PHOTO-IDENTIFICATION OF GRAY WHALES (ESCHRICHTIUS ROBUSTUS) OFF THE NORTHEAST COAST OF SAKHALIN ISLAND IN 2016

PHOTO-IDENTIFICATION OF GRAY WHALES (ESCHRICHTIUS ROBUSTUS) OFF THE NORTHEAST COAST OF SAKHALIN ISLAND IN 2016 Photo by V. V. Vertyankin Yu. M. Yakovlev, O. M. Tyurneva, V. V. Vertyankin, and Peter van der Wolf Prepared for Exxon Neftegas Limited and Sakhalin Energy Investment Company Ltd. VLADIVOSTOK March 2017

RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FAR EAST BRANCH (DVO RAN) Federally Funded Scientific Institution MARINE BIOLOGY NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTER (NNTsMB DVO RAN) [seal] [signed] APPROVED Director, NNTsMB DVO RAN A. V. Adrianov March, 2017 REPORT ON SCIENTIFIC STUDY PHOTO-IDENTIFICATION OF GRAY WHALES (ESCHRICHTIUS ROBUSTUS) OFF THE NORTHEAST COAST OF SAKHALIN ISLAND IN 2016 Operations managed by: [signed] Yu. M. Yakovlev Vladivostok 2017 2

CONTENTS SUMMARY... 6 INTRODUCTION... 8 STUDY AREAS... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 1. STUDY OBJECTIVES... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS... 10 2.1. FIELD STUDY METHODS... 10 2.2. Laboratory Methods... 12 3. SURVEY RESULTS... 13 3.1. FIELD WORK RESULTS... 13 3.2. IDENTIFICATION OF WHALES AND NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS... 14 3.3. FREQUENCY OF SIGHTINGS AND MOVEMENT OF IDENTIFIED WHALES BETWEEN KNOWN FEEDING AREAS OFFSHORE SAKHALIN ISLAND... 15 3.3.1. Offshore area... 18 3.3.2. Piltun Area... 18 3.4. COW-CALF PAIRS... 20 3.5. BODY CONDITION... 21 3.5.1. Body Weight... 21 3.5.2. Skin Condition... 24 3.6. ADDITIONAL STUDIES IN 2016... 25 3.6.1. Photo-identification in the Piltun area in November... 25 4. DISCUSSION... 25 4.1. MOVEMENT OF WHALES BETWEEN SAKHALIN FEEDING AREAS... 25 4.2. WHALE MOVEMENT BETWEEN SOUTHEAST KAMCHATKA AND SAKHALIN ISLAND... 26 4.3. WHALE MOVEMENT BETWEEN OTHER AREAS AND SAKHALIN... 26 4.4. COW-CALF PAIRS... 28 4.5. BODY CONDITION... 28 5. CONCLUSIONS... 30 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... 33 7. REFERENCES... 34 8. STUDY PARTICIPANTS... 41 APPENDIX... 43 3

FIGURES Figure 1. Number of Gray Whales Recorded in the Catalogue and Identified in 2002-2016 off the NE Coast of Sakhalin Island.... 15 Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. Age Breakdown of the Gray Whale Groups Sighted in the Piltun Area during the 2016 Field Season... 18 Ratio of Whales Sighted in the Piltun and Offshore Feeding Areas vs. the Total Number of Known Whales in 2016.... 19 Number of Whales Sighted in the Main Feeding Areas NE of Sakhalin Island from 2002 Through 2016.... 19 Ratio of Gray Whales Sighted in the Offshore and Piltun Areas Throughout All Study Years (2002-2016)... 20 Percentage of Photo identified Gray Whales within Each Body Condition (BC) Class Relative to the Total Number of Whales Recorded during the 2016 Field Season in the Offshore Area.... Error! Bookmark not defined. Percentage Ratio of the Number of Gray Whales Identified for Each BC Class to the Total Number of Whales Recorded in the Piltun Area During the 2016 Field Season.... 23 Percentage Ratio of the Number of Gray Whales Identified for Each BC Class to the Total Number of Whales Recorded off Sakhalin Island During the 2016 Field Survey Season.... 24 Figure A1. Locations of photo-identified gray whale encounters off the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island in 2016.... 44 Figure A2. Locations of photo-identified gray whale encounters off the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island in September for all years of 2002-2016 research.... 45 Figure A3. Conventional gray whale research borders off the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island.... 46 4

Table 1. Table 2. TABLES Volume of Photo-ID Work of Vessel- and Shore-based Boat Teams off Sakhalin Island during the 2016 Expedition (Field Data)... 13 Scope of Photo ID Operations Performed off Sakhalin Island in 2016 by Two Vehicle-based Teams (Field Data)... 14 Table 3. 2016 Gray Whale Identification off Northeastern Sakhalin by Survey Teams... 16 Table 4. Table 5. Table 6. Table 7. Frequency of Repeat Sightings of Identified Gray Whales (IDW) Photographed by All Teams off Sakhalin Island in 2016.... 16 Frequency of Sightings of Identified Gray Whales (IDW) Offshore Sakhalin Island in 2002-2016.... 17 Sighting Frequency of Cow-Calf Pairs and Calves Encountered without Cows Offshore Sakhalin Island in 2016, with the Assigned Confidence Indices... 20 Number of Whales with Poor Body Condition (BC) Sighted Offshore Sakhalin Island in 2003 2016.... 21 Table 8. Body Condition of Sakhalin Island Gray Whales in 2016 (108 whales)... 22 Table 9. Year-to-Year Comparison of the Body Condition of 2015 Cows and Calves Observed off the Northeast Sakhalin Coast in 2016... 24 Table A1. Scope of photo-identification work and average sea depth during each mission off Sakhalin Island in 2016 (data from vessel-based and shore-based boat teams)... 47 Table A2. Number of gray whales identified off the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island in 2002 2016... 48 Table A3. History of encounters with temporary whales... 49 Table A4. 2002-2016 Movement of whales between known feeding areas off the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island based on vessel-based team data... 50 Table A5. Areas of identified gray whales encountered off the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island based on the results of all 2002-2016 expeditions... 51 Table A6. Cow-calf pairs and calves without identified mothers recorded during surveys in 2003-2016... 55 Table A7. Photo-ID surveys of gray whales in Piltun area conducted by the onshore vehiclebased team during the later part of the feeding period... 56 5

SUMMARY Report, 62 pages, 8 figures, appendix. REPORT ON SCIENTIFIC STUDY - PHOTO-IDENTIFICATION OF GRAY WHALES (ESCHRICHTIUS ROBUSTUS) OFF THE NORTHEAST COAST OF SAKHALIN ISLAND IN 2016 PHOTO-IDENTIFICATION, ABUNDANCE, GRAY WHALES, ESCHRICHTIUS ROBUSTUS, PILTUN AREA, NORTHEAST SAKHALIN. Photo-identification studies of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) conducted in 2016 on the northeast shelf of Sakhalin Island are a continuation of the multi-year work that started in 2002 as part of the program to monitor the Sakhalin community of gray whales (also known as western gray whales);the studies were commissioned by Exxon Neftegas Limited and Sakhalin Energy Investment Company. Multi-year studies have yielded valuable data on these animals, which use the water area off the northeast coast of Sakhalin as their feeding grounds during the summer/fall period. From 2002 through 2013, the work on photo- and video-identification of gray whales was conducted by one team based on vessels using launch boats. In 2014-2015, an onshore camp was set up for the second boat team, and efforts were made to collect photographic materials directly from shore. The south and north onshore vehicle-based teams were moving along the coast collecting data on the animals feeding in shallow waters, and the boat-based teams carried out photographic surveys in deeper waters of the Piltun and Offshore feeding areas. The early start and late end of the activities in 2015 (from June 1 through October 31, and from November 20 through December 1) resulted in obtaining data on the use of the Piltun and Offshore feeding areas by gray whales throughout the entire feeding season. Four photo-id teams also took part in the field studies in 2016. The efforts of the vesselbased team focused primarily on the Offshore area, where 61 whales (7 of which were also sighted in the Piltun area) were recorded. In the Piltun area, including the northern deep-water part of the feeding area, the vessel-based team photographed 17 animals. The shore-based boat team recorded 45 whales. Vehicle-based teams conducting a photographic survey of the entire coast of the Piltun area sighted 72 gray whales. The joint efforts of all teams in the Piltun area identified 74 individual animals. A total of 128 whales were recorded during the 2016 field work season in the known feeding areas off the coast of Sakhalin Island. 6

