DEVIL S GARDEN PLATEAU WILD HORSE TERRITORY

DEVIL S GARDEN PLATEAU WILD HORSE TERRITORY EVALUATION OF MONITORING DATA FOR THE PURPOSE OF DETERMINING AN APPROPRIATE MANAGEMENT LEVEL Pacific Southwest Region Devil s Garden and Doublehead Ranger Districts Modoc National Forest January, 2013

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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS... i INTRODUCTION... 1 PURPOSE... 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE WILD HORSE TERRITORY... 2 SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY... 4 Scope... 4 Methodology... 4 Forage... 5 Water... 5 Cover and Space... 5 Summary... 5 Genetic Diversity... 7 FUTURE MONITORING... 7 EXISTING MANAGEMENT DIRECTION... 8 DESIRED CONDITIONS... 9 EVALUATION OF ALLOTMENT MONITORING... 10 Climate Data... 10 ALLOTMENT /AREA SPECIFIC EVALUATIONS... 12 CARR ALLOTMENT... 12 Location of Area... 12 Livestock Use... 12 Wild Horse Actual Use... 12 Upland Habitats... 13 Water Availability... 14 Riparian Habitats... 14 Conclusions... 14 Appropriate Management Level Determination... 15 AML for the Timbered Pasture... 15 AML for the Pothole Pasture... 16 Summary for Timbered and Pothole Pastures... 16 Recommendations... 16 Rationale... 16 EMIGRANT SPRING ALLOTMENT... 24 Location of Area... 24 Livestock Use... 24 Wild Horse Actual Use... 24 Upland Habitats... 24 Riparian Habitats... 25 Conclusions... 27 Appropriate Management Level Determination... 27 Calculation of AML... 27 Recommendations... 28

Rationale... 28 MOWITZ ALLOTMENT... 36 Location of Area... 36 Livestock Use... 36 Wild Horse Populations... 36 Upland Habitat... 36 Riparian Habitat... 36 Water Sources... 36 Conclusions... 36 Recommendations... 37 Rationale... 37 PINE SPRINGS... 40 Location of Area... 40 Livestock Use... 40 Wild Horse Actual Use... 40 Upland Habitats... 40 Riparian Habitats... 42 Water Availability... 43 Range Improvements... 43 Conclusions... 43 Appropriate Management Level Determination... 44 Calculation of AML... 44 Recommendations... 45 Rationale... 45 POTTERS... 53 Location of Area... 53 Wild Horse Populations... 53 Recommendations... 53 Rationale... 53 SURVEYORS VALLEY... 55 Location of Area... 55 Livestock Use... 55 Upland Habitat... 55 Riparian Habitat... 56 Water... 56 Conclusions... 56 Appropriate Management Level Determination... 56 Recommendations... 56 Rationale... 56 TIMBERED MOUNTAIN ALLOTMENT... 63 Location of Area... 63 Livestock Use... 63 Wild Horse Use... 63 Water... 64 Upland Habitat... 64 Riparian Habitat... 65

Conclusions... 66 Appropriate Management Level Determination... 67 Calculation of AML for the Black Rock Pasture... 67 Determination of AML for Cow Head, Timbered Mountain and Deer Hill Pastures... 67 Summary... 68 Recommendations... 68 Rationale... 68 REFERENCES... 75

INTRODUCTION The Wild Free-Roaming Wild Horses and Burros Act of 1971 (WFRHBA), requires the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management to manage wild horses in a manner to achieve and maintain a thriving natural ecological balance (TNEB) 1 and multiple-use relationship on public lands. To achieve TNEB, wild horses on the Modoc National Forest (MDF) should be managed to ensure significant progress is made toward achieving Forest Plan standards and guidelines for upland vegetation and riparian plant communities, watershed function, and habitat quality for animal populations, as well as other site-specific or landscape-level objectives, including those necessary to protect and manage Threatened, Endangered, and Sensitive Species. The 1991 Modoc National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan (Forest Plan) established an Appropriate Management Level (AML) of 275-335 wild horses and allocated a total of 4,400 animal unit months (AUMs) 2 for their use. Although the Triangle and Avanzino Ranch lands were included in the WHT boundary in the Forest Plan as a result of an administrative error, the AML was established as 0 wild horses for the two areas. This is because the Triangle Ranch lands were acquired in 2006 (nearly five years after the passage of the 1971 WFRHBA) and the high percentage of unfenced private land in the Avanzino Ranch. Since that time, periodic gathers have taken place in an attempt to keep wild horse populations in balance with available forage and water and other uses occurring within the area. PURPOSE The purpose of this document is to evaluate the current available information to determine if the appropriate management level (AML) established in the 1991 Forest Plan remains valid or should be adjusted. The goal is to establish and maintain an AML that will lead to the management of wild horses in a TNEB and desired multiple-use relationship over the longterm. In accordance with Forest Service policy and procedures, the AML is set as a population range with an upper and lower limit. The AML upper limit is defined as the maximum number of wild horses which results in a TNEB and maintains or improves conditions of the range. The AML lower limit is established at a number that allows the population to grow (at the annual population growth rate) to the upper limit over an extended period of time (four or more years), without interim gathers to remove excess wild horses. 1 The WFRHBA requires the BLM and the Forest Service to manage horses in a manner that is designed to achieve and maintain a thriving natural ecological balance on the public lands (16 USC 1333(a)). See also Animal Protection Institute of America, 109 IBLA 112, 115 (1989) ( the benchmark test for determining the suitable number of wild horses on the public range is thriving natural ecological balance ) (Dahl v. Clark, 600 F. Supp. 585, 594 (D. Nev. 1984)). 2 The appropriate management level (AML) is the number of adult horses or burros (expressed as a range with an upper and lower limit) to be managed within a WHT. Forage for wild horses and burros (expressed in AUMs) is allocated based on the AML upper limit. per Forest Service Policy, an adult wild horse has an animal unit factor of 1.2 and 14.4 AUMs of forage is needed to support one adult wild horse for one year. 1

When evaluating AML, Forest Service policy and procedures require the in-depth analysis of grazing utilization, range ecological condition and trend, actual use, and climate data (precipitation), population inventory, use patterns and animal distribution, among other data and information. DESCRIPTION OF THE WILD HORSE TERRITORY The Devil s Garden Plateau Wild Horse Territory (WHT) is located beginning about 7 miles north of Alturas, California (Map 1). The area consists of approximately 232, 521 acres of federally administered public land and is located entirely within Modoc County. The WHT is administered by the Devil s Garden and Doublehead Ranger Districts of the MDF. Three percent of the WHT (7,632 acres) consists of public lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management, Alturas Field Office. The area is relatively flat. The majority of the area is below 5,200 feet above sea level (ASL). The western portion is about 4,600-4,900 feet ASL, while the eastern portion is about 4,700-5,300 feet ASL. Map 1: Location Map All or a portion of eight grazing allotments lie within the WHT (Map 2 and Table 1). 2

Map 2: Affected Livestock Grazing Allotments Table 1: Allotments, Landownership and Acres within Devil s Garden Wild Horse Territory Allotment Acres in WHT Total Acres Percent in the WHT Landownership Carr 44,180 108,437 40.7% National Forest East Grizzlie 3 712 35,055 2.0% National Forest Emigrant Springs 43,793 46,131 94.9% National Forest and BLM Mowitz 22,516 69,282 32.5% National Forest Pine Springs 40,278 44,538 90.4% National Forest Potters 4,812 26,311 18.3% National Forest Surveyors Valley 25,754 26,403 97.5% National Forest Timbered Mountain 50,475 63,092 80.0% National Forest 232,521 419,249 The WHT lies within the sage steppe ecosystem. The primary vegetation components are sagebrush, bitterbrush and perennial grasses. Western juniper occurs throughout the area and has markedly increased in density over the past one hundred years. Ephemeral lakebeds are scattered throughout the area and provide important habitat for waterfowl when flooded and to wild horses, livestock and other wildlife species when dry. Scattered springs and seeps provide forage, water and habitat for livestock, wild horses and a host of wildlife species. In some areas, primarily in the northern portions of the WHT, there are stands of Ponderosa pine, with bitterbrush, mountain mahogany and perennial grass understories. Some areas within the WHT have become monocultures of non-native grass species (including cheatgrass and medusahead). 3 While the East Grizzlie area is available for use by wild horses, it comprises only three-hundredths of a percent of the entire WHT. As a result, the 712 acres in East Grizzlie area will not be considered further in this evaluation. 3

The largest extent of cheatgrass and medusahead occurs in the Emigrant Spring area. The Pine Springs area also sees these invasive species as a component on some range sites. Other uses within the WHT include timber harvest, livestock grazing, wood cutting, hunting, fishing, camping and day use. Big game animals (mule deer, antelope, and an estimated elk population of about 600 animals) occupy the area. The area also provides habitat for many game and non-game birds. Predators, including coyotes and mountain lions occur throughout the area, but appear to be having a minimal impact on wild horse populations at the present time. Mountain lions are a protected species in California and assumed to be at optimum capacity within the WHT. SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY Scope The scope of this evaluation is limited to the evaluation of carrying capacity (AML) for wild horses. The evaluation will determine if the existing AML is valid or needs to be adjusted (either up or down) based on an analysis of the current available data. If the AML is determined to be no longer valid, a revised AML will be proposed. The proposed AML would then be analyzed as part of the MDF s proposal to revise the existing Territory Management Plan (TMP) for the Devil s Garden WHT. This evaluation will not address stocking rates for domestic livestock. Forest Service policy and procedures provide for making any necessary changes in livestock grazing use in a number of ways. As an example, corrective actions can be specified in the livestock operator s Annual Operating Instructions or permits can be administered to ensure compliance with the terms and conditions and conformance with Forest Plan standards and guidelines. Other appropriate administrative actions can also be taken as needed. Methodology Evaluation of AML will be completed in accordance with the procedures outlined in H-4700-1 (Wild Horses and Burros Management Handbook, BLM, July 2010) 4. Review of the current available information and in-depth evaluation of the monitoring data was completed on an allotment-specific basis. A summary of the allotment-specific evaluations is provided on Page 6. Detailed allotment/area-specific evaluations can be found beginning on Page 12. Habitat for wild horses is composed of four essential components: forage, water, cover and space. 4 See Chapter Four and Appendix 3 in the Wild Horses and Burros Handbook for additional information. The Handbook is available at: http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/wo/information_resources_management/ policy/blm_handbook.par.11148.file.dat/h-4700-1.pdf. 4

