Four new species of the spider genus Pinelema (Araneae, Telemidae) from caves in South China

ISSN 2336-9744 (online) ISSN 2337-0173 (print) The journal is available on line at www.biotaxa.org/em Research Article https://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:a978b551-dcd5-46a0-8cfb-2e1927a24c8d Four new species of the spider genus Pinelema (Araneae, Telemidae) from caves in South China CHUNXIA WANG 1, 2 & SHUQIANG LI 1, 3 1 Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China. 2 Southeast Asia Biological Diversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China 3 Corresponding author: lisq@ioz.ac.cn Received 30 October 2016 Accepted 7 December 2016 Published online 14 December 2016. Abstract Four new species are described in a previously monotypic genus Pinelema Wang et Li, 2012. P. curcici sp. nov. (male and female), P. huobaensis sp. nov. (male and female), P. yaosaensis sp. nov. (male and female) from Yunnan, and P. xiushuiensis sp. nov. (male and female) from Guangxi in southern China. Key words: Taxonomy, Southeast Asia, Aranei, haplogyne. Introduction Telemids are small (usually < 2 mm), ecribellate, haplogyne spiders. They usually live in humid environments, where they construct sheet webs either under rocks or in caves (Song et al. 1999). The family contains 9 genera and 63 species and has a wide distribution ranging from tropical Africa, Europe, East and Southeast Asia to North, Central and South America (World Spider Catalog 2016). Three genera and 33 species of Telemidae have been described from China, among them 31 species belong to Telema Simon, 1882, other two species belong to Seychellia Saaristo, 1978 and Pinelema Wang et Li, 2012, respectively (Li & Lin 2016). Whether the telemids in China actually belong to genera Telema and Seychellia still awaits further study. The generotype of Telema originates from Europe and the generotype of Seychellia, from Africa (Wang & Ran 1998; Tong & Li 2008). The genus Pinelema is known only by a single species (Wang & Li 2012). During the extensive survey of subterranean biodiversity in South China from 2009 to 2010, several telemids were collected, four new species are recognized and assigned to the genus Pinelema in this paper. Material and methods All spiders were collected in caves in South China. All types are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS). Methods were same as those of Wang & Li (2010). Specimens were examined and measured using a LEICA M205 C stereomicroscope. Male palps and female genitalia were dissected from the spider s bodies, and vulvae were treated in lactic acid. All drawings were made using a Ecol. Mont., 7, 2016, 546-566

WANG & LI drawing apparatus attached to an Olympus BX41 compound microscope, and inked on ink jet plotter paper. Imagines were captured with an Olympus C7070 wide zoom digital camera (7.0 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus SZX12 dissecting microscope. Terminology following that of Tong & Li (2008). All measurements are given in millimeters. Leg measurements are shown as total length (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus). Legs segments were measured from their dorsal side. Palp measurements are shown as total length (femur, patella, tibia, -, tarsus