Annual gray whale records are affected by the scope of work (efforts) and the number of animals present in the study area, which varies from season to season. In 2015, the extended field season, good weather, and the increased efforts of the five teams in comparison with previous years or in 2016, were probably the reason for a significantly higher number of individual whales recorded in 2015 than in other years. Currently the Sakhalin gray whale catalogue includes 274 fully-identified individuals. Of the 15 new whales sighted during the 2016 expedition, one was identified as not a calf and had not been previously recorded in other survey areas. From 2002 to 2016, 265 whales were sighted in the Piltun Area, of which 141 had never been encountered in the Offshore area. This number includes calves and young whales. Only 6 whales were sighted exclusively in the Offshore area. One whale was photographed north of Cape Elizaveta in 2005 and has not been seen since. In all the years of the study, 12 whales have been encountered near Okha, and all of them have also been seen in other areas. In 2015, two whales were sighted in the waters off the Vostochny wildlife refuge and since then have not been encountered anywhere. Observations from 2003 through 2016 show that the physical condition of most of the whales improves over the course of the season. Cow-calf pairs were recorded in the Sakhalin offshore area only in the Piltun feeding area. The number of calves varies from year to year. The smallest number observed was 3 calves in 2004, and the largest number was 17 calves in 2011 (15 calves were sighted in the Piltun area offshore Sakhalin Island, and 2 calves - near the Kamchatka coast). In 2016, 8 cow-calf pairs and 6 unassociated calves (a total of 14 calves) were recorded off Sakhalin Island. All calves observed in all the study years were in good physical condition. According to long-term observations, the break-up of cow-calf pairs usually begins in mid- August and continues until mid-september. In 2016, the last pair was sighted on August 21. In the next days of the observations, the calves were sighted only in calf groups. Based on the determination of reproductive performance, the number of animals observed, and their ability to recover after a period with an insufficient diet, one can conclude that the Sakhalin group of gray whales is in good condition, and the number of whales is increasing. 7

INTRODUCTION Photo-identification surveys have been conducted annually since 2002 to study the status of the population and to develop appropriate measures to mitigate the potential impact on the western gray whale aggregation. Gray whale photo-identification operations, the results of which are described in this report, were conducted in July-October and November-December 2016 in accordance with the Program for Monitoring Gray Whales off the Northeast Coast of Sakhalin Island in 2016 developed by Exxon Neftegas Limited (ENL) and Sakhalin Energy Investment Company, Ltd. (Sakhalin Energy), and duly endorsed by federal executive agencies - Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation (Russian Ministry of Natural Resources), Federal Service for Natural Resource Use Oversight (Rosprirodnadzor), and Federal Fisheries Agency (Rosrybolovstvo). The study of individual animals provides information on population trends and demography, social structure, and other aspects of the ecology of this population. In the longer term it also provides information on population status and health. The photo-identification, as a major monitoring component, substantiates the need for and the setting up of impact mitigation measures and makes it possible to monitor the effectiveness of such measures. More detailed objectives of the photo-id studies under the Joint Monitoring Program are summarized below. The objectives of the Western Gray Whale photo-id study in northeastern Sakhalin were as follows: 1. Update the photo-id catalogue by taking photo and video imagery of each individual Western Gray Whale (WGW); 2. Assess the body and skin condition of individual animals; 3. Assess affinity of the whales to the specific feeding areas northeast of Sakhalin; 4. Describe feeding group demographics and structure; 5. Describe habitat use (i.e., intra- and inter annual parameters of movements of individual whales within each feeding area and between the Piltun feeding area, Offshore feeding area, and other areas); 6. Assess the number of cow-calf pairs, their health, distribution in the feeding area, and the annual determination of separation dates of such pairs. This report provides a brief overview of the results of gray whale photo-id efforts in 2016. For a comparative analysis, this report uses data and results taken from photo-identification reports under the auspices of the Joint Monitoring Program for past years of studies (Yakovlev and 8

Tyurneva, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008; Yakovlev et al, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014, 2015, 2016; Yakovlev et al., 2015). 9

1. MATERIALS AND METHODS 1.1. Study Area and Field Work Methods The studies off Sakhalin Island basically encompass the two traditional summer-fall whale feeding areas the Piltun area (52 40 N 53 30 N), stretching 120 km along the shore of Piltun Bay, where the whales feed primarily at depths of less than 20 m, and the Offshore area, located further offshore from Chayvo Bay (51 50 N 52 25 N), with depths of 35 60 m (Maminov and Yakovlev, 2002; Yakovlev et al., 2009). The primary materials for the photo-identification of gray whales were collected from July 1 through October 10, 2016 (Figures A1, A3 in the Appendix). Additional photo-id surveys (winter stage) were conducted during the period of November 22-29, 2016. The surveys were conducted in the area from 52 47'13.6" N in the south to 53 09' 50.9" N in the north. The 2016 materials were collected by four photo-id teams. One team was based on the Sakhalin Energy vessels, and three teams were based at field camps on the coast. One onshore team used inflatable motor boats, and two moved along the shore in vehicles taking imagery of the whales they encountered directly from shore. A photographic survey of gray whales in the Piltun and Offshore feeding areas was conducted during the period from August 10 through October 10, 2016, by the vessel-based team. The work was performed from an FRC boat with a water-jet motor. A Nikon DSLR D610 camera with an adjustable AF-S Nikkor 80-400 mm, F4.6-5.6 G zoom lens was used for the survey. Highresolution photographs were saved in JPEG format on SanDisc Extreme Pro SD HC1 32 GB 95Mb/s class 10 memory cards. A Nikon DSLR D800 camera with a Nikkor 70-200 mm F2.8 lens was used for the video imagery. All photo-id operations in the near-shore Piltun area were conducted within the latitudes 51 45,021' N on the south and 53 17,005' N on the north and longitudes 143 16,25' E on the west and 143 23,867' E on the east (Figure А1 in the Appendix). The details of the field studies by the vessel-based photo-id team are presented in the annual report (Yakovlev et al., 2013a). The methods of the onshore boat team were developed during photo-id operations in Olga Bay southeast of the Kamchatka Peninsula and are described in detail in annual reports (Tyurneva et al., 2015; Yakovlev et al., 2011, 2012). For work on Sakhalin Island in 2016, the team used two 5.3-m Zodiac inflatable boats with hard decks equipped with Yamaha-50 4-stroke outboard motors with steering control. One boat was used for the WGW photography survey itself, and the other stayed permanently 800-1000 m from the first to provide safety support. The team followed all safety precautions described in the 10

Procedures developed by specialists from the Companies. The boats cold move no more than up to 5 km from the shore and up to 20 km along the shoreline to the south and north from the mouth of Piltun Bay. The shore-based boat team studied the waters of the Piltun area within the latitudes 52 45.592' N on the south and 52 53.606' N on the north and the longitudes 143 19.569 E on the west and 143 22.016 E on the east. 1 When several boats were in the sea at the same time, in order to avoid work in areas near other teams, the shore-based team suspended its mission and returned to the boat base. All photoidentification team supervisors maintained regular contact with each other to coordinate actions and avoid duplication of effort. For photo-survey the teams used the procedure applied by the vesselbased team (Yakovlev et al., 2013). The whale photographs were taken with a Canon 7D digital camera equipped with Canon EF70 300 mm F1:4-5.6 L IS USM telephoto lens (with image stabilization). The photographs were recorded at a high resolution setting in large JPEG format. All digital photos of whales were transferred from CF SanDisk 4GB 30 Mb/s memory cards to a computer and then backed up to external disks (minimum 3 digital data storage media). The information recorded on paper forms was entered into Microsoft Access and archived. All data were recorded on waterproof paper sheets and entered into a laptop computer at the end of each photo-id mission. Onshore vehicle-based photo-identification team work in 2016 was conducted from July 1 through September 28 (first stage) and from November 20 through December 5 (second stage). Previously, in 2014, the researchers conducted pilot survey to check feasibility and efficiency of such approach. As a result, in 2015 a full-scale program of onshore vehicle-based photo-id was developed (Yakovlev et al., 2016) Onshore vehicle-based photo-id was performed in the southern and northern parts of the Piltun feeding area and covered an area from 52 39.571' N on the south to 53 15.660' N on the north and from 143 14.397 E on west to 143 20.816 E on east (Figure А1 in the Appendix). 2 The north vehicle-based photo-id team was based at the Odoptu camp in the central part of Piltun Bay, and the south team was based at the temporary camp in the southern part of Piltun Bay. Each team included a driver, a photographer, and a data recorder. The teams used a Toyota Land Cruiser 200 to move around. The teams also had a VHF radio, Iridium satellite phone, and a GSM 1 Coordinates of the boat s positions recorded at the extreme points of the water area studied. 2 Estimated coordinates of the locations of whales within the observation area. 11

mobile phone for communication with the camp, the onshore teams that studied the whales distribution and the team which worked from a boat near the shore. The onshore vehicle-based photo-id missions were conducted in good weather with the mandatory condition of over 500 meters visibility and maximum force 5 wind (Beaufort scale). A detailed description of vehicle-based photo-id methods is provided in the 2016 report (Yakovlev et al., 2016). For the operations, the vehicle-based onshore photo-id teams were using Manfrotto 546GB video tripod with panoramic Manfrotto 504 HD Fluid Head, on which Nikon full-frame DSLR D810 36 MP camera outfitted with a Tamron 150 600 mm F 5-6.3 Di VC USD lens was installed. Peter Van der Wolf s team also had a backup full-frame 24 MP Nikon DSLR D610 camera with Sigma 5.6 APO EX DG AF 300-800 mm lens. However, due to the fact that the Sigma lens did not have an image stabilizer, the photographs were less sharp and clear, especially those taken from longer distances. For that reason, the Sigma lens was rarely used during the field operations. In addition, Peter Van der Wolf s team used the Solmeta GMAX GPS Geotagger attached to the Nikon D810 camera. The high-resolution photographs that were made were saved in JPEG format to Transcend 128 GB UHS-1 SDXC 30 MB memory cards. All data were recorded and saved according to a procedure common to all the teams. 1.2. Laboratory Methods In lab processing of the photos, each photo obtained during a season is studied for the purpose of identifying it with a specific individual. In this case, standard photo ID methods were used which are described in Special Issue No. 12 of the International Whaling Commission (Hammond et al., 1990). After all the pictures have been identified and supplied with a detailed description of the animal and its catalogue number, the best available photos for each whale that, if possible, best describe the animal are selected. The whales encountered for the first time are assigned new catalogue numbers. Afterwards all the data are input into a data base, which makes it possible to extract any information on a specific animal, for any observation period, and groups of animals in each of the studied areas. A catalogue of identified individuals is prepared for each study year and is used as the basis for compiling a master catalogue that is updated yearly. The whale identification procedure is described in detail in Yakovlev et al. (2013). 12