Forage The amount of forage available for wild horse use is expressed in animal unit months (AUMs). An AUM is 1,000 pounds of air-dried forage needed to support one cow (one animal unit) for one month. Per Forest Service Policy, an adult wild horse has an animal unit factor of 1.2 and 14.4 AUMs of forage would be needed to support one adult wild horse for one year. The amount of sustainable forage available for wild horse use will be determined based on the results of utilization monitoring and use pattern mapping and other data and information for the years evaluated. Forage production can vary substantially from year to year based on the timing and amount of precipitation received. Under the same level of grazing, use pattern mapping may indicate light to moderate utilization in above normal precipitation years, yet indicate heavy or severe utilization in below normal precipitation years. The nature of the forage (i.e., perennial vs. annual) will also be considered. While annual forage may be available to support wild horse use during years with normal or above normal precipitation, it may be greatly reduced in below average precipitation years. As a result, annual forage is not typically used to support or justify wild horse numbers within a WHT. Within perennial ranges, the production of perennial species may also be greatly reduced during drought, and the production of annual grasses and forbs may be largely absent. The flexibility to remove wild horses in below average forage years, or to move the animals to another area, can be constrained by funding, contractor capability, facility space, or animal behavior. To prevent range damage or adverse impacts to animal health, the upper limit of AML will be established in consideration of the most limiting forage (or water) production years. Water The amount of water available for wild horse use is based on public, natural waters (i.e., water occurring on private lands is not considered unless a written agreement with the private landowner is obtained). Water availability during drought conditions is also considered. Sufficient water for wild horses must be available during drought to achieve and maintain a thriving natural ecological balance and multiple use relationship. Cover and Space A recurring pattern of wild horses moving outside the WHT to access forage, water, or thermal or hiding cover is an indication year-round wild horse use cannot be sustained. When one or more of the key habitat components is missing, the WHT should be considered as unsuitable for year-round use. Summary As a first step in the evaluation process, these habitat components were considered in order to determine the suitability of each area within the Devil s Garden WHT to support populations of wild horses on a long-term and year-round, continuous basis (Table 2). 5

Table 2: Habitat Suitability by Allotment/Area in the WHT Habitat Component* Allotment/WHT Area Forage Water Cover Space West Portion Carr S S S S Surveyors S S S S Mowitz S U S S Potters S S S U *S (Suitable), U (Unsuitable) East Portion Pine Springs S S S S Emigrant Spring S S S S Timbered Mtn. S S/U S S East Grizzlie S S S U At this time, wild horses leave the portion of the Mowitz Allotment in the WHT for water. As a result, it appears the area is unable to provide suitable habitat for year-round wild horse use. Monitoring also indicates that the Cow Head Pasture in the Timbered Mountain Allotment may not provide suitable habitat. Limited water is available in this pasture after mid-season on most years. Only 4,812 acres of the Potters Allotment (18%) falls within the WHT. Similarly, only 2 percent of the East Grizzlie Allotment is in the WHT (712 acres). Neither the Potters, nor East Grizzlie Allotment, appear to provide adequate space to sustain a year-round population of reproducing wild horses. Table 3 summarizes the results of the allotment/area-specific evaluations which were conducted to determine the proposed AML. Table 3: Proposed Appropriate Management Level Allotment West Portion Acres Within the WHT AML Lower Limit (Number Horses) AML Upper Limit (Number Horses) Carr 44,180 32 78 Surveyors Valley 25,754 23 55 Mowitz 22,516 30 30* Potters 4,812 20 20* Total for the West Portion 97,262 105 183 East Portion Pine Springs 40,278 29 72 Emigrant Springs 43,793 24 61 (includes affected BLM land) Timbered Mountain 50,475 48 86 East Grizzlie 712 0 0 Total for the East Portion 135,258 101 219 Total for the WHT 232,520 206 402 *These AMLs are taken from the 1991 Forest Plan. The proposed AML for the Devil s Garden WHT has been determined through in-depth analysis and evaluation of the current available monitoring data and other information. It has been completed in compliance with direction provided by Forest Service regulations and 6

policy, the 1991 Forest Plan, procedures found in BLM Handbook H-4700-1 (Wild Horses and Burros Management Handbook), and in compliance with the 1971 WFRHBA. For the Mowitz and Potters Allotments, no data exists to validate or adjust AML as these areas are not currently occupied by wild horses. Therefore, current AMLs from the Forest Plan have been carried forward. The proposed AML is expected to maintain or improve existing range ecological conditions, and to achieve and maintain a TNEB and multiple-use relationship, as required in the 1971 WFRHBA. The AML upper limit is the number of wild horses that can currently be maintained over the long-term, in balance with the productive capacity of the habitat (the available forage, water, cover and space) and other multiple-uses. The AML lower limit is set to allow the wild horse population to grow at the average annual population growth rate to the upper limit over an extended period of time (four or more years) without the need for interim gathers to remove excess animals. This should lead to fewer gathers to maintain wild horse population size over time. Fewer animals also would need to be removed during each gather. Less frequent gathers would result in less stress to individual animals and the herd and fewer potential impacts to the herd s social structure as compared to the existing situation. Genetic Diversity A minimum population size of 50 breeding effective breeding animals (i.e., a total population size of 150-200 animals) is recommended to maintain an acceptable level of genetic diversity within reproducing wild horse and burro (WH&B) populations. The proposed AML, coupled with known movement of animals between each allotment and pasture, is expected to maintain an acceptable level of genetic diversity. Because a baseline has not yet been established for this herd, genetic material (hair samples) should be collected during the first gather. To detect any change from the baseline, genetic diversity should be reassessed at least every 6-10 years. FUTURE MONITORING Following attainment of AML, intensive monitoring should occur for at least 2 years to determine if further adjustments in the AML or other management actions are needed in order to meet the Forest Plan standards and guidelines and achieve and maintain satisfactory range and riparian ecologic conditions. Long-term resource monitoring should also be designed to determine if management changes are necessary in the future as on-the-ground conditions change (e.g., wildfire, extreme drought, etc.). Monitoring should consist of: Assessing range readiness (Forest Service Region 5 Range Readiness Method). Monitoring total herbivore use within established key areas (Landscape Appearance Method). Locating any additional key areas that may be necessary and monitoring total herbivore use within those areas. 7

Monitoring utilization, stubble height, bare soil (alteration) and use on shrubs (if applicable) of key springs, seeps and meadows annually using methods outlined in the MDF 2008 Implementation Monitoring Guide. Animal condition would be observed as part of routine range and riparian monitoring (Henneke Body Condition Method). Determining Ecological Condition using USFS procedures. Conducting aerial inventory using scientifically-based methods and procedures to produce reliable estimates of wild horse population numbers. Determining a genetic diversity baseline during the initial gather(s). Once a baseline is established, genetic diversity will be reassessed at every other gather (6-10 years), or more frequently if testing indicates diversity is less than desired. EXISTING MANAGEMENT DIRECTION The 1991 Forest Plan provides the following direction for rangeland resources and wild horse management: Manage the Forest for improved rangeland condition with permitted grazing and forage capacity in balance (page 4-1). Maintain or enhance satisfactory ecological condition (page 4-18). Contribute to the community economy and provide for sustained outputs of forage products (page 4-2). Provide diverse and productive habitat for a variety of wildlife and fish species (page 4-2). Maintain soil productivity by applying guidelines to areas where management prescriptions are applies: land for timber production, range allotments, and other areas where healthy or productive vegetation is desired (page 4-21). Manage allotments to protect soil, water and streamside-dependent resources (page 4-19). Protect habitat for sensitive plants (page 4-3). Maintain the wild horse population between 275 and 335 animals (page 4-3). Every ten years revise the herd management plan for each territory, including forage allocation for horses within the carrying capacity of the territory. Cooperate with the Bureau of Land Management in the capture and placement of animals (page 4-19). Monitor the impacts of wild horses on rangeland in allotments where wild horses are present. Determine if wild horse numbers should be adjusted on high impact areas (page 4-19). Under the 1991 Forest Plan, allowable forage utilization of key plants is established as follows: - Up to 50% utilization by weight on permanent rangelands in satisfactory ecological condition. - No more than 30% utilization by weight on permanent rangelands in unsatisfactory ecological condition. Subsequent to the 1991 Forest Plan, three documents have added additional management requirements. 8

1996 Biological Assessment (BA) for Grazing Management on Allotments within the Range of Lost River sucker, shortnose sucker and Modoc sucker (Big Valley, Doublehead, and Devil s Garden Ranger Districts; 2004 Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment (SNFPA) Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement; and 2008 Sage Steppe Ecosytem Restoration Strategy. These documents contain management guidance relevant to the management of wild horses and other herbivores. The 1996 Biological Assessment (BA) for Grazing Management on Allotments within the Range of Lost River sucker, shortnose sucker and Modoc sucker (Big Valley, Doublehead, and Devil s Garden Ranger Districts). Under the provisions of this document, allowable utilization is limited to: Maximum allowable utilization of total herbaceous forage species within key areas of 50 percent by weight. Maximum allowable utilization of woody species of 40 percent of current year s growth. No more than 20 percent stream bank alteration by grazing animals. The 2004 Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment (SNFPA) Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (Volume 1 Appendix A, pages 358 and 359). Under the provisions of this document, allowable utilization is limited to: Under season-long grazing, utilization of grass and grass-like plants is limited to 30 percent (or minimum 6 inch stubble height) for meadows in early seral status to a maximum of 40 percent for meadows in late seral status. Degraded meadows with greater than 10 percent bare soil and active erosion require total rest from grazing until they have recovered and moved to mid or late seral status. Browsing will not exceed 20 percent of the annual leader growth of riparian shrubs. 2008 Sage Steppe Ecosystem Restoration Strategy. Under the provisions of this plan, juniper treatment projects could be implemented to restore the sage-steppe ecosystem on the MDF. This could result in the creation of additional forage that could potentially be available in the future for use by wild horses and other herbivores. DESIRED CONDITIONS In accordance with the guidance provided in the 1991 Forest Plan, the desired conditions for the wild horse territories are: Manage rangeland vegetation in a manner that achieves and maintains satisfactory ecological condition on rangelands. Protect soil, water and streamside-dependent resources. Make forage available for use by livestock, wild horses, and wildlife. Manage livestock and wild horses to maintain range resource productivity. Adjust term permitted livestock use (either up or down), as needed, based on in-depth analysis of resource monitoring data. Adjust the Appropriate Management Level (AML) for wild horses (either up or down), as needed, based on in-depth analysis of resource monitoring data. 9

