race Points: 1st 5 pts 2nd 4 pts 3rd 3 pts 4th 2 pts 5th 1 pt Feature Race Points: 1st 50 pts 2nd 48 pts 3rd 47 pts 4th 46 pts 5th 45 pts 6th 44 pts 7th 43 pts 8th 42 pts 9th 41 pts 10th 40 pts 11th 39 pts 12th 38 pts 13th 37 pts 14th 36 pts 15th 35 pts Deduct 1 point per position through the field.