2. SURVEY RESULTS 2.1. Field work results The offshore team started taking gray whale photo and video imagery on August 10 and continued through October 10, 2016. The shore-based boat team began work on August 7 and ended work on September 25, 2016. Photo-identification was conducted in part of the northeast Sakhalin Island offshore area adjacent to Piltun Bay. The survey efforts are summarized in Table 1. The information on work areas and scope, as well as other survey data are provided in Table А1 in the Appendix. Depth measurements were conducted while acquiring imagery from a boat at whale sighting locations in the Offshore and Piltun areas. Table 1. Volume of Photo-ID Work of Vessel- and Shore-based Boat Teams off Sakhalin Island during the 2016 Expedition (Field Data) Area Work days Vessel-based team Number of missions Number of pods Number of whales Work days Shore-based boat team Number of missions Number of pods Number of whales Piltun 4 4 14 28 17 18 107 206 Offshore 7 10 67 110 Total 11 14 81 138 17 18 107 206 The duration of the mission, the number of whale sightings during a mission, 3 the number of observed whales in a pod, the duration of each sighting, etc., were recorded in the respective data base field. The two teams that worked from boats recorded 234 whales, including repeat sightings in the Piltun area (field data). The vessel-based team recorded 110 whales in 7 days of work in the Offshore area (field data). The vehicle-based teams photographed 685 animals, including repeat sightings (field data). The information on the efforts of vehicle-based onshore teams and recorded animals is summarized in Table 2. 3 A different estimate of whales recorded was used for subsequent analyses. If a whale was recorded by two teams at the same time, this was considered to be a single sighting. 13

Table 2. Scope of Photo ID Operations Performed off Sakhalin Island in 2016 by Two Vehiclebased Teams (Field Data) Work Area Work days South vehicle-based team Number of missions Number of pods Number of whales Work days North vehicle-based team Number of missions Number of pods Number of whales Piltun 52 93 214 556 21 21 75 129 Detailed descriptions of the study areas are given in past years reports. A total of 32,378 photographs were taken by the four teams during the 2016 field season. The total number of whales recorded, including repeat sightings of the same whale during different missions, was 1029 (field data) 4. 2.2. Identification of whales and number of individuals The photographs taken during the 2016 field season were processed and compared with the photographs of past years. Of particular interest is not only the information gathered regarding new whales, but also data pertaining to whales that have been identified in previous years, since combining these data amasses more extensive and detailed information on the history of observations of individual animals. Data regarding the number of whales identified offshore northeast Sakhalin Island in 2002-2016 are presented in Figure 1 and Table А2 in the Appendix. New IDW (including calves) IDW from previous years, not sighted this year IDW observed in previous years Total number of IDW in Catalogue 4 The major difference between field and laboratory gray whale recording data can be explained by the fact that the vehicle-based teams cannot identify the left and right sides of the same animal in field conditions, and record it as different animals. 14

Figure 1. Number of Gray Whales Recorded in the Catalogue and Identified in 2002-2016 off the NE Coast of Sakhalin Island. Compiling the annual and main gray whale catalogues is one of the tasks of the photo-id operations. The quality of the gray whale identifications in subsequent encounters is contingent upon the thoroughness of the aspects documented in the catalogues. Not every whale in the catalogue contains images of all four aspects (i.e. the right side, the left side, the dorsal fluke and the ventral fluke). The likelihood of obtaining complete coverage of all four aspects of each whale increases each year as more photographs are added to the catalogue. Along with the main catalogues, a record is also kept of whales whose photographs are not definitive enough to assign them a permanent number. This is done so that they can be entered into the catalogues later, after complete data is obtained on these whales, without losing the information on the histories of encounters with them. After the number of a temporary whale is determined, it is added to the catalogue for the year in which it was first encountered. Information on temporary whales is given in Table A3 in the Appendix. Taking into account the new data from the teams that were working in the Piltun and Offshore feeding areas in 2016, the master catalogue of the gray whales recorded off Sakhalin Island contains photos of 274 whales, including the deceased whale KOGW126 (Table А2 in the Appendix). 2.3. Frequency of Sightings, Ages, and Movement of Identified Whales between Known Feeding Areas Offshore Sakhalin Island Generally the same individuals come to Sakhalin every year for feeding. Some of these whales are recorded several times during a season and in different years, while others were recorded only once within a long period of time or are new for the catalogue. When we analyzed 2002-2016 data on the return of known individual whales, we suggested that due to the fact that researchers cannot record all whales that come here for feeding, we should consider only those individuals that are recorded at least once every three years as regularly-sighted whales. As a result, we distinguished a group of 175 whales that regularly come for feeding to the northeast offshore area of Sakhalin Island. Twenty whales were recorded in this area at intervals greater than three years; this group was classified as rarely-sighted whales (Table A5 in the Appendix). There were 61 animals that were recorded once during the period from 2002 through 2016 (40 of them were recorded as calves) 5 (Table A6 in the Appendix). 5 Fifteen new whales identified in 2016 were not counted as they were sighted only once. 15

A total of 778 whales 6, including repeat sightings (encounters), and 128 individual whales were identified from the whales photographed by the four teams off Sakhalin Island during the 2016 season (Table 3 and Table 4). These data make it possible to determine the whale sighting frequency (SF) rate for the season. Based on SF rate we can make conclusions on the efforts to record the animals, the validity of group stability information, group movements, etc. Table 3. 2016 Gray Whale Identification off Northeastern Sakhalin by Survey Teams Work area Vessel-based team Whales identified including repeat sightings Total whales identified Shore-based boat team Whales identified including repeat sightings Total whales identified South vehiclebased team Whales identified including repeat sightings Total whales identified North vehiclebased team Whales identified including repeat sightings Total whales identified Whales identified including repeat sightings Total Total whales identified Piltun 21 17 151 45 396 43 133 55 701 74 Offshore 77 61 - - - - - - 77 61 Total 98 77 151 45 396 43 133 55 778 128 Sighting frequency (SF) rate 1.27 3.35 9.21 2.42 6.07 The animals were recorded in the Piltun area along the coast at depths of 4-14 m (see the area coordinates above) and in the Offshore area at depths of 45-68 m (see the area coordinates above) (Figure А1 in the Appendix). The low SF rates presented by the boat-based team led by Yu. M. Yakovlev and by the northern vehicle-based team led by S. V. Dubrovsky suggest that the observers photographed different animals. The teams working in the southern part of the Piltun area (onshore boat-based team led by V. V. Vetryankin and onshore southern vehicle-based team led by Peter Van der Wolf) observed a different situation. They mostly observed stable groups of young whales and cows with calves. Table 4. Frequency of Repeat Sightings of Identified Gray Whales (IDW) Photographed by All Teams off Sakhalin Island in 2016. Number of an individual whale sightings (А) Number of whales with this number of sightings (B) 1 53 53 2 19 38 3 8 24 4 5 20 5 5 25 Total number of whale sightings (AxB) * 6 Fifteen new whales identified in 2016 were not counted as they were sighted only once. 16