EVALUATION OF ALLOTMENT MONITORING Monitoring has been conducted on an ongoing basis. Rangeland monitoring has focused mainly on the key use areas. In addition, comprehensive monitoring was completed in 2012. Detailed data and information about the current wild horse population and their habitat was collected to facilitate revision of the Devil s Garden Wild Horse Territory Management Plan. Data collected included forage utilization and use patterns, stream bank alteration or riparian area trampling and residual stubble heights, rangeland and riparian habitat health, animal distribution and ground observations of animal populations (including animal health and number of foals and adults). Utilization, stubble height and bank alteration measurements were made in accordance with the 2008 Modoc National Forest Implementation Monitoring Guide. Apparent ecological condition was estimated for each area in consideration of the parameters found in the Forest Service s 2003 publication titled: Indicators of Rangeland Health and Functionality in the Intermountain West. The ecologic condition of riparian habitats (streams and springs) was estimated in consideration of those attributes found in the Riparian Condition Matrix (2000) developed by the MDF. Monitoring is designed to measure progress toward meeting the Desired Conditions identified in the 1991 Forest Plan. The purpose of this evaluation is to determine: (1) the relationship between the existing and desired condition; (2) whether or not Forest Plan standards are being met; and (3) determine if any changes in the existing management will be needed in order to meet the desired conditions. In-depth evaluation of the available monitoring data and other information was completed on an allotment/area specific-basis. See Table 1 (Page 3) for a listing of the affected allotments/areas. Climate Data Data from the Alturas Station and Crowder Station has been considered in this evaluation. Climate data for these two stations is summarized in Table 5 and 6. Table 5: Station: Alturas, California Elevation: 4,400 feet No. Temperature Highest Year Months Maximum Minimum Total Precipitation Reported Mean High Days 90 Degrees Days to 32 Degrees Precipitation Amount Month/Inches 2012 12 50.5 98 25 78 8.02 April 1.59 2011 12 n/a 94 7 85 5.27 April 1.18 2010 12 48.6 98 30 147 13.57 December 2.88 2009 12 57.8 101 35 136 9.26 June 1.75 2008 12 47.2 102 30 152 8.3 May 2.79 2007 12 42.6 108 27 226 9.82 October 2.13 2006 12 46.8 103 55 162 9.77 April 2.42 2005 12 46.7 102 49 215 15.56 December 3.98 2004 12 47.5 99 45 233 12.99 October 3.14 2003 12 50.3 105 60 153 11.34 May 2.04 10-Year Average 48.7 101 36 159 10.1 10

Data for the Alturas Station (4,400 feet ASL) indicates that total precipitation averaged just over 10 inches per year over the past ten years. During 6 of the last 10 years less than 10 inches total precipitation was received. 2011 and 2012 were particularly dry, with total precipitation of only 5.27 inches during 2011 and only 5.26 inches during the first nine months of 2012. Table 6: Station: Crowder Flat Guard Station Elevation: 5,200 feet No. Temperature Highest Year Months Maximum Minimum Total Precipitation Reported Mean High Days 90 Degrees Days to 32 Degrees Precipitation Amount Month/Inches 2012 12 41.1 89 0 131 19.87 December-3.99 2011 12 26.5 88 0 273 15.64 April 4.09 2010 12 43.4 91 2 201 26.25 December 5.60 2009 12 44.6 93 0 210 18.24 December 2.68 2008 12 44.6 94 5 227 22.01 January 5.27 2007 12 40.5 99 7 237 16.57 April 2.51 2006 12 44.1 94 10 204 19.83 January 3.49 2005 12 45 93 5 202 28.47 May 6.19 2004 12 44.7 91 3 198 16.84 February 3.02 2003 12 45.8 99 11 186 25.49 December 5.40 10-Year Average 42.03 93 4 207 20.02 Data for the Crowder Station (5,300 feet ASL) indicates an average of about 20 inches of total precipitation per year over the past 10 years. However, less than 20 inches of precipitation was received 6 of the last ten years. Again, 2011 and 2012 were particularly dry, with total precipitation of 15.64 inches during 2011 and only 10.9 inches during the first nine months of 2012. 11

ALLOTMENT /AREA SPECIFIC EVALUATIONS 5 This section of the document analyzes the data and other information available for each affected allotment/area within the WHT. Each section includes a summary, conclusion and recommendations for future management. CARR ALLOTMENT Location of Area The southern boundary of the Carr Allotment is located about twenty miles north of Canby (Attachment 1). Elevations range from 4,529 feet ASL in the vicinity of Clear Lake to 5,200 feet on Bird Springs Ridge. Approximately 41% (44,180 acres) of the allotment falls within the WHT. Livestock Use The MDF has permitted 5,000 AUMs of cattle with a variable season of use for the Carr Allotment. Actual use has averaged only 3,123 AUMs over the past 5 years (62% of the permitted use). The livestock operator reports economic impacts to his operation the past 5 years due to the escalating wild horse population. Fence maintenance costs increased by $1,500 in 2010, and in 2011 costs increased by almost $24,500 for fence maintenance, monitoring, and replacement pasture rental for the grazing the operator was required to forego due to the degree of wild horse use. In 2008 and 2011, the operator was not able to graze the Timbered Pasture because of wild horse use. In 2012, the operator reduced his grazing use in the Timbered Pasture by 50% (490 AUMs). There was also no livestock use in the Pothole Pasture in 2012. Wild Horse Actual Use The 2010 aerial census and ground observations during 2012 indicate substantial use by wild horses in the Timbered Pasture. An estimated 116 wild horses are using the pasture year-round. An estimated 26 adult horses used the Pothole Pasture in 2012 (Attachment 2). Only 2 wild horses were counted during the 2010 aerial survey of the Pinnacle Pasture. However, 6 adults and 3 foals were observed in summer 2012. Wild horse use appears to concentrate in the southern portion of the Timbered Pasture. Highest concentrations occur in the southeast corner next to the Avanzino Ranch private lands. During 2012, animals also concentrated their use in the central portion of the Pothole Pasture. The 2012 observations are consistent with those made in prior years. This evaluation will be limited to the Timbered and Pothole Pastures because only a few animals were observed Pinnacle Pasture and none were observed in the other pastures. An estimated 116 wild horses are using the Timbered Pasture. In 2012, actual wild horse use was an estimated 1,670 AUMS or 77% of the total grazing use in the Timbered Pasture. 5 The habitat suitability of each area for the year-round and long term maintenance of wild horses is summarized on Page 5 (Table 1.) The AML proposed for the Devil s Garden Plateau WT is summarized on Page 6 (Table 2.) 12

It is estimated there were 26 wild horses in the Pothole Pasture for another 374 AUMs of grazing use (100% of all grazing use made). The overall body condition of the horses observed was good. Upland Habitats The majority of the uplands in the Timbered Pasture appear to be in satisfactory ecological condition. Native perennial species are present throughout the range sites. Annuals such as medusahead, cheatgrass and foxtail are competing with native herbaceous species on some range sites. In the Boles Tank area, wild horses have removed the vegetation and excavated large areas of soil in search of salt or other minerals (Photo 1). Photo 1: Area near Boles Tank where wild horses have excavated the soil in search of salt or other minerals. A utilization pattern map (Attachment 3) was completed in 2012 to determine the number of acres by utilization class for the Timbered Pasture (table below). Utilization Category Slight Light Moderate Heavy Severe Extreme (6-20%) (21-40%) (41-60%) (61-80%) (81-94%) (95-100%) Acres in Each Utilization Category --- 3,947 6,859 1,183 457 --- During 2012, 1,640 acres of the Timbered Pasture received heavy or severe use. Of this, 490 AUMs is attributable to actual use by livestock (23% of the total use.) End of season utilization data was also collected for the Timbered Pasture during 2009, 2010 and 2011 (Attachment 4.) This data shows utilization standards were exceeded at 6 of 7 study locations each year. During 2008 and 2011 no livestock use occurred in the Timbered Pasture. For 2009, 1,458 AUMs were used by livestock in the Timbered Pasture. In summary, this data indicates that utilization has exceeded the standards prescribed in the Forest Plan and the 1996 Biological Assessment. Use pattern mapping was also conducted in the fall of 2011. This data showed that 1,286 acres had been grazed to the extreme utilization category (<95%) by wild horses (no livestock use during 2011). Use pattern mapping repeated in the spring of 2012 revealed 523 acres in the heavy category (61-80%), 718 acres in the severe category (81-94%) and 1,449 acres in the extreme category. 13

Water Availability The Timbered Pasture contains nine stock tanks. Each held water into the late season. This area appears to have adequate water for a year round population of wild horses. Riparian Habitats There are no riparian habitats in the Timbered Pasture. Key riparian areas, including an 8 mile stretch of Boles Creek in the Pothole Pasture, have been fenced to exclude livestock grazing use two out of every four years. Horse use occurs within the Pothole Pasture year-round. In 2009, wild horses damaged the interior enclosure fencing and grazed a spring area to the extreme category, resulting in unsatisfactory conditions (Photos 2 and 3). Photo 2: Spring inside Pothole Pasture showing Extreme utilization and trampling by wild horses (2009). Photo 3: Different view of the same spring in Photo 2. Riparian monitoring in the Pothole Pasture (Attachment 5) indicates that except for the instance described above, the riparian areas are in satisfactory condition and stubble height and alteration standards have been met. Conclusions The current number of wild horses in the Timbered Pasture of the Carr Allotment is not achieving a thriving natural ecological balance over a substantial portion of the area. However, wild horse use in other pastures appears to be in balance with the carrying capacity and other uses: 1. Wild horses are contributing to overutilization of upland vegetation. In 2012, the effects of overutilization were evident with 1,640 acres (13% of the pasture) receiving heavy to severe utilization. Only 26% of the total use in this pasture is attributable to livestock use. 2. Utilization studies for 2009, 2010, 2011 and the spring of 2012 also indicate Forest Plan standards for upland forage utilization were exceeded in the Timbered Pasture. 14

3. By comparison, use by wild horses resulted in slight use over the majority of the Pothole Pasture. Riparian objectives were met every year (except 2009 when extreme utilization by wild horses resulted in damage to the enclosed spring area and led to unsatisfactory ecological conditions). 4. The Pinnacle Pasture has minimal wild horse use at this time. No animals were evident in the Lone Pine or Red Lake Pastures during 2012. Although little or no use is currently occurring, the three pastures do appear to have the necessary habitat components to support additional wild horses on a year-round basis over the long term. Appropriate Management Level Determination The stocking rate determination outlined below is for wild horses. It is limited to evaluation of the current available monitoring data and other information for the Timbered and Pothole Pastures (these pastures are the only areas in Carr that show substantial use by wild horses at this time.) The AML for the Timbered Pasture was calculated using the formula in BLM Handbook H-4700-1. Utilization classes and acreages are taken from 2012 use pattern map data. The stocking rate calculation is based on the 1,640 acres in the heavy and severe utilization classes. These areas are of particular concern as rangeland is in deteriorating condition. Utilization data from 2009, 2010, 2011 and the spring of 2012 also indicate that utilization levels did not meet standards. Climate data indicates 2012 was a poor precipitation year. Only about one-half of the average annual precipitation was received at the Alturas and Crowder Flat weather stations. Further review of climate data indicates below average precipitation for 6 of the past 10 years. AML for the Timbered Pasture 2012 Utilization Categories and Acres by Category Utilization Categories Mid-Point of Utilization Category Acres in Each Utilization Category Extreme 97.5% -0- Severe 88% 457 Heavy 70% 1,183 Total Acres 1,640 Estimate of Adults in Population: 116 Period of Use: 8 months from March 1, 2012- October 31, 2012 (end of the monitoring period) Determination of Weighted Average Utilization (457 acres x.88% use) + (1,183 acres x.70% use) =.75 (Weighted Average 1,640 (total acres in the heavy-severe use class) Utilization) Determination of Potential Carrying Capacity (AML) for Wild Horses 116 adults x 8 months* = 928 Horse Months** 928 HMs x.50 (Desired Utilization) = 619 Horse Months.75 (Weighted Average Utilization) 619 AUMs = 52 wild horses 12 months (Upper Limit of AML) 619 HMs X 1.2 AU Factor = 743 AUMs 15