Number of an individual whale sightings (А) Number of whales with this number of sightings (B) 6 4 24 7 3 21 8 1 8 9 3 27 10 1 10 11 2 22 12 3 36 14 1 14 15 1 15 16 1 16 18 1 18 19 3 57 20 1 20 21 1 21 22 3 66 23 2 46 24 1 24 25 2 50 27 1 27 28 1 28 32 1 32 36 1 36 Total 128 778 Note: *The number of whale sightings does not include temporary whales. Total number of whale sightings (AxB) * The average number of sightings per whale (sighting frequency - SF) for the 2016 season was 6.08 (Table 5). Table 5. Frequency of Sightings of Identified Gray Whales (IDW) Offshore Sakhalin Island in 2002-2016. Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Number of whale sightings Number of IDWs per year Average number of IDW encounters for the season 66 154 228 384 385 675 275 297 207 235 374 226 682 768 778 47 82 96 117 121 125 98 111 106 111 144 122 137 168 128 1.40 1.88 2.38 3.28 3.18 5.40 2.81 2.68 1.95 2.12 2.60 1.85 4.98 4.57 6.08 Whale movement patterns between the coastal (Piltun, including Chayvo) and the Offshore feeding areas have been studied based on repeat sightings of identified animals in both areas over the entire survey period of 2002-2016. (Figures 3 and 4, Figure A-2 in the Appendix, Tables A4 and A5 in the Appendix). 17

2.3.1. Offshore area In 2016, 77 whales (including repeat sightings) were photographed in the Offshore area (Figure 4, Table A4 in the Appendix). A total of 61 individual whales were encountered there, and 54 of them were only sighted in the Offshore area (i.e. they were not observed in the Piltun area in 2016) (Figures 3 and 4). During all the study years, the research teams have never observed any young whales, calves, or cow-calf pairs in the Offshore feeding area. 2.3.2. Piltun Area 701 whales were photographed in the Piltun area in 2016.. The total number of individual whales sighted was 74, and 67 of these whales were sighted only in this area (Table A4 in the Appendix, Figure 3 and Figure 4). Over fifteen years of observation, 42% of known whales were first recorded as calves (Figure 5, Table A6 in the Appendix). Thus, we know the age of 119 whales described in the main catalogue. A large amount of data collected by the shore-based teams made it possible to track the changes in the composition of groups in the Piltun area during the 2016 field season (Figure 2). Number of whales July August September month Figure 2. Age Breakdown of the Gray Whale Groups Sighted in the Piltun Area during the 2016 Field Season The data presented in Figure 2 show a decrease in the number of sightings of adult animals in the shallow Piltun area by the end of the feeding period and the transition of the animals older than 4 years to feeding areas in deeper waters. 18

Ratio of whales identified in the Piltun area vs. total number of whales in 2016 Ratio of whales identified in the Offshore area vs. total number of whales in 2016 whales not older than 4 years 25% other whales 33% not sighted in the area 42% recorded whales 48% not sighted in the area 52% Figure 3. Ratio of Whales Sighted in the Piltun and Offshore Feeding Areas vs. the Total Number of Known Whales in 2016. Number of whales Years Piltun Offshore Chayvo Piltun and Offshore Figure 4. Number of Whales Sighted in the Main Feeding Areas NE of Sakhalin Island from 2002 Through 2016. During the 15-year study period (2002-2016), of the total number of whales currently included in the IMB catalogue, 127 whales have used the Piltun and Offshore feeding areas in one or more years (Figure 5, Table А5 in the Appendix). not sighted in the area 3% Ratio of whales identified in the Piltun area calves 42% other whales 55% sighted only here 2% Ratio of whales identified in the Offshore area other whales 46% not sighted in the area 52% 19

Figure 5. Ratio of Gray Whales Sighted in the Offshore and Piltun Areas Throughout All Study Years (2002-2016) From 2002 to 2016, 265 whales were sighted in the Piltun area, of which 141 were never sighted in the Offshore area. This figure includes calves and young whales. Only six whales were sighted exclusively in the Offshore area. One whale was photographed north of Cape Elizaveta in 2005 and has not been seen since. In all the years of the study, 12 whales have been encountered near Okha, and all of them have also been seen in other areas. In 2015, two whales were sighted in the waters off the Vostochny wildlife refuge and since then have not been sighted again anywhere. Calves and young whales apparently cannot feed at great depths and have always been observed in the nearshore zone at depths of 4 to 15 meters. For this reason, we believe that the whale movements between the shallow and deep-water feeding areas are a common occurrence and depend on the presence of available food, as well as on the physical abilities of the whales. 2.4. Cow-Calf Pairs Eight cow-calf pairs and 6 calves without cows were sighted in 2016 (Table 6). All eight identified cows arrived with calves in previous years. The first cow-calf pair was sighted on July 7, and the last was sighted on August 21. Calves without cows were encountered on several occasions (Table 6, Table A6 in the Appendix), both in the company of other calves mothers and in calf groups, which is why they could be more confidently identified as calves. In accordance with the adopted procedure (Yakovlev et al., 2013), all cows and calves were assigned confidence indices. Table 6 presents the results of this classification. Table 6. Sighting Frequency of Cow-Calf Pairs and Calves Encountered without Cows Offshore Sakhalin Island in 2016, with the Assigned Confidence Indices 7 Calf number in main catalogue KOGW### Number of survey days Calf identification confidence index The cow s number in the main catalogue KOGW### Number of survey days (cow with calf) Mother identification confidence index 260 6 А 037 3 I 261 27 А - - 262 22 А 097 5 I 263 24 A - - I 264 35 A 027 2 I 7 The grading system is described in Section 3.5.6 in Volume I of the 2013 report (Yakovlev et al., 2013). 20

265 33 A - - I 266 38 A 103 3 I 267 25 A 047 2 I 268 19 A - - 269 45 A 021 4 I 271 33 A 093* 1 II 272 12 A - - 273 11 A 135 4 I 274 1 C - - Note: * The cow was sighted once and the confidence index of her identification as a mother is low. From past data we established that cow-calf pairs usually start to separate in approximately mid-august and continue to separate until mid-september. The 2016 survey confirms these data, although the observers noted earlier separation of some pairs during this season. Most cow-calf pairs separated in August. The last cow-calf pair was observed on August 21. According to our studies, for cows, the interval between births varies from year to year, ranging from two to three or more years. From 2002 through 2016, 28 females recorded in the Sakhalin Catalogue of the Institute of Marine Biology sighted with calves were sighted in feeding areas off the Sakhalin and Kamchatka coasts (Yakovlev et al, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012; Tyurneva et al, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012). Twenty-two of these females were sighted with calves 2 or more times (Table A6 in the Appendix). Because we have regularly observed calves without cows, we obviously cannot account for all females with calves in the current year. 2.5. Body Condition 2.5.1. Body Weight In 2016 we identified 23 whales with poor body condition (BC), including 8 nursing cows we could identify (Table 7). This amounts to 23.1% of the total number of animals with a specified body condition (108 animals) sighted in 2016 (Tables 7 and 8). Same as in the previous years, all of the calves sighted in 2016 were well-nourished. Table 7. Number of Whales with Poor Body Condition (BC) Sighted Offshore Sakhalin Island in 2003 2016. Year Total Identified Whales Total Whales with Low BC Class Percentage of Total Recorded Whales with Low BC Class Number of Nursing Cows Recorded in Given Year 2003 82 15 18.3 % 9 21

Year Total Identified Whales Total Whales with Low BC Class Percentage of Total Recorded Whales with Low BC Class Number of Nursing Cows Recorded in Given Year 2004 96 11 11.5 % 3 2005 117 10 8.6 % 3 2006 126 20 15.9 % 3 2007 129 13 10.1 % 6 2008 98 20 20.4 % 3 2009 111 19 17.1 % 3 2010 107 12 11.1 % 5 2011 111 23 20.7 % 7 2012 144 14 9,7 % 1 2013 122 25 20.5 % 3 2014 137 20 14.6% 9 2015 150 * 29 19,3% 8 2016 108 * 23 23,1% 8 Note: * Only data for whales with photographs that allowed assessment of body condition were used in the table. Shore-based team data have not been used to assess body condition, with the exception of a series of photographs showing mothers with calves which could be used to assess body condition. Table 8. Body Condition of Sakhalin Island Gray Whales in 2016 (108 whales) Note: BC Class Number of Whales in Each BC Class in 2016 Percentage of Whales in Each BC Class Recorded in 2016 0 65 60.2 I 18 16.7 II 18 16.7 III 4 3.7 IV 3 2,7 - The body condition of 108 whales could be determined in photographs. - Classes 0 and I animals with normal body condition. - Classes II, III, and IV, i.e., whales with a poor body condition, are highlighted in green. - If a whale was in poor physical condition in the first encounter but its condition had improved in subsequent sightings, we used the condition data observed during the most recent sighting. A reliable decrease in sightings of whales with poor BC was seen in the Piltun area by the end of the observation period (Figure 6). The decrease is explained in part by the fact that a 22

significant number of adults moved to the Offshore area to feed (Figure 3, Table A4 in the Appendix). In addition, the BC of animals that remained in the Piltun area also improved. BC class July 8 August 19 August 20 September 7 September 8 - September 25 Figure 6. Percentage Ratio of the Number of Gray Whales Identified for Each BC Class to the Total Number of Whales Recorded in the Piltun Area During the 2016 Field Season. The whales identified in the Offshore feeding area in September had good body condition (Figure 7). The indicators improved slightly by the end of the observation period due to arrival of other whales in this area. 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% BC class 0 1 2 3 4 20% 10% 0% сентябрь September октябрь October Figure 7. Percentage of Photo identified Gray Whales within Each Body Condition (BC) Class Relative to the Total Number of Whales Recorded during the 2016 Field Season in the Offshore Area. 23