*An 8 month period is used for this calculation because the utilization data to determine the Weighted Average Utilization was based upon 2012 production of forage grasses. This period effectively began March 1 and ran through October when the cumulative utilization was measured in the field. For the DGWHT, green-up normally begins in March, with most of the growth of forage species occurring after April of each year. **1.0 Horse Month is equivalent to 1.2 AUMs as per Forest Service policy. AML for the Pothole Pasture Utilization data for the Pothole Pasture indicates slight utilization of upland key forage species in 2010 and 2011, by an estimated 17 and 21 wild horses (respectively) (Attachment 4). The Pothole pasture was rested from livestock use during 2009 and 2012. No impact to riparian conditions would be expected to occur with grazing by the current estimated number of wild horses (26 head). However, increased impacts to stream bank stability could be expected with year-round use by a greater number of wild horses. Therefore, it is recommended the upper range of AML be set at 26 wild horses for the Pothole Pasture. Summary for Timbered and Pothole Pastures In-depth evaluation of the existing monitoring data indicates an AML upper limit of 78 wild horses should be established for the Carr area. The average annual growth rate for this herd is 25 percent. To allow the population to grow from the lower limit to the upper limit over a period of at least four years, the AML lower limit should be established at 32 wild horses. Recommendations 1. An AML range of 32 to 78 wild horses should be established for the Carr Area of the Devil s Garden WHT. 2. After AML is achieved, intensive monitoring should be completed for at least 2 years. 3. Wild horses should not be relocated into the Pinnacle, Red Lake or Lone Pine Pastures at this time. Although these areas appear suitable for the long-term maintenance of wild horses, animals should be encouraged to move into these pastures on their own. As horses establish home ranges in these pastures, the AML should be adjusted as indicated based on monitoring. 4. Spring enclosures within the Pothole Pasture should be rebuilt to better exclude wild horses. This would allow spring areas in unsatisfactory ecological condition to be fully rested from grazing use. 5. Until final AMLs are established in the Pinnacle, Red Lake and Lone Pine Pastures, gathers and removals to achieve and maintain AML should be limited to the Timbered and Pothole Pastures. Rationale Implementation of the proposed AML of 32 to 78 wild horses should ensure that utilization objectives in the upland habitats are met. Meeting utilization objectives would be expected to maintain riparian areas in satisfactory ecologic condition and maintain or increase the amount of water and forage available for use by all herbivores. The potential for invasion of medusahead and other annuals into other range sites would be minimized. Future monitoring should be conducted to determine if the AML is achieving the desired conditions. Monitoring data should be periodically reviewed to determine if further 16

adjustments in the AML or other management actions are necessary to meet Forest Plan standards and guidelines and the desired habitat conditions. 17

Carr Attachment 1- Carr Area Map 18

Carr Attachment 2 Wild Horse Populations (Carr) Year Pasture Estimated Number of Adults in AUMs for 12 Months Population* 2010 Timbered 74 1,066 2011 93 1,339 2012 116 1,670 2010 Pothole 17 249 2011 21 302 2012 26 374 *Number of adult horses. Estimates are made based on an average annual population growth rate of 25%. Foals are not counted as adults until January of the subsequent year in which they were born. 19

Carr Attachment 3 20

Carr Attachment 4: Utilization (Carr) Date* Pasture Key Area/ Geographical Area6 Study Type Standard Study Result Standard Met/ Not Met 2009 Timbered K16 Herbaceous 50% 59% Not Met 2009 Boles Tank 88%** Not Met 2010 K16 39% Met 2010 Boles Tank 88%** Not Met 2011 Boles Tank 97%** Not Met 2011 W. of Timbered 43% Met Ridge Res. 4/2012 Boles Tank 97%** Not Met 4/2012 W. of Timbered 90% Not Met Ridge Res. 4/2012 South of Pothole 69% Not Met 2010 Pothole K15 Herbaceous 45% 13% Met 2011 K15 45% 11% Met 2011 K13 50% 13% Met 2011 K14 18% Met *End of season utilization unless otherwise noted. ** From utilization mapping. The mid-point of the utilization category is shown. 6 Key Areas shown in Attachment 6. 21

Carr Attachment 5: Riparian Habitat Monitoring (Pothole Pasture) Date* Study Location 7 Apparent Condition Type of Study 2010 Pothole K15 Satisfactory Stubble Ht. Alteration 2011 Pothole K15 Stubble Ht. Alteration 2011 Pothole K13 Stubble Ht. Alteration 2011 Pothole K14 Stubble Ht. Alteration *End of season monitoring unless otherwise specified Standard 4 <20% 4 <20% 4 <20% 4 <20% Study Result 9.3 12% 10.8 11% 12 52% 9.8 23% Standard Met/ Not Met Met Met Met Met Met Not Met Met Not Met 7 Key Areas shown on Attachment 6. 22

Carr Attachment 6 Carr Key Areas 23

EMIGRANT SPRING ALLOTMENT Location of Area The southern boundary of the Emigrant Spring Allotment is located about 7 miles north of Alturas (Attachment 1). Elevations range from 5,380 feet at the top of Round Mountain to 4,860 feet in the vicinity of Kelly Springs. The total area is approximately 46,130 acres. Of this, 43,800 acres (95%), including 7,632 acres of BLM administered land, is in the WHT. Livestock Use The MDF has permitted 2,516 AUMs of forage use for cattle from 5/1-9/30 each year. Actual use by cattle has averaged 2,353 AUMs (93% of the total permitted) over the past 5 years. During 2012, actual use by livestock was 2,135 AUMs (85% of the permitted use). Wild Horse Actual Use In 2012, actual use by wild horses is estimated at 3,211 AUMs. This estimate is based on a population size of about 223 wild horses. Wild horse use comprised 60% of the total grazing use made in the area as of October 31, 2012 (Attachment 2). Wild horse use is distributed though out Emigrant Spring. The southwest portion has the least amount of horse use, while the central portion of the area from Pretty Tree Reservoir north to the allotment boundary receives heavy use (Attachment 3). Upland Habitats Upland habitats generally appear to be in unsatisfactory ecological condition. Many of the expected perennial vegetation species are missing from the range sites. As shown in Photos 1 and 2, invasive species such as medusahead and other annuals are dominant on about 11,000 acres (25%). In addition, western juniper occupies much of the area at varying densities. On range sites with high densities of juniper, the production of forage species is being negatively impacted (less forage is available for herbivore use.) Emigrant Photos 1-2 Photo 1: Medusahead thatch in Emigrant Spring (October 2012). Photo 2: Upland dominated by annuals. 24

An end of the season utilization pattern map (Attachment 4) was completed in 2012. The map documents the acres by utilization class found for the Emigrant Spring area. Results are summarized in the table below. Utilization Category Excluded Slight Light Moderate Heavy Severe Extreme Acres* (6-20%) (21-40%) (41-60%) (61-80%) (81-94%) (95-100%) Acreage in Utilization 11,260 6,440 9,370 10,828 4,811 1,085 --- *Excluded acres include 4,964 acres of annuals and 6,033 acres of medusahead. These areas no longer have the capability to provide forage on a year-round sustainable basis. About 263 acres of water (reservoirs) is also excluded. End of season utilization data was also collected on the Emigrant Spring area during 2008, 2009 and 2011 (Attachment 5). Utilization standards were exceeded in about 80% of these studies. In 2011, approximately 4,150 acres was determined to be in the moderate utilization category and 1,850 acres in the heavy category (end of the grazing season utilization studies). By spring 2012, approximately 3,040 acres had increased to the extreme use category (95-100% utilization) based on repeat utilization studies conducted prior to livestock turnout. The large increase in acres in the severe utilization category as of spring 2012 is attributable to fallwinter-spring wild horse use. Utilization in excess of the standards set in the Forest Plan is occurring in most of the uplands. Riparian Habitats Riparian areas in the Emigrant Spring area consist of scattered springs and the Kelly Springs complex that is approximately 3 miles in length. Monitoring data indicates that these areas are in unsatisfactory condition as evidenced by bank alteration, trampling (hummocking) and the degree of bare ground (Photos 3-7). Emigrant Photos 3-7 Photo 3: Bowers Spring (October Photo 4: Unnamed Spring in Section 17, 2012) showing bare soils and exposed October 2012. Severe hummocking, utilization rocks from severe grazing use. and bank shear are evident. 25

Photo 5: Unnamed Spring #2 (Section 17) in Oct. 2012, showing exposed soils, and down cutting. Photo 6: Unnamed Spring #3 (Section 17) in October 2012. Bare soils, minimal residual stubble heights, and heavy trampling have occurred. Photo 6: Kelly Springs, 10/12, showing Photo 7: Kelly Springs, 10/12, Heavy trampling and bank alteration. Residual stubble heights only.92 inches. In all cases, standard for stubble height and bank alteration were exceeded (Attachment 6.) 26

Conclusions A thriving natural ecological balance is not being achieved in Emigrant Spring due to the current wild horse overpopulation. Indicators include: 1. The current wild horse population size is contributing to overutilization of the upland vegetation and the range is in unsatisfactory ecological condition. In 2012, 5,896 acres (13 percent of the allotment) was in the heavy to severe utilization category. 2. The residual vegetation remaining at the end of the grazing season is not adequate to protect the watershed from the effects of winter precipitation and spring runoff. Data collected in the prior to livestock turnout in spring 2012 measured extreme utilization on approximately 3,040 acres. This is attributable to over winter use by wild horses. 3. Riparian areas are in unsatisfactory condition. They are receiving heavy to severe utilization, have experienced substantial alteration due to trampling and are not meeting Forest Plan standards and guidelines (Attachment 7). 4. Medusahead, a non-native grass, occupies 6,033 acres (14% of the allotment) while cheatgrass and other annual grasses occupy another 4,964 acres (11% of the allotment). The current wild horse overpopulation is not allowing range conditions to improve. Without a change in management, medusahead and other annual species can be expected to expand into other range sites. Appropriate Management Level Determination This calculation of carrying capacity is for wild horses. It is based on the number of acres in the heavy and severe utilization classes (2012 use pattern map). These areas are of particular concern as they comprise 5,896 acres of Emigrant Spring and exhibit deteriorating range condition. Areas dominated by medusahead (6,033 acres) and other annuals (4,964 acres) were not considered in the calculation of wild horse stocking rates. These areas do not provide a sustainable supply of year-round forage. Although 2012 was a below average precipitation year, non-attainment of Forest Plan standards and guidelines also occurred in average or above average precipitation years. As an example, in 2009 precipitation was close to normal, yet utilization standards were exceeded on 6 (2/3) of the 9 transects measured. Calculation of AML 2012 Use Categories and Acres Utilization Categories Mid-Point of Utilization Category Acreage in Each Utilization Category Severe 88% 1,085 Heavy 70% 4,811 Total 5,896 Estimate of Adults in Population: 223 (assuming an average annual population growth rate of 25% in 2010 and 2011). Period of Use: 8 months from March 1, 2012 October 31, 2012 (end of monitoring period). 27