Summarized data on sightings of whales with different BC ratings in the two feeding areas for the entire observation season are presented in Figure 8. BC class August 7 August 21 August 22 September 8 September 9 - September 22 September 23 October 10 Figure 8. Percentage Ratio of the Number of Gray Whales Identified for Each BC Class to the Total Number of Whales Recorded off Sakhalin Island During the 2016 Field Survey Season. Improved BC was noted in 16 whales, including two cows recorded as nursing mothers, during the 2016 field season. In 2016, we were able to track the body condition of animals that were identified in 2015 as cows with calves. Of nine cows who had calves in 2015, four were sighted in 2016, and all of them had a normal BC (Table 9). Table 9. Year-to-Year Comparison of the Body Condition of 2015 Cows and Calves Observed off the Northeast Sakhalin Coast in 2016 Number Number of cows/calves in cows with deficient physical calves in 2015 condition in 2015 Number of sighted cows/calves in 2016 from 2015 Changes in BC observed in 20165 vs. 2015 Improvement in BC Worsening of BC Cows 9 5 4 4 0 Calves 11 0 6 0 5 2.5.2. Skin Condition 24

One of the WGW health parameters is their skin condition. Over a number of years, we have seen all types of skin problems. In 2015 and 2016 there was not a single case of skin sloughing among the whales observed. 2.6. Additional Studies in 2016 2.6.1. Photo-identification in the Piltun area in November 2016 During the period from November 22 through November 29, the shore-based vehicle team led by Peter van der Wolf worked for 6 days in the Piltun feeding area. Including repeat sightings, 7 whales were photographed. A total of 4 individuals were identified (Table A7 in the Appendix). One of them (KOGW234) was sighted for the first time in 2016. The catalogue numbers of two whales could not be determined due to the poor quality of the photographs. All the whales identified were young (no older than four years). The body condition of all the animals was normal. 3. DISCUSSION 3.1. Movement of Whales between Sakhalin Feeding Areas Photo-ID methods of whale populations are often used to determine their use of habitat areas. Tracking the movements of gray whales during their feeding period can broaden the understanding of their ecology. The analyses of 2002-2016 photo-id data collected offshore Sakhalin indicate that interand intra-year movements of gray whales occur both within the Piltun and Offshore areas and between these areas. Of the 265 whales recorded in the Piltun area during the entire period of studies (2002-2016), of which 141 were never recorded in the Offshore area. This number includes calves and young whales. Only six whales were recorded only in the Offshore area. One whale was photographed north of Cape Elizaveta in 2005 and has not been seen since. In 2015, two whales were sighted in the waters off the Vostochny wildlife refuge and have not been seen anywhere since then. It has been established that whales travel to the north and south of the traditional feeding areas off Sakhalin Island, as well as off Kamchatka (Yakovlev and Tyurneva, 2008; Tyurneva et al., 2010; Tyurneva et al., 2010, 2011; Yakovlev et al., 2012). Continuous long-term monitoring [of whales and their movements] is needed to identify these geographical movements (Meier et al., 2007; Vladimirov, 2006, 2008). As shown above, information about the whales movement between areas over the course of a single season can only be provided by repeat sightings with 25

individually-recognized whales in that season. Lone gray whales were recorded in the same area during the season. Similarly, lone gray whale sightings in one area during a season with resightings of the same animal in another area in subsequent years provides information about interyear movements. The frequency of sightings over the entire survey period is another important factor in studying whale movements among the different areas. In 2016, four teams collected a significant volume of materials, and the average number of sightings of individual whales (6.08) was higher than in previous years. This enabled us to assess in more detail the way adults and cow-calf pairs use the feeding grounds. The benefit of a long-term monitoring program is that with a longer study period, the same individuals continue to be photographed over time, resulting in more sighting data, allowing more robust analyses of patterns regarding whale movement and feeding area utilization. 3.2. Whale Movement between Southeast Kamchatka and Sakhalin Island Of all whales identified in the surveyed areas offshore SE Kamchatka in 2004 and 2006-2012, about 53.1% (85 out of 161) were also photographed in various areas offshore Sakhalin. It is likely that these whales are part of one feeding congregation. The question as to the group affiliation of the other 46.9% (76 animals) sighted only offshore Kamchatka remains uncertain. 3.3. Whale Movement between Other Areas and Sakhalin Seasonal changes in whale distribution have been described in numerous studies and are considered a reaction to seasonal variations in habitat and the movement of whale prey (Payne et al., 1986, Calambokidis et al. 1989, Calambokidis et al. 1990, Calambokidis and Quan 1997, Weinrich et al.1997, Wilson et al. 1997, Forney and Barlow 1998, Karczmarski et al.1999). For example, Eastern (Chukotka-California) Gray Whales feeding along the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada, rotate feeding grounds and prey types both within and between the summer feeding seasons based on the distribution and abundance of their prey (Bass, 2000; Dunham and Duffus, 2001, 2002; Meier, 2003; Nelson et al., 2008). The distribution of Eastern Gray Whales along the west coast of North America is variable both within and between years, with whales using areas from northern California to the Beaufort Sea from spring to autumn, involving significant interchange of animals between areas within and between years (Calambokidis et al. 2002). In recent years, gray whales have begun to be sighted more frequently in the Beaufort Sea, where encounters were rare as recently as 20 years ago (Stafford et al., 2007). According to historical records, the feeding area of the Western Gray Whale population in the Sea of Okhotsk included Sakhalin Bay (west of the northwestern tip of the island), the Akademiya and Tugursk Bays south of the Shantar Islands (at the far west end of the Sea of 26

Okhotsk, west of the northwest coast of Sakhalin Island), offshore Northeast Sakhalin, Shelikhov Bay, the Gizhiga Gulf, and Penzhina Gulf in the southeast corner of the sea, as well as waters offshore western Kamchatka (Sleptsov, 1955; Krupnik, 1984; Reeves et al., 2008; Yablokov and Bogoslovskaya, 1984). In 2006, in the Kekurny Bay and Babushkin Bay in the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk, three gray whales were identified and were assigned catalogue ID numbers starting with the NOGW acronym (Vladimirov et al., 2007). In 2007, one of these, whale NOGW003 was sighted in the Piltun area (five sightings) and was given catalogue ID number KOGW160 (Table А5 in the Appendix). In 2011, whale NOGW001/KamGW024, which was recorded for the first time in Kekurny Bay (Sea of Okhotsk) and in subsequent years was encountered in Olga Bay (Kamchatka), was identified in the Sakhalin offshore area and was given catalogue ID number KOGW190. In 2008, in the Zakatny Bay offshore Shiashkotan Island, located near the center of the Kuril Islands, a joint survey between the Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry (PIBC FEB RAS) and Institute of Marine Biology of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences produced photographs of one whale that had been recorded in 2007 in Olga Bay off Kamchatka. It was subsequently encountered in Olga Bay during the same season in 2008. A gray whale that was recorded earlier in Olga Bay and off the coast of Sakhalin Island in 2007 was identified adjacent to Medny Island (Komandor Islands). From 2007 through 2012, additional photo-id surveys were conducted in Kamchatka (in addition to Sakhalin) as part of the monitoring program, making it possible to obtain data on the movements of gray whales between these two water areas. During this period whales were recorded as visiting both the Sakhalin and Kamchatka areas during the same season and/or during previous seasons (Yakovlev et al., 2011). Of seven whales photographed in Olga Bay (Kamchatka) in 2015, one had been sighted repeatedly in the Sakhalin Island offshore area. Over all the survey years, 85 gray whales have been identified (32.8% of all known Sakhalin whales and 53.1% of all known Kamchatka whales) that have visited both the Sakhalin and Kamchatka offshore areas, both in different years and in the same season. This proves that gray whales relocate between NE Sakhalin and Kamchatka both within the same feeding season and between seasons. Satellite tagging of whales performed by a team of Russian and foreign scientists in the Piltun area showed the fall migration of whales with satellite tags toward the west coast of North America (Rozhnov et al., 2011). A comparison of the gray whale catalogues of Sakhalin Island and the catalogues of the west coast of the United States and Mexico also showed that some Sakhalin whales visited offshore areas historically occupied by Eastern Gray Whales (Urban et al., 2012, 2013). 27