Determination of Weighted Average Utilization (1,085 Acres x.88 Use) + (4,811 Acres x.70 Use) =.73 (Weighted Average 5,896 (Total Acres) Utilization) Determination of Potential Carrying Capacity (AML) for Wild Horses 223 adults x 8 Months* = 1,784 Horse Months** 1,786 AUMs x.30 (Desired Utilization***) = 734 Horse Months Available.73 Weighted Average Utilization 734 AUMs = 61 wild horses 12 Months (Upper Limit of AML) 734 HMs x 1.2 AU Factor =881 AUMs *An 8 month period is used for this calculation because the utilization data to determine the Weighted Average Utilization was based upon 2012 production of forage grasses. This period effectively began March 1 and ran through October when the cumulative utilization was measured in the field. For the DGWHT, green-up normally begins in March, with most of the growth of forage species occurring after April of each year. **1.0 Horse Month is equivalent to 1.2 AUMs as per Forest Service policy. ***The 1991 Forest Plan limits utilization to a maximum of 30% on permanent rangelands in unsatisfactory condition. At the average annual rate of population growth of 25%, an AML lower limit of 24 wild horses is proposed. This would allow the population to grow over an extended period (four or more years) before a gather to remove excess wild horses would be needed. Recommendations 1. The AML should be established as a range of 24 to 61 wild horses for Emigrant Spring. 2. Following attainment of AML, intensive monitoring should be completed for at least 2 years to determine if further adjustments in the AML or the implementation of other management actions may be necessary to achieve Forest Plan standards and desired conditions. 3. Evaluate interior fencing, including that around waterfowl nesting islands, to determine if it needs to be maintained or removed. Rationale Implementation of the proposed AML of 24 to 61 wild horses is expected to result in meeting Forest Plan utilization criteria. Meeting these guidelines should result in improved upland and riparian habitat conditions, and increase the water and forage available for all herbivores. Improved range conditions should minimize the potential for medusahead and other annuals to spread to other range sites. A number of fences are currently non-functional. These fences are creating hazards for wildlife and wild horses and should either be maintained or removed. Future monitoring will determine if implementation of the AML is achieving desired conditions. Based on monitoring, the AML may be further revised (either up or down) or other management changes made, if needed. 28

Emigrant Springs Attachment 1 29

Emigrant Springs Attachment 2: Wild Horse Population (Emigrant Spring) Year Inventory/ Estimate Estimated Number of Adults in the Population* Estimated AUMs for 12 months 2010 Inventory 143 2,059 2011 Estimate 179 2,578 2012 Estimate 223 3,211 *Number of adult horses. Estimates are made using a 25% average annual population growth rate. Foals are not counted as adults until January of the subsequent year in which they were born. 30

Emigrant Springs Attachment 3 31

Emigrant Springs Attachment 4 2012 Utilization Map 32

Emigrant Springs Attachment 5: 2008/2009 Utilization Year* Key Area 8 / Geographical Area Study Type Standard Study Result Standard Met/ Not Met 2008 K01 Herbaceous 30% 31% Met 2008 K02 27% Met 2008 K06 49% Not Met 2008 K09 54% Not Met 2008 NE Corner 70%** Not Met 2008 SE 70%** Not Met 2008 North Central 50%** Not Met 2009 K01 17% Met 2009 K02 15% Met 2009 K09 64% Not Met 2009 East from Pretty Tree 88%** Not Met Res 2009 Near Stock Tank 7 88%** Not Met 2009 Above Lauer Res. 70%** Not Met 2009 SE of Pretty Tree Res. 88%** Not Met 2009 SE of North Mtn. 88%** Not Met 2009 W of Griener Res. 0% (medusahead) - 2011 K01 54% Not Met 2011 K02 55% Not Met 2011 K06 54% Not Met 2011 K09 67% Not Met 2011 NE Corner 50%** Not Met 2011 W. of Lauer Res. 70%** Not Met 2011 Sec. 20, W of Round Mtn 70%** Not Met 2011 Stock Tank #6 70%** Not Met 5/2012 K01 92% Not Met 5/2012 K02 98% Not Met 5/2012 K09 98% Not Met *End of Season Utilization unless otherwise noted ** From utilization mapping. The mid-point of the utilization category is shown. 8 Key Areas are shown in Attachment 7. 33

Emigrant Springs Attachment 6: Riparian Habitat Monitoring Study Location Kelly Springs Kelly Springs Unknown Spring., Sec 17 Date Apparent Condition Type of Study Standard Study Result Standard Met/ Not Met 10/28/12 Unsatisfactory Stubble >6 1.4 Not Met height 10/28/12 Unsatisfactory >6.92 Not Met 10/19/12 Unsatisfactory Stubble height Alteration >6 <20% 6 /.66 88% Not Met Not Met 34

Emigrant Springs Attachment 7 35

MOWITZ ALLOTMENT Location of Area The southern boundary of the Mowitz Allotment is located about thirteen miles north of Canby (Attachment 1). Elevations range from a low of 4,560 feet in the northwest corner to 5,118 feet at the top of Mowitz Butte. Approximately 33% of the allotment (22,516 acres) is in the WHT. Livestock Use Domestic sheep are permitted to utilize 3,947 AUMs of forage from 5/16-9/30 each year. Over the past 5 years, actual livestock use has averaged only 1,929 AUMs (49% of the total permitted use). Wild Horse Populations During 2012, no wild horses observed in the Mowitz portion of the WHT. Ground and aerial observations indicate wild horses reside in the south end of Mowitz outside the WHT. Upland Habitat Upland habitats appear to be in satisfactory condition. Range sites appear to have the expected vegetative species present. Native grass and brush species are in excellent vigor, with production appropriate to the site potential. Although some non-native annuals are present, they occur in small isolated areas, as a minor component alongside the native species. As this is a sheep allotment, utilization studies have been limited to browse. Ocular observations indicate slight use on perennial grass species throughout the entire area. Riparian Habitat Dalton Reservoir is located in north Mowitz. This ephemeral lakebed is generally completely dry by mid-august each year. Juncus species are the primary vegetation on the lakebed. The only other riparian habitat in the Mowitz portion of the WHT is associated with Davis Spring in the northwest corner. The existing condition of this spring area is unknown. Water Sources Early season water is provided by 16 stock tanks and Dalton Reservoir (Attachment 2). On most years, all but about 5 of the stock tanks and Dalton Reservoir become dry early in the season. The majority of the wild horses utilize water sources outside the WHT boundary. Conclusions 1. No wild horses are currently present within the WHT. Based on existing monitoring data and other information: 2. There are few year-round water sources to sustain a wild horse population over the longterm in the Mowitz portion of the WHT. Wild horses primarily use water sources found outside the WHT. 36

3. Upland habitats appear to be in good condition with light use, high species diversity and excellent vigor. The forage, space and cover components appear adequate to support wild horses on a yearlong basis. 4. A small number of horses reside outside the WHT on the south end of Mowitz. Recommendations 1. The current AML of 30 wild horses should be maintained. 2. Animals that have established a home range in the south end of Mowitz (outside the WHT) should be removed. 3. Consideration should be given to the development of year round water sources. This could improve the area s suitability for year-round wild horse use. 4. If adequate year-round water can be developed, horses should be allowed to establish home ranges in the area. When monitoring and evaluation indicates wild horses are residing inside the WHT on a year-round basis, future revisions to the AML should be made as indicated. Rationale The Mowitz portion of the WHT does not appear to have adequate year-round water to sustain a population of wild horses over the long-term. Wild horses have not established a home range inside the WHT and primarily use water sources outside the WHT. As horses have not established a home range in the Mowitz portion of the WHT, there is no existing monitoring data that indicates the need to adjust the existing AML at this time. The area is within the WHT and does appear to have adequate space, forage and cover. The development of year-round water available for use by wild horses could encourage the animals to establish a home range there. If year round water sources can be developed, and wild horses establish a home range, the AML could be adjusted pending the evaluation of monitoring data. 37

Mowitz Attachment 1 38

Mowitz Attachment 2 39

PINE SPRINGS Location of Area The southern boundary of the Pine Springs Allotment is located about fourteen miles north of Alturas (Attachment 1). Elevations range from 5,360 feet at the top of Crowder Mountain to 4,740 feet on the east side. The total area is about 44,500 acres. Of this, approximately 40,278 acres (90%) is within the WHT. Livestock Use Livestock (cattle) are permitted 3,984 AUMs of forage use on an annual basis. During the past 5 years, actual livestock use averaged 3,419 AUMs (86% of the total permitted use.) Wild Horse Actual Use An estimated 261 wild horses (750% above the current AML of 35 head) used an estimated 3,758 AUMS of forage in 2012. This represents 48% of the total grazing use in the allotment for 2012. (Attachment 2). Use by wild horses is distributed though out Pine Springs. The northern three- fourths (north of Deadhorse Reservoir) had the highest concentration and the heaviest use by wild horses in 2012 (Attachment 3). The remaining one-fourth (southern portion) is dominated by medusahead. In 2012, this area had the least amount of wild horse use. The overall condition of individual horses in this area appeared good throughout the summer season. However, by October several individual animals were noted to be thin (Henneke 4 condition class). Upland Habitats Range sites throughout the area are generally populated by native perennial grass species. However, there are some areas that appear to be in unsatisfactory ecological condition. Open flats and areas that have been burned in the past as a result of wildfire, exhibit a high density of annual species, including medusahead (Photo 1). Photo 1: Open flat dominated by annual species Photo 2: Bare soils in 1990 burn. 40