In addition, two gray whale cows that had previously been photographed in California, Mexico, were photographed in the Piltun area during the 2015 season (IBM KOGW 108, 23-08- 2015 South Piltun - 13-0096-I-LOL-M, Lagoon Ojo de Liebre 2013 and IBM KOGW 114 10-08- 2015 South Piltun - 11-0505-I-БИС-М, Lagoon San-Ignacio 2011). 3.4. Cow-Calf Pairs Our observations indicate that calves are weaned in the period from July through September. According to the data obtained by Bogoslovskaya (1966), for gray whales in the offshore waters of the Chukotka Peninsula, demographic grouping starts in July and August, when calves leave their mothers and gather in groups in the shallowest waters that are rich in prey. Shore vehicle counts conducted in 2005 (Vladimirov et al. 2006) indicated that the separation of cow/and calf pairs had been completed by early September, with the last cow-calf pair observed from the shore on September 11. In 2009, data provided by the vessel-based and shore-based photo identification teams indicated that the last pair recorded in the Sakhalin Island offshore area was encountered on September 19. In 2014, one cow-calf pair was seen until September 30. The last cow-calf pair was sighted on September 7 in 2015. In 2016, the observers noted earlier separation of the cow-calf pairs. The last cow-calf pair was observed on August 21. Hereafter, all identified calves were sighted only in calf groups. Before 2008, the shallow-water Piltun area on the Sakhalin Island offshore area was considered to be the only feeding ground for the cow-calf pairs. But in 2008 the cow-calf pair was found in Olga Bay on the eastern offshore area of the Kamchatka Peninsula. This cow was recorded with calves on the Sakhalin Island offshore area in previous years (Tyurneva et al., 2010). Research conducted off the Kamchatka Peninsula in 2009-2012 earlier than in previous years demonstrated that cows with calves also used Olga Bay for feeding (Yakovlev et al., 2011). These identified females included both individuals recorded in the Sakhalin catalogue, as well as ones not sighted there. Some calves and cow-calf pairs swam from Olga Bay to the Piltun area off the coast of Sakhalin Island in the same season (Yakovlev et al, 2012; Tyurneva et al, 2012). It is possible that cow-calf pairs use the Kamchatka shelf area early in the season, when the main feeding areas are not accessible due to ice conditions. It is still unclear why some cows with calves stay to feed in Olga Bay, while others migrate to the Sakhalin Island shelf and other areas that are unknown to us. 3.5. Body Condition During wintering, gray whales fast and then they cover great distances during migration and probably exhaust their reserves of energy by the end of the spring migration, which might partially explain the presence of emaciated whales, especially at the beginning of the season. Studies of the 28

food supply of the gray whales that feed off the coast of Sakhalin Island revealed that the Piltun area and in particular the Offshore feeding area are rich sources of forage (Fadeyev, 2013). Some whales that showed signs of emaciation in previous years failed to exhibit such signs in subsequent years. This seasonal ability of emaciated whales to regain good physical condition was also observed previously (Yakovlev and Tyurneva 2003 and 2013; Yakovlev et al. 2007; Weller et al. 2004). The biological energy of gray whale foraging in combination with fasting and feeding cycles involving migrating, feeding, and breeding, are a dynamic process. It is known that not all of the gray whales moving north from the winter breeding areas (Baja California) to feed in the Chukchi, Bering, and Beaufort Seas reach these destinations. Approximately halfway along this migration route, in the Vancouver area (British Columbia, Canada), some whales stop moving north and start feeding on the organisms present in this area (Pike, 1962). Due to the shortening of the migration period by almost two months, the feeding season of these whales is respectively extended (Darling, 1984). At this point, the recovery and deterioration of the body condition of both nursing and nonnursing whales still cannot be fully explained based on available data. Skin sloughing was observed among some of the whales in 2003. Observations of these whales in 2004-2014 based on photographs indicate that skin sloughing observed in 2003 and 2014 does not seem to have any noticeable long-term effect on the external body condition of the whales skin. So far, the phenomenon of skin sloughing remains unexplained, but it may be a result of several factors, such as poor immunoresistance, diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi (Gaydos et al., 2004), internal or external parasites (Dailey et al. 2000), pollution, or excessive exposure to fresh water. The documented examples of skin sloughing showed that the skin recovers quickly after sloughing, and no subsequent pathological consequences were observed on the surface of the whales skin (Yakovlev et al., 2005; Tombach Wright et al. 2007). The appearance of white patches observed on some gray whales since 2005 has yet to be explained. Continued photo-id monitoring of these individuals has not resulted in any obvious conclusions about the effect of white skin patches on gray whales. To date, no obvious health effects have been documented, but as this phenomenon is poorly understood, it is essential to continue observation of all known individuals afflicted with these white patches. 29

CONCLUSIONS The following conclusions can be drawn based on the results of photo-identification operations conducted in 2002-2016: 1. Two main feeding areas have been discovered off northeastern Sakhalin: a shallow area adjacent to Piltun and Chayvo Bays and a deeper Offshore area. 2. Every year, primarily the same individual whales return to feed off the Sakhalin coast. Some of these whales are recorded several times during the same season and in different years, whereas others are not seen again for a long time or are new to the catalogue (i.e. are sighted for the first time). A group of 175 whales has been identified that come to the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island for feeding on a regular basis. Twenty whales have been recorded in this region at intervals greater than three years, and this group was classified as rarely-sighted whales. A total of 61 individuals have been recorded once in the period from 2002 through 2016 (40 of them were recorded as calves). Three more whales were not included in the total count, including two whales encountered only once in the Vostochny wildlife refuge area, and one whale that died. 3. The number of recorded whales is dependent on the scope of the studies (efforts), and the number of whales present in the study area, which varies from year to year. 4. Currently the Sakhalin gray whale catalogue includes 274 fully-identified individuals. Of 15 new whales found during the 2016 expedition, one was not a calf and had not been sighted in other regions in previous years. 5. A total of 128 individual whales were sighted in the feeding areas off Sakhalin in 2016. 6. In 2016, 61 individuals were identified in the Offshore area off the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island, of which 54 were sighted only in that area. In the Piltun feeding area, three teams recorded 74 identified whales, of which 67 had been recorded only in the Piltun area; 7 individuals used both areas for feeding during the season. 7. from 2002 through 2016, 265 gray whales were recorded only in the Piltun area, of which 141 whales have never been sighted in the Offshore area. This number includes calves and young whales. Only 6 whales were not recorded anywhere except the Offshore area. In the area of Okha, 12 individuals were sighted in all the study years, and all of them had also been observed in other areas. One whale was photographed somewhat north of Cape Elizaveta in 2005 and since then has not been seen again. Over the 14-year study period (2002-2016), of the total 274 whales currently included in 30

the IBM catalogue, 127 whales were recorded that used the Piltun and Offshore feeding areas in the same season and/or in different years. 8. It was discovered that most whales improve their physical condition during the feeding season. 9. In 2016, 23 whales (including 8 lactating females) were identified with inadequate body condition (BC), which totaled 23.1% of the number of animals whose photographs allowed assessment of body condition (108 whales). All lactating females have poor physical body condition, usually quite apparent (class 3-4). All calves observed in all the years of studies had good body condition (class 0). Good body condition was seen in whales sighted in the Offshore area early during the observation period. 10. Cow-calf pairs were recorded in the Sakhalin offshore area only in the Piltun area, but never in the Offshore area. Since 2008, we established that the Piltun area is not the only place for the feeding of cow / calf pairs, and at least one other area is located in Olga Bay (Kamchatka). 11. The number of calves varies from year to year. The minimum observed number was three calves in 2004, and the maximum number was 17 calves in 2011 (15 calves were encountered in the Piltun area offshore Sakhalin Island, and 2 calves - near the Kamchatka coast). In 2016, 8 cow-calf pairs and 6 unassociated calves were recorded offshore Sakhalin Island (a total of 14 calves). Calves unaccompanied by mothers were seen close to the identified pairs and in calf groups. 12. In some years, gray whales with sloughing skin were recorded. Long-term observations have shown that this phenomenon is transient and disappears within a few days. No whales with sloughing skin were sighted in 2015-2016. 13. The Kamchatka gray whale catalogue contains photos of whales encountered in three areas (Khalaktyrsky Beach, Vestnik Bay and Olga Bay) in 2004, and 2006-2013. To date, this catalogue contains 161 identified individuals, of which 85 individuals were also photographed on the Sakhalin offshore in different areas and in different survey years, and perhaps most of them belong to one gray whale feeding group. The affiliation of the other 76 individuals found at Kamchatka, which do not belong to the Sakhalin catalogue, remains unclear. 14. In the same season, gray whales can use feeding grounds along the coast of Kamchatka and on the Sakhalin offshore. 15. Observations during late periods of the feeding season (November) showed that a few of the 31

young whales stayed in the Piltun area. All of them had normal body condition. 16. Based on the determination of reproductive success, the number of animals observed, their ability to recover after a period of malnutrition, we can conclude that the population is in good condition and its numbers are increasing. 32

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Photo ID studies were made possible thanks to the participation of the scientific staff and crewmembers of the vessels on which the photo-id teams were based. We would especially like to thank MMO for provision of data on WGW distribution and movements, and the transmission of this data to the Zodiac during photo-id activities, as well as Ye.P. Shvetsov, K.А. Drozdov, A.Yu. Yakovlev, O.A. Miroshnikova, and S.Yu. Neznanova for data processing assistance. We would like to thank Lisanne Aerts (LAMA Ecological), and Christina Tombach- Wright (LGL Limited) for project preparation; Yury Bychkov (LGL Limited) for technical support in setting up and maintaining the database; I.N. Zhmayev (LGL Eco LLC) and S.B. Yazvenko (LGL Limited) for coordination of activities; and other specialists of Exxon Neftegas Limited and Sakhalin Energy Investment Company who participated in this work from 2002 through 2016 for their support and for setting up the expeditions. 33

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the International Whaling Commission, 63 Scientific Committee Meeting, Tromsø, Norway, 30 May 11 June 2011. P. 1-8. Tyurneva O.Yu., Yakovlev Yu.M., Vertyankin V.V., Gailey G., Sychenko O. 2011b. Discovery of a new feeding area for Western Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robustus) cow-calf pairs on the south-east shelf of Kamchatka. Abstracts of the 19th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. Tampa, Florida (USA), November 27- December 2, 2011. P. 318-319. Tyurneva O.Yu., Yakovlev Yu.M., Vertyankin V.V. 2012. Photographic identification study of the gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) offshore northeast Sakhalin Island and southeast Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia: 2002-2011. Report SC/64/BRG22 of the Scientific Committee IWC, Panama City, Panama, 11-23 June 2012. P. 1-13. Tyurneva O.Yu., Yakovlev Yu.M., Vertyankin V.V. 2013. 2012 photo- identification study of western gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) offshore northeast Sakhalin Island and southeast Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. Report SC/65a/BRG08 of the Scientific Committee IWC, Jeju, Republic of Korea, 3-15 June 2013. P. 1-11. http://events.iwc.int/index.php/scientific/sc65a/paper/viewfile/291/265 Urbán R.J., Weller D., Tyurneva O., Swartz S., Bradford A., Yakovlev Y., Sychenko O., Rosales H.N., Martínez S.A., Burdin A. and Gómez-Gallardo A.U. 2012. The report on the photographic comparison of the Western and Mexican gray whale catalogues. Report SC/64/BRG13 of the Scientific Committee IWC, Panama City, Panama, 11-23 June 2012. P. 1-6. Urbán R.J., Weller D., Tyurneva O., Swartz S., Bradford A., Yakovlev Y., Sychenko O., Rosales H.N., Martínez S.A., Burdin A. and Gómez-Gallardo A.U. 2013. Report on the photographic comparison of the Sakhalin Island and Kamchatka Peninsula with the Mexican gray whale catalogues. Report SC/65a/BRG04 of the Scientific Committee IWC, Jeju, Republic of Korea, 3-15 June 2013. P 1-5. http://events.iwc.int/index.php/scientific/sc65a/paper/view/217/443 Vertyankin, V.V., V.C. Nikulin, A.M. Bednykh and A.P. Kononov. 2004. Sighting of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) near southern Kamchatka. In the book: Marine Mammals in the Holarctic. Collection of scientific papers of International Conference Koktebel, Crimea, Ukraine, October 11-17, 2004. P. 126-128. Vertyankin V.V., Vladimirov V.A., Tyurneva O.Yu., Yakovlev Yu.M., Andreev A.V. and Burkanov V.N. 2007. Sighting of gray whales (Eshrichtius robustus) offshore eastern Kamchatka and in the northern Sea of Okhotsk, 2006. Scientific Committee Papers International Whaling Commission, 59 annual meeting, Anchorage, USA, 2007. Electronic version SC/59/WP6, 8 pp. Weller, D.W. and R.L. Brownell Jr. 2000. Eschrichtius robustus (Asian or Northwest Pacific stock). In: Hilton-Tayler (comp.) 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN/SSC, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Weller, D.W., A.M. Burdin, A.L. Bradford, Y.V. Ivashchenko, G.A. Tsidulko, A.R. Lang, R.L. Brownell Jr. 2004. Western Gray Whales off Sakhalin Island, Russia: A Joint Russia- U.S. Scientific Investigation July-September 2003. Unpublished report for International Fund for Animal Welfare and International Whaling Commission by Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, CA, Kamchatka Branch of Pacific 39

Institute of Geography, Petropavlovsk, Russia, and the Alaska Sealife Center, Seward, AK. 41 p. Yablokov, A.V. and L.S. Bogoslovskaya. 1984. A review of Russian research on the biology and commercial whaling of the gray whale. Pages 465-485 In: M.L. Jones, S.L. Swartz, and S. Leatherwood (eds.) The gray whale Eschrichtius robustus, Academic Press, Orlando, FL. Yakovlev, Yu.M. Tyurneva, O.Yu. and Tombach Wright, Ch. 2009. Seasonal movements of western gray whales Eschrichtius robustus between the feeding areas on the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island (Russia) in 2002 2006. Asian Fisheries Science. Vol. 22, N 1, P. 191-202. Available online at www.asianfisheriessociety.org Yakovlev Yu.M., Tyurneva O.Yu., Vertyankin V.V., Gailey G. and Sychenko O. 2011. Discovering a new feeding area for calf-cow pairs of endangered western gray whales Eschrichtius robustus on the south-east shelf of Kamchatka in 2009 and their utilizing different feeding regions within one season. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research. Vol. 37, 1, P. 95-101. Yakovlev Y.Y., Tyurneva O. Y., Vertyankin V.V. 2013. Photographic identification of the gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) offshore northeastern Sakhalin Island and the southeastern shore of the Kamchatka Peninsula, 2012. Report for Exxon Neftegas Limited and Sakhalin Energy Investment Company, Limited, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia. P. 1-66. Yakovlev Yu.M., Tyurneva O.Yu., Vertyankin V.V. and Peter van der Wolf. 2015. Photoidentification of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) off the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island in 2014. Western gray whale advisory panel, 16th meeting WGWAP- 16/8-EN 22-24 November 2015, P. 1-50. (Technical report).. Doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.1209.4326 http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/wgwap_16 8_en_2014_photo_id_final_eng.pdf 40

STUDY PARTICIPANTS Project Areas Name: Place of Work Field Photography and Videography Offshore Sakhalin Photographer, vesselbased team leader Vessel-based team video camera operator Vessel-based team data recorder Vessel-based team boat operator Photographer, shorebased boat team leader Shore-based boat team data recorder Photographers, vehicle-based team leaders Vehicle-based team data recorders Yuri Mikhailovich Yakovlev Arseniy Yuryevich Yakovlev Yevgeni Pavlovich Shvetsov Nikolai Ivanovich Prokhorov Vladimir Vasilyevich Vertyankin Vladimir Vladimirovich Kuznetsov Peter van der Wolf, Sergei Vladimirovich Dubrovsky Andrey Alexandrovich Gribov Alexander Sergeyevich Kvashnin Project Management and Technical Support National Research Center of Marine Biology of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences National Research Center of Marine Biology of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences National Research Center of Marine Biology of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences National Research Center of Marine Biology of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Kronotsky preserve Sakhalin State University Geocon Sakhalin State University Sakhalin State University Project management Igor Nikolayevich Zhmayev LGL Eco LLC Technical support Yuri Bychkov LGL Limited, Canada Data analysis Data processing and analysis, catalogue preparation Image processing IT and computer support Report preapration Report Preparation Olga Yuryevna Tyurneva Yuri Mikhailovich Yakovlev Arseniy Yuryevich Yakovlev Olga Nikolayevna Miroshnikova Yevgeniy Pavlovich Shvetsov Svetlana Yurievna Neznanova Evgeniy Pavlovich Shvetsov Konstantin Anatolyevich Drozdov Yuri Mikhailovich Yakovlev Olga Yuryevna Tyurneva Photo-identification Laboratory of the National Research Center of Marine Biology of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok Photo-identification Laboratory of the National Research Center of Marine 41

Project Areas Name: Place of Work Biology of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 42

APPENDIX 43

Figure A1. Locations of photo-identified gray whale encounters off the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island in 2016. 44

Figure A2. Locations of photo-identified gray whale encounters off the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island in September for all years of 2002-2016 research. 45

Figure A3. Conventional gray whale research borders off the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island. 46