Areas previously burned by wildfire are common and cover approximately 6,500 acres. Most are negatively impacted by heavy trampling/trailing and utilization (Photo 2). Ten of the areas (about 4,166 acres) have varying amounts of medusahead. These areas are mainly found in the south end adjacent to Emigrant Spring. It is not uncommon for medusahead and other annuals to become established on range sites in poor ecological condition. By contrast, the southeast portion of Pine Springs receives little or no grazing use and is in satisfactory ecological condition as indicated by the diversity of perennial grasses with high vigor (Photos 3 and 4). Photo 3: Diverse vegetation species with high vigor are present in the southeast corner of Pine Springs. This area receives little or no use. Photo: 4: Southeast portion of Pine Springs area. Healthy perennial grasses with high vigor. An end of the season utilization pattern map (Attachment 4) was completed in 2012. This map shows the extent of the different utilization classes found in Pine Springs (see table below). Utilization Category Acres by Utilization Category Slight (6-20%) Light (21-40%) Moderate (41-60%) Heavy (61-80%) Severe (81-94%) Extreme (95-100%) 2,573 11,047 6,450 16,631 3,394 222 End of season utilization data was also collected on the Pine Springs area in 2009 and 2011 (Attachment 5). In 2009, an estimated 2,100 acres was in the heavy utilization category and about 1,100 acres was in the severe category. In 2011, an estimated 1,940 acres were within the heavy category at the end of the grazing season. Utilization studies repeated in spring 2012, prior to cattle turnout found 3,375 acres in the heavy category, 1,863 acres in the severe category, and 3,500 acres in the extreme utilization category. This use is attributable to late fall-winter-spring use by wild horses. Retention of residual vegetation creates litter which helps to lessen the impact of winter/spring precipitation and decrease the potential for surface and rill erosion. In summary, monitoring data indicates utilization has exceeded the standards in the 1991 Forest Plan over the past several years. 41

Riparian Habitats Monitoring indicates that wild horses are contributing to deteriorated riparian habitat conditions within Pine Springs (Attachment 6). Of four springs, all appeared to be in unsatisfactory condition. During 2012, the six spring areas received heavy to severe utilization. Pine Springs, Crowder Mountain Spring and two unnamed springs in the northeast were denuded of vegetation and heavily trampled (Photos 5-8). Photo 5: Trampling impacts at unnamed damage trampling Spring in August 2012.. Photo 6: Pine Springs showing severe due to trampling in October 2012 Photo 7: Hoof impacts/alteration at Pine Springs in October 2012. Photo 8: Damage to Crowder Mountain Spring in September 2012 due to trampling and heavy use. Under the current situation, the desired riparian conditions and standards for riparian habitats are not being met. 42

Water Availability Water availability declined significantly as the season progressed into late summer in 2012. By the end of October, all reservoirs were dry with the exception of McGintry Reservoir (outside the WHT) and Green Tank Reservoir. Six of fourteen stock tanks were dry and the remaining tanks had low water levels and poor water quality. Photo 9: Stock tank at Rim Rock Reservoir, September 2012. Bare soils, heavy-severe trampling and heavy use was evident at each water source. Range Improvements Existing fence around Crowder Mountain Reservoir and the nesting islands is nonfunctional. Fences are creating the potential to trap or injure wild horses or other wildlife in the area. Conclusions A thriving natural ecological balance is not being achieved due to the current wild horse overpopulation: 1. The current wild horse population is contributing to over-utilization of upland and riparian vegetation and unsatisfactory ecological conditions on some areas of the range. 2. During 2012, the effects of overutilization were evident on 20,247 acres (50% of the area within the WHT). Utilization in these areas was heavy, severe or extreme. Forest Plan standards for utilization were not met. 3. Very little residual herbaceous vegetation remained in spring 2012. Heavy or greater use was observed on approximately 8,740 acres. This represents a substantial increase in acres in the heavy or severe utilization classes, and is directly attributable to wild horse use during the late fall-winter-spring of 2011-2012. Maintenance of adequate residual vegetation is needed to protect the watershed from the effects of winter precipitation or spring runoff. Inadequate litter increases the potential for surface or rill erosion to occur. 4. Monitoring shows that riparian habitats appear to be in unsatisfactory ecological condition. Each has received heavy to severe utilization over the past 4-5 years. Forest Plan standards and guidelines are not being met. 43

5. Cheatgrass, medusahead and other annual species currently occupy about 4,166 acres (10% of the area in the WHT). Existing management is not allowing range conditions to improve and increases the risk that these species will successfully establish on other range sites. Appropriate Management Level Determination This calculation is for a carrying capacity for wild horses only. Utilization classes and acreages are taken from use pattern mapping completed in 2012. While 2012 was a below average precipitation year, it should be noted that non-attainment of Forest Plan standards and guidelines also occurred in average or above average precipitation years. Data collected in previous years supports the observations made in 2012. For example, 2009 was a normal precipitation year, yet actual utilization exceeded Forest Plan standards on all transects. About 50 percent of the area (20,247 acres) was in the heavy, severe and extreme utilization classes. These areas are of particular concern as range condition is deteriorating. The potential exists for invasive species such as medusahead, cheatgrass or other annual species to become established in these range sites. Calculation of AML 2012 Use Categories and Acres Utilization Categories Mid-Point of Utilization Category Acres in Each Utilization Category Extreme 97.5% 222 Severe 88% 3,394 Heavy 70% 16,631 Total Acres 20,247 Estimate of Adults in Population: 261 (assumes a 25% average annual population growth rate for 2010 and 2011) Period of Use: 8 months from March 1, 2012- October 31, 2012 (end of the monitoring period) Determination of Weighted Average Utilization (222 Acres x.975 Use) + (3,394 Acres x.88 Use) + (16,631 Acres x.70 Use)/20,247 Acres (Total Acres in All Use Categories) =.73 Weighted Average Utlization Determination of Potential Carrying Capacity (AML) for Wild Horses 261 Adult Wild Horses x 8 months* = 2,088 Horse Months** 2,088 HMs x.30 (Desired Utilization)*** = 858 Horse Months Available.73 (Weighted Average Utilization) 858 HMs = 72 wild horses 12 Months (Upper Limit of AML) 858 HMs x 1.2 AU Factor = 1,030 AUMs *An 8 month period is used for this calculation because the utilization data to determine the Weighted Average Utilization was based upon 2012 production of forage grasses. This period effectively began March 1 and ran through October when the cumulative utilization was measured in the field. For the DGWHT, green-up normally begins in March, with most of the growth of forage species occurring after April of each year. **1.0 Horse Month is equivalent to 1.2 AUMs as per Forest Service policy. ***The 1991 Forest Plan limits utilization to a maximum of 30% on permanent rangelands in unsatisfactory condition. At an average annual population growth rate of 25%, a lower limit of 29 wild horses should be established to allow the herd to grow from the lower limit to the upper limit over an extended 44

period of time (4 or more years) without the need for gathers to remove excess wild horses in the interim. Recommendations An AML of 29 to 72 wild horses should be established for Pine Springs. Existing interior fencing, including that around waterfowl nesting islands, should be evaluated to determine if it is still needed and either maintained or removed. Once AML is attained, intensive monitoring should continue for at least 2 years to determine if additional adjustments in the AML or other management actions will be necessary to achieve Forest Plan standards and make substantial progress toward the desired conditions. Rationale Implementation of the proposed AML of 29 to 72 wild horses is expected to result in grazing use within the Forest Plan utilization standards. Meeting the utilization standards would lead to improved upland and riparian habitat conditions, and should result in an increase in the water and forage available for use by other herbivores. Improved range conditions would also minimize the potential for medusahead and other annuals to become established on additional range sites. In-depth analysis of the current available data indicates the wild horse population is exceeding the productive capacity. This conclusion is based on utilization levels that have substantially exceeded Forest Plan standards over the past several years, and the lack of residual vegetation remaining following the fall-winter-spring of 2011-2012. A number of existing fences are nonfunctional and are creating a potential hazard for wildlife and wild horses. The fences should be maintained or removed. Future monitoring will determine if implementation of the AML is achieving desired conditions. Based on monitoring, further adjustments to the AML could be made or other management actions implemented as needed to meet Forest Plan standards and achieve the desired conditions. 45

Pine Springs Attachment 1 46

Pine Springs Attachment 2: Wild Horse Populations Year Inventory/ Estimate Estimated Number of Adults in Population* Estimated AUMs for 12 Months 2010 Inventory 167 2,405 2011 Estimate 209 3,010 2012 Estimate 261 3,758 *Number of adult horses. Estimates are made using the 25% average annual rate of population growth for this herd. Foals are not counted as adults until the January following the year they were born. 47

Pine Springs Attachment 3 48

Pine Springs Attachment 4 49

Pine Springs Attachment 5: Utilization Date* Key Area 9 / Geographical Area Study Type Standard Study Result Standard Met/ Not Met 2008 K01 Herbaceous <30% 52% Not Met 2008 K03 51% Not Met 2008 K07 53% Not Met 2008 K05 49% Not Met 2008 K09 10% Met 2009 K01 63% Not Met 2009 K03 59% Not Met 2009 K05 63% Not Met 2009 Pine Springs 88%** Not Met 2009 K07 43% Not Met 2009 K09 44% Not Met 2009 Uplands adjacent to Deadhorse Res. 44% Not Met 2011 K01 33% Met 2011 K03 54% Not Met 2011 K05 64% Not Met 2011 K07 13% Met 4/2012 K03 83% Not Met 4/2012 K05 98% Not Met 4/2012 Vicinity of Lakeshore Res. 50%** Not Met *End of year utilization unless otherwise indicated. ** From utilization mapping. The mid-point of the utilization category is shown. 9 Key Areas are shown in Attachment 7. 50

Pine Springs Attachment 6 Date of Study Study Location 10 Apparent Condition Study Type Standard Study Result Standard Met/ Not Met 4/30/12 Pine Springs Unsatisfactory Herbaceous 30% 98% Not Met 6/18/12 Stock tank 13 Unsatisfactory Stubble Bank Alteration 6 <20% 3 86% Not Met Not Met 7/3/12 Pine Springs Unsatisfactory Stubble Alteration 6 <20% 3 74% Not Met Not Met 8/27/12 Unnamed Spring east of McGintry Res. Unsatisfactory Stubble Alteration 6 <20% 1.6 100% Not Met Not Met 10 Key Areas are shown in Attachment 7. 51

Pine Springs Attachment 7 52

POTTERS Location of Area The Potters Allotment is located about seven miles south of Clear Lake (Attachment 1). Elevations range from 4300 feet on the west to 4600 feet on the east. Four pastures are located in the Potters Allotment. Two of the pastures are located in the WHT. The Horse Camp Pasture is 4,284 acres and the Lone Pine Pasture is 2,641 acres. Of this, only 4,812 acres is located in the WHT. Monitoring indicates the upland range sites appear to be in satisfactory ecological condition. Wild Horse Populations The existing AML for the Horse Camp and Lone Pine pastures is 20 head. Aerial surveys indicate no wild horses have occupied the area since before 1987. This could be due to a lack of space based on the area s small size. Recommendations 1. The current AML of 20 wild horses should be maintained. 2. To encourage free-roaming behavior and provide the opportunity for wild horses to establish a home range in the area, gates should be left open during the late fall/winter/early spring. 3. Relocation of animals into the area should not be attempted. Past experience shows relocated animals can be expected to return to their existing home range rather than remain where relocated. 4. Adjust the AML at such time wild horses establish a home range pending evaluation of monitoring data and other available information. Rationale Wild horses have not used the Horse Camp or Lone Pine pastures since before1987. As a result, no monitoring data is available to either validate or adjust the current AML. The two pastures will continue to be made available for use by wild horses and use by wild horses will be encouraged by leaving the gates open during the late fall/winter/spring. 53