Table A1. Scope of photo-identification work and average sea depth during each mission off Sakhalin Island in 2016 (data from vessel-based and shore-based boat teams) Date Feeding Area Mission No. Average depth per mission Mission time 10.08.2016 Piltun 1 6,2 ± 1,1 2:01:00 02.09.2016 Piltun 1 9,8 ± 1,5 1:22:00 07.09.2016 Offshore 1 48,9 ± 0,9 2:46:00 08.09.2016 Offshore 1 48,8 ± 0,5 3:37:00 09.09.2016 Offshore 1 54,5 ± 0,5 3:16:00 09.09.2016 Offshore 2 48,0 ± --* 1:01:00 21.09.2016 Piltun 1 9,7 ± 0,7 2:30:00 22.09.2016 Piltun 1 10,3 ± 6,6 2:23:00 01.10.2016 Offshore 1 60,0 ± 0,4 2:35:00 01.10.2016 Offshore 2 60,0 ± 0,4 1:55:00 02.10.2016 Offshore 1 56,5 ± 1,3 2:15:00 02.10.2016 Offshore 2 56,5 ± 1,5 2:28:00 07.08.2016 Piltun 11 11,5 ± 9,7 5:23:00 09.08.2016 Piltun 11 8,0 ± -- 5:05:00 20.08.2016 Piltun 11 10,0 ± 1,1 4:40:00 21.08.2016 Piltun 11 4,0 ± -- 1:55:00 21.08.2016 Piltun 12 14,0 ± -- 1:45:00 27.08.2016 Piltun 11 12,0 ± 2,0 2:15:00 02.09.2016 Piltun 11 5,0 ± -- 6:55:00 03.09.2016 Piltun 11 12,0 ± -- 6:15:00 04.09.2016 Piltun 11 7,5 ± 1,0 3:55:00 05.09.2016 Piltun 11 6,0 ± -- 2:40:00 07.09.2016 Piltun 11 7,0 ± -- 4:20:00 19.09.2016 Piltun 11 7,0 ± -- 7:15:00 21.09.2016 Piltun 11 13,0 ± -- 5:55:00 24.09.2016 Piltun 11 12,0 ± 9,8 3:05:00 25.09.2016 Piltun 11 7,0 ± -- 2:50:00 Note: * The confidence interval cannot be calculated due to the small sample size. 47

Table A2. Number of gray whales identified off the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island in 2002 2016 Year Total number of whales per year Number of these that were identified in previous years New whales including calves New whales not including calves Whales observed in past years but not encountered this year Number of whales in catalogue 2002 47 0 47 47 2003 82 35 47 37 10 92 2004 96 72 24 21 22 118 2005 117 99 18 14 19 136 2006 121 108 13 8 27 148 2007 125 112 13 4 35 160 2008 98 93 5 0 67 165 2009 117 105 12 4 60 177 2010 105 95 10 2 82 187 2011 124 106 18 3 81 205 2012 144 130 14 5 75 219 2013 122 113 9 3 106 228 2014 137 122 15 3 106 243 2015 170* 154 16* 5* 89 259* 2016 128 113 15 1 146 274 Note: * Including two whales (KOGW257 and KOGW258) encountered in the Vostochny wildlife refuge in 2015. 48

Table A3. History of encounters with temporary whales History of identification of temporary gray whales (Temp000) in catalogue TempGW1 was first encountered in 2002 and was identified as KOGW139 in 2008 TempGW2 was first encountered in 2003 and was identified as KOGW135 in 2006 TempGW3 was first encountered in 2002 and was identified as KOGW108 in 2008 TempGW4 exists at present TempGW5 exists at present TempGW6 exists at present TempGW7 exists at present TempGW8 exists at present TempGW9 was first encountered in 2005 and was identified as KOGW129 in 2008 TempGW10 was first encountered in 2004 and was identified as KOGW116 in 2008 TempGW11 exists at present TempGW12 exists at present TempGW13 exists at present TempGW14 was first encountered in 2007 and was identified as KOGW158 in 2008 TempGW15 was added in the Temporary Gray Whales Catalogue in 2010 because of poor quality of the right side view TempGW16 was added in the Temporary Gray Whales Catalogue in 2011 because the right side view was not provided TempGW17 was identified as KOGW184 in 2012 upon receipt of the photos of suitable quality 49

Table A4. 2002-2016 Movement of whales between known feeding areas off the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island based on vessel-based team data year Number of whales identified in the Piltun area Number of whales identified only in the Piltun area Number of whales identified in Offshore area Number of whales identified only in the Offshore area Number of whales identified in the Offshore and Piltun areas Number of whales identified in the Chayvo area Number of whales identified in the Chayvo+Piltun/Chayvo areas Number of whales identified in the north areas Number of whales identified in Chayvo+Piltun+Offshore Number of whales identified near Okha 2002 13 12 35 34 1 2003 51 47 35 31 4 2004 95 89 7 1 6 2005 115 105 7 1 6 5 (1)* 2006 105 67 33 14 17 28(7)* 19/0 2 2007 103 45 71 25 38 20 12/0 8 2008 61 35 62 36 25 1(1)* 2009 79 66 39 24 13 14(6)* 6/2 (6)* 2010 94 78 21 9 11 - - - 9(4)* 2011 89 75 14 9 5 23(14)* 9/0 2012 87 61 74 54 19 10(3)* 6 1 2013 68 54 68 54 14 - - - - - 2014 82 63 74 55 19 2015 113 61 102 55 47 5 5/0 - - - 2016 74 67 61 54 7 - - - - - Note: * The values in parentheses show the number of animals that were recorded only in the specified area and not encountered in other studied areas. Table values can be changed annually based on an update to the catalogue, for example, as a result of correlating temporary whales. The numbers include temporary whales. 50

Table A5. Areas of identified gray whales encountered off the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island based on the results of all 2002-2016 expeditions 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Oha Oha ID P O C P O C P O C P O C El P O C P O C P O C P O C P O P O C P O C P O P O P O C P O 001 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 002 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 003 1 004 1 1 005 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 006 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 007 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 008 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 009 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 010 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 011 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 012 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 013 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 014 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 015 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 016 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 017 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 018 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 019 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 020 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 021 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 022 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 023 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 024 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 025 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 026 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 027 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 028 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 029 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 030 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 031 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 032 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 033 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 034 1 1 1 1 1 1 035 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 036 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 037 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 038 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 039 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 040 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 041 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 042 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 043 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 044 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 045 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 046 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 047 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 048 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 049 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 050 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 051 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 052 1 053 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 054 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 055 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 056 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 057 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 058 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 059 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 060 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 061 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 062 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 063 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 064 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 065 1 066 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 067 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 068 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 069 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Oha 51

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Oha Oha ID P O C P O C P O C P O C El P O C P O C P O C P O C P O P O C P O C P O P O P O C P O 070 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 071 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 072 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 073 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 074 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 075 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 076 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 077 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 078 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 079 1 1 1 080 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 081 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 082 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 083 1 1 1 1 084 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 085 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 086 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 087 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 088 1 089 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 090 1 1 1 1 1 091 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 092 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 093 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 094 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 095 1 1 1 1 1 096 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 097 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 098 1 099 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 100 1 101 1 102 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 103 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 104 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 105 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 106 1 1 1 107 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 108 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 109 1 1 1 110 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 112 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 113 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 114 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 115 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 116 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 117 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 118 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 119 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 120 1 121 1 1 1 1 1 1 122 1 123 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 124 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 125 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 126 1 127 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 128 1 129 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 130 1 131 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 132 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 133 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 134 1 135 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 136 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 137 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 138 1 1 1 Oha 52

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Oha Oha ID P O C P O C P O C P O C El P O C P O C P O C P O C P O P O C P O C P O P O P O C P O 139 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 140 1 141 1 142 1 143 1 144 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 145 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 146 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 147 1 1 1 1 1 1 148 1 149 1 150 1 151 1 152 1 153 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 154 1 155 1 156 1 157 1 158 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 159 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 160 1 1 1 1 1 161 1 162 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 163 1 164 1 165 1 166 1 167 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 168 1 1 1 1 1 169 1 1 1 170 1 171 1 1 1 1 172 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 173 1 1 1 1 1 1 174 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 175 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 176 1 177 1 1 1 1 1 1 178 1 1 1 1 179 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 180 1 181 1 1 182 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 183 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 184 1 1 1 1 1 1 185 1 186 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 187 1 1 188 1 189 1 1 1 1 1 1 190 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 191 1 192 1 193 1 1 1 1 1 194 1 1 1 1 195 1 196 1 197 1 198 1 1 1 1 1 1 199 1 1 1 1 1 200 1 1 201 1 1 1 1 1 202 1 1 1 203 1 204 1 205 1 1 206 1 1 1 1 1 207 1 1 1 1 1 Oha 53

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Oha ID P O C P O C P O C P O C El P O C P O C P O C P O C P O P O C P O C P O P O P O C P O 208 1 1 209 1 1 1 1 210 1 211 1 1 1 1 1 212 1 213 1 214 1 1 1 1 1 215 1 1 1 216 1 217 1 218 1 1 219 1 1 1 1 1 1 220 1 1 1 1 221 1 222 1 223 1 224 1 1 1 1 225 1 1 1 1 226 1 1 227 1 228 1 1 229 1 1 1 230 1 231 1 232 1 1 233 1 1 234 1 1 1 235 1 1 1 236 1 237 1 1 238 1 1 239 1 1 240 1 1 241 1 1 1 242 1 1 1 243 1 1 1 244 1 1 245 1 246 1 247 1 1 248 1 249 1 250 1 251 1 1 252 1 1 253 1 1 254 1 1 255 1 1 256 1 1 1 259 1 260 1 261 1 262 1 263 1 264 1 265 1 266 1 267 1 268 1 269 1 270 1 271 1 272 1 273 1 274 1 О Offshore area Р Piltun area С Chayvo site Oha near Okha El area beyond Cape Elizaveta Oha Oha 54

Table A6. Cow-calf pairs and calves without identified mothers recorded during surveys in 2003-2016 55