Potters Attachment 1 54

SURVEYORS VALLEY Location of Area The southern boundary of Surveyors Valley is located about twelve miles north of Canby (Map 1). Elevations range from approximately 4,890 feet at Boles Meadow to 5,060 feet on a knoll in the middle of the allotment. The area is approximately 25,754 acres. Of this, 98% is in the WHT. Livestock Use Livestock (cattle) are permitted to utilize 2,796 AUMs of forage from 5/1-10/15 annually. Over the past 5 years, actual use by cattle has averaged 2,162 AUMs (77% of the permitted use). Actual use in 2012 was 2,097 AUMs (75% of the permitted use). Wild Horse Actual Use An estimated 55 adult wild horses (180% above the existing AML of 30 head) use the Surveyors Valley Allotment. In 2012, actual wild horse use was approximately 792 AUMs or 27% of the total grazing use (Attachment 2). Ground observations during 2012 indicate the primary horse use occurs in the center of the allotment. The highest concentration of wild horse use occurs in/near Deadhorse Flat Reservoir and Surveyors Valley. No horses were observed in the northern or eastern portions of the allotment. The overall condition of individual horses in Surveyors Valley appeared good throughout the summer season. Upland Habitat The uplands appear to be in satisfactory ecological condition. There is a good diversity of perennial species present and plants exhibit high vigor. Annual species, including cheatgrass and medusahead, are present on some range sites as a minor component. Use pattern mapping completed during 2012 (Attachment 3) shows utilization was mostly moderate. The number of acres in each utilization category is summarized below. Utilization Category Slight Light Moderate Heavy Severe Extreme (6-20%) (21-40%) (41-60%) (61-80%) (81-94%) (95-100%) Acres in Utilization --- 5,513 17,380 2,450 --- --- Of the 2,450 acres in the heavy use category, about 2,400 acres includes the ephemeral lakebeds in the Surveyors Valley and Deadhorse Flat Reservoirs. Key area utilization collected during 2008, 2009 and 2010 also indicate utilization has generally been slight to moderate (Attachment 4). Pre-livestock turnout utilization data collected in spring 2012 indicated moderate use on approximately 1,600 acres in the uplands surrounding Dead Horse Flat and Surveyors Valley Reservoirs. This use is attributable to late fall-winter-spring use by wild horses. In summary, grazing utilization is currently meeting Forest Plan standards. 55

Riparian Habitat Riparian habitat in this allotment is associated with the ephemeral lakebeds within the Deadhorse Flat and Surveyors Valley Reservoirs. While total grazing use exceeded the moderate use standard (50%) in 2012, the standards were met in 2008-2011 for the Surveyors Valley Reservoir. Standards were also met for Deadhorse Reservoir during 2008, 2010 and 2011. Water Three reservoirs and twenty-one stock tanks occur in the area. During 2012 (a below normal precipitation year), water did not appear to be a limiting factor. Conclusions A thriving natural ecological balance is being maintained as indicated by: 1. An estimated 55 wild horses reside in the WHT. This number seems optimal as the entire area appears to in satisfactory ecological condition. In 2012, 67% of the uplands received moderate use. Light use accounted for 5,513 acres (21% of the total). Approximately 2,450 acres received heavy use. Of these, only 59 acres (1%) were uplands. 2. The ephemeral lakebeds in the Surveyors Valley allotment provide an important source of forage and water for livestock, wildlife and wild horses in some years. Below average precipitation in 2012, resulted in below average forage and water in these areas. As a result, utilization was generally heavy. By contrast, during 2008-2011, utilization either met or was below the Forest Plan standard. Appropriate Management Level Determination Monitoring data for 2008-2012 indicates the current wild horse population (55 adults) in Surveyors Valley is in balance with available forage and water, and other uses in the area. An AML lower limit of 23 wild horses would allow the population to grow over an extended period (four or more years) at the average annual growth rate of 25% per year without the need for interim gathers to remove excess animals. Recommendations 1. Establish the AML as a range of 23 to 55 wild horses for Surveyors Valley. 2. Following attainment of AML, intensive monitoring should be conducted for at least 2 years to determine if further adjustments in grazing use or other management actions are necessary. Rationale Implementation of an AML of 23 to 55 wild is expected to continue to result in meeting utilization standards in the Forest Plan (as amended in the 1996 Sucker BA). Maintenance of current satisfactory ecological conditions in the uplands is expected. By maintaining satisfactory range conditions, the potential for medusahead and other annuals to become established would be minimal. 56

Future monitoring will determine if implementation of the AML is continuing to achieve the desired conditions. Based on monitoring, further adjustments to the AML (either up or down) or other management actions could be taken as needed. 57

Surveyors Valley Attachment 1 58

Surveyors Valley Attachment 2: Wild Horse Populations (Surveyors Valley) Year Inventory/ Estimate Estimated Number of Adults in Population* Estimated AUMs for 12 months 2010 Inventory 35 504 2011 Estimate 44 634 2012 Estimate 55 792 *Number of adult horses. Estimates are made using a 25% average annual population growth rate. Foals are not counted as adults until January following the year in which they were born. 59

Surveyors Valley Attachment 3 60

Surveyors Valley Attachment 4 Date* Key Area 11 / Geographical Area Study Type Standard Study Result Standard Met/ Not Met 2008 K02 Herbaceous 50% 13% Met 2008 K04** 27% Met 2008 K05** 49% Met 2008 K06 13% Met 2008 K07 14% Met 2008 K08 13% Met 2009 K04 11% Met 2009 K05 64% Not Met 2010 K02 18% Met 2010 K04 13% Met 2010 K05 54% Not Met 2010 K06 38% Met 2010 K07 33% Met 2010 K08 51% Met 4/2012 K04 51% Met 4/2012 K05 53% Met 4/2012 South of 52% Met Deadhorse Reservoir 4/2012 K06 39% Met 4/2012 K07 5% Met *End of season (fall) utilization unless otherwise indicated **K04 located in Surveyors Valley Reservoir and K05 located in Deadhorse Flat Reservoir. 11 Key Areas are shown in Attachment 5. 61

Surveyors Valley Attachment 5 Key Areas 62

TIMBERED MOUNTAIN ALLOTMENT Location of Area The southern boundary of the Timbered Mountain Allotment is located about fourteen miles northwest of Alturas (Attachment 1). Elevations range from 4,890 feet to 5,300 feet. The allotment is about 63,090 acres, of which 50,475 acres (80%) falls within the WHT. Livestock Use Livestock are permitted to graze from 4/15-10/15 each year. The MDF has permitted a total of 7,585 AUMs forage use within the allotment. However, actual livestock use has averaged only 4,519 AUMs (60% of the permitted use) over the past several years. During 2012, no livestock use occurred in the Black Rock Pasture. Livestock used 1,360 AUMs in the Cow Head Pasture. Wild Horse Use The Timbered Mountain Allotment comprises 4 pastures. A summary of the acres and the current number of wild horses in each pasture is provided below. Pasture Name Total Acres Acres Within the WHT Estimated Wild Horse Population Black Rock 10,914 8,770 83 Timbered Mountain 15,688 10,971 16 Deer Hill 14,573 12,029 4 Cow Head 15,584 15,582 35 Totals 56,759 47,352 138 The current wild horse population is 340% of the current AML of 40 head. Wild horses concentrate their use in the Black Rock and Cow Head Pastures. Eighty-six percent (86%) of the total wild horse population is found in the two pastures (Attachment 2). As they appear to be the preferred use areas for wild horses, evaluation of AML was limited to the two pastures. The Black Rock Pasture received use by 60% of the wild horses. Summer 2012 ground observations confirmed the presence of at least 105 horses (including foals). Another 26% of the total wild horse population was found in the Cow Head Pasture. Observations confirmed a total of 47 horses (including foals). Actual wild horse use in the Black Rock Pasture during 2012 was estimated at 1,195 AUMs. All the use in the Black Rock Pasture during 2012 is attributable to wild horse use (livestock did not graze this pasture). An estimated 504 AUMs of wild horse use occurred in the Cow Head Pasture. Livestock use in the Cowhead Pasture totaled 1,360 AUMs (73% of the total grazing use). 63

Water During 2012, the available water in the Black Rock Pasture declined sharply as the season progressed into late summer. By early September, only one water source (the southernmost) had water remaining. Four spring sites (Bottle Springs and ditch, Boles Spring and a spring in the north portion of the Black Rock Pasture) continued to provide late season water for horses. Water in the Cow Head Pasture is provided by several stock tanks and the Telephone Flat and South Mountain Reservoirs. These generally go dry by the end of the season in most years. Upland Habitat Range sites throughout the Black Rock Pasture are generally intact and appear to be in satisfactory ecological condition overall. Few sites are dominated by medusahead and cheatgrass, although these species are present in small patches on some range sites (Photo 1). Open flats, especially on the west side of the Black Rock Pasture received severe utilization in 2012 (Photo 2). The east side of the pasture received slight use. Observations during 2012 indicate the horses prefer to use specific areas and are usually seen in large groups of multiple bands. Animals also moved west into the Avanzino Ranch private land by breaking through the fence (no wild horse use in the Avanzino Ranch is authorized). Photo 1: Patches of medusahead, October 2012. Photo 2: Severe wild horse use on the west side of the pasture, September 2012. A utilization pattern map for 2012 (Attachment 3) was completed in the Black Rock Pasture to determine the extent of the different utilization classes. Utilization Slight Light Moderate Heavy Severe Extreme Category (6-20%) (21-40%) (41-60%) (61-80%) (81-94%) (95-100%) Acreage in Utilization 1,797 1,379 4,625 60 559 359 In 2012, 978 acres (11% of the Black Rock Pasture), was determined to be in the heavy, severe and extreme utilization categories. Data collected during 2008 and 2011 indicates utilization standards were exceeded on 50% of the study areas in the Black Rock Pasture (Attachment 4). Use pattern mapping in the Black Rock Pasture during the fall of 2011 found there were 814 acres grazed to the heavy category and another 1,163 acres in the severe utilization category. 64

Use mapping completed during the next spring (spring of 2012) revealed 7,241 acres of extreme utilization. This large increase in utilization is directly attributable to wild horses. Upland habitat in the Cow Head Pasture generally appears to be in satisfactory condition. Although utilization mapping was not conducted in Cow Head during 2012, key area utilization studies indicate utilization standards were generally met in previous years, except in 2009. Riparian Habitat Four spring sites occur in the Black Rock pasture. All the springs and associated riparian area habitats appear to be in unsatisfactory condition. Grazing impacts include loss of riparian vegetation, soil compaction, punched soils and unstable banks, deteriorated water quality, and invasion of undesirable plants. Four of the springs (the Bottle Spring complex and ditch, Boles Spring and two unnamed springs (at T.45N R.10E Sec.15 and T.46N R10 Sec. 36), are denuded, heavily trampled and severely utilized (Photos 3-8). Photo 3: Unnamed spring, (T.46N R.10E Photo 4: Same spring as in Photo 3 after wild horses Sec.36) in good condition in June 2012. moved into area in August 2012. Photo 5: Boles spring riparian habitat showing Photo 6: Bottle Spring showing a high percent of a high percentage of bank alteration, bare soils, bank alteration, exposed rocks, and severe grazing use and heavy to severe grazing use in June 2012. by wild horses in July 2012. 65

Photo 7: Unnamed Spring, T.46N., R. 10E., Sec. 36, showing bare ground, trampling and severe grazing use in September 2012. Photo 8: Unnamed Spring, T.45N., R.10E., Sec. 15, 8/12, showing 100% alteration. The owner of the Avanzino Ranch private land reported that wild horses continue to damage their fences and graze their private meadows, substantially reducing the forage available for their livestock. As of October 2012, the landowner reported at least 50 wild horses were continuing to graze their private meadows. Monitoring confirms riparian areas within the Black Rock Pasture have received heavy to severe use during 2008-2012. Forest Plan standards have not been met (Attachment 5). No riparian areas, other than ephemeral lakebeds, are found in the Cow Head Pasture. Conclusions A thriving natural ecological balance is not being achieved. This is indicated by: 1. The current wild horse population is poorly distributed within the Timbered Mountain Allotment. Nearly 2/3 of all use by wild horses is being made on the west side of the Black Rock Pasture. 2. Concentrated wild horse use in the Black Rock Pasture has resulted in utilization substantially in excess of Forest Plan standards and deteriorated riparian habitat conditions. 3. During 2012, the effects of over-utilization were evident on 978 acres of heavy, severe or extreme use in the Black Rock Pasture. 4. The livestock operator has been unable to use the Black Rock Pasture for five of the last seven years due to the degree of wild horse use. 5. The Avanzino Ranch private land owner reports wild horse damage to fences and unauthorized use of their privately owned meadows on an annual basis. Economic impacts to the operator include increased fence maintenance costs and the loss of forage for private livestock. 6. Monitoring indicates riparian areas appear to be in unsatisfactory condition due to repeated heavy to severe utilization and trampling. Forest Plan standards are not being met. 66

Appropriate Management Level Determination This calculation is for a stocking rate for wild horses only. Utilization classes and acreages are taken from 2012 data. The stocking rate calculation considers the 978 acres in the heavy, severe or extreme utilization classes. These range sites are of particular concern as current range conditions appear to have deteriorated due to the degree of overutilization which has occurred. Calculation of AML for the Black Rock Pasture 2012 Use Categories and Acres Utilization Categories Mid-Point of UtilizationCategory Acres in Utilization Category Extreme 97.5% 359 Severe 88% 559 Heavy 70% 60 Total Acres 978 Estimate of Adults in Population: 89 adult horses Period of Use: 8 months from March 1, 2012- October 31, 2012 (end of the monitoring period) Determination of Weighted Average Utilization (359 Acres x.975 Use) + (559 Acres x.88 Use) + (60 acres x.70 Use)/ 978 Acres (All Classes) =.90 Weighted Average Utilization Determination of Potential Carrying Capacity (AML) for Wild Horses 83 Adult Wild Horses x 8 Months* = 664 Horse Months* * 664 HMs x.50 (Desired Utilization) = 369 Horse Months Available.90 (Weighted Average Utilization) 369 HMs/12 Months = 31 wild horses (Upper Limit of AML) 369 HMs x 1.2 AU Factor =443 AUMs *An 8 month period is used for this calculation because the utilization data to determine the Weighted Average Utilization was based upon 2012 production of forage grasses. This period effectively began March 1 and ran through October when the cumulative utilization was measured in the field. For the DGWHT, green-up normally begins in March, with most of the growth of forage species occurring after April of each year. **1.0 Horse Month is equivalent to 1.2 AUMs as per Forest Service policy. Determination of AML for Cow Head, Timbered Mountain and Deer Hill Pastures There are currently 35 adult wild horses in the Cow Head Pasture. All animals were observed in the vicinity of the Telephone Flat and South Mountain Reservoirs in 2012. Utilization standards were not met during 2009. However, utilization data collected in 2010 indicates Forest Plan standards (moderate use levels) were achieved in the Cow Head Pasture. Therefore, the AML upper limit should be established at 35 wild horses. Water may be a limiting habitat component. Water availability should be monitored in the future to determine if the pasture is suitable for the sustained and long-term maintenance of wild horses. At the current time, there is minimal horse use in the Timbered Mountain and Deer Hill Pastures. There does not appear to be resource damage by wild horses and no data exists to suggest current horse populations in these two pastures need to be adjusted. The current estimated numbers should be carried forward into the AML. 67

Summary Based on the evaluation of the available monitoring data and other information, it is recommended the AML upper limit for the Timbered Mountain Allotment be established at 86 wild horses (see table below). Pasture AML Upper Limit AML Lower Limit Black Rock 31 13 Cowhead 35 15 Deer Hill 4 4* Timbered Mountain 16 16* Total for Allotment 86 48 *Due to the low number of wild horses and the lack of monitoring data and other information, an AML lower limit should not be established in these pastures at the present time. The proposed AML lower limit of 48 wild horses should be established at a number that allows the population to grow (at the average annual population growth rate) to the upper limit over an extended period of time (four or more years) without interim removals. This would be expected to result in less frequent gathers, reduced disturbance to the herd from gathers and removals, and fewer potential impacts to the herd s social structure. Recommendations 1. An AML of 48-86 wild horses should be established for Timbered Mountain. 2. The proposed AML for the Timbered Mountain and Deer Hill Pastures should be considered an interim figure at this time. Wild horses should be encouraged to increase their use of these pastures by leaving gates open during the fall-winter-spring. The installation of wider gates and the possible development of additional water sources should also be considered. In addition, gathers should not be conducted in the two pastures until such time as monitoring indicates wild horse numbers may be exceeding the land s productive capacity and the interim AMLs have been re-evaluated. 3. Relocation of animals into the Deer Hill and Timbered Mountain Pastures is not recommended at this time. Past experience has shown that wild horses would return to their preferred use areas. 4. Gathers to remove excess wild horses from the Black Rock and Cow Head Pastures should be completed as needed to achieve and maintain AML. Approximately 8 miles of fence between the Black Rock Pasture and the Avanzino Ranch should be reconstructed. Wild horses are entering the Avanzino Ranch private lands and damaging the fences and the privately owned meadow habitat. 5. An old enclosure at Bottle Springs should be reconstructed to protect the spring and associated riparian habitat from grazing animals. Rationale Implementation of the proposed AML of 48 to 86 wild horses is expected to meet Forest Plan utilization standards and lead to improved upland and riparian habitat conditions. The water and forage available for use by other herbivores would increase. Continued monitoring of the Deer Hill and Timbered Mountain should be completed with the objective of determining the degree to which home ranges have been established and to set a final AML. 68

Timbered Mountain Attachment 1 69

Timbered Mountain Attachment 2- Wild Horse Populations Pasture/Year Inventory/Estimate Estimated Number of Adults in Population* Black Rock Pasture 2010 Inventory 53 2011 Estimate 66 2012 Estimate 83 Estimated AUMs For 12 Months 763 950 1,195 Timbered Mountain Pasture 2010 2011 2012 Inventory Estimate Estimate 10 13 16 144 187 230 Cow Head 2010 2011 2012 Inventory Estimate Ground Count 4 5 35 58 72 504 Deer Hill 2010 2011 2012 Inventory Estimate Ground Count 2 3 4 29 43 58 *Adult wild horses. Estimates are made assuming a 25% foaling rate. Foals are not counted as adults until the January subsequent to the year they were born. 70

Timbered Mountain Attachment 3 71

Timbered Mountain Attachment 4: Utilization (Timbered Mountain ) Date* Pasture/Key Area12/ Geographical Area Study Type Standard Study Result Standard Met/ Not Met 7/2008 Black Rock Pasture Herbaceous 50% 55% Not Met K14 7/2008 Black Rock Pasture 51% Met K16 8/2011 Black Rock Pasture K14 50% Met 2011 Black Rock Pasture, T. 45N., R.10E., Sec.22 NENE 83% Not Met 9/2008 Timbered Mtn. Pasture K09 Herbaceous 6% Met 7/2009 Timbered Mtn. Pasture K11 59% Not Met 2010 Timbered Mtn. Pasture K09 14% Met 2010 Timbered Mtn. Pasture K11 32% Met 8/2008 Deer Hill Pasture K03 16% Met 8/2008 Deer Hill Pasture 21% Met K06 7/2009 Cow Head Pasture K05 57% Not Met 7/2009 Cow Head Pasture K07 61% Not Met 7/2009 Cow Head Pasture K12 59% Not Met 2010 Cow Head Pasture K05 53% Met 2010 Cow Head Pasture 34% Met K07 2010 Cow Head Pasture K10 51% Met 2010 Cow Head Pasture K12 53% Met 8/2011 Cow Head Pasture K05 24% Met *Indicates end of season monitoring, unless otherwise noted. 12 Key Areas are shown in Attachment 6. 72

Timbered Mountain Attachment 5: Riparian Habitat Monitoring (Black Rock Pasture) Date Study Location13 Apparent Condition Type of Study Standard Study Result Standard Met/ Not Met 8/2008 Black Rock Pasture, K15 Bottle Springs Unsatisfactory Herbaceous Utilization. 50% 63% Not Met 10/21/10 Black Rock Pasture, K15 Unsatisfactory 88% Not Met Bottle Springs 8/10/11 Black Rock Pasture Unsatisfactory 76% Not Met Bottle Springs 6/20/12 Black Rock Pasture Boles Spring Unsatisfactory Stubble Ht. Alteration. 6 <20% 0.5 95% Not Met Not Met 7/11/12 Black Rock Pasture Bottle Springs Unsatisfactory Stubble Ht. Alteration 6 <20% 1.61 91% Not Met Not Met 8/29/12 Black Rock Pasture Unnamed Spring (T. 45N., 10E., Sec.15 9/4/12 Black Rock Pasture Unnamed Spring, T.46N., R.10E., Sec. 36 Unsatisfactory Unsatisfactory Herbaceous Utilization Stubble Ht. Alteration 50% 98% Not Met 6 <20% 1.44 100% Not Met Not Met 13 Key Areas are shown in Attachment 6. 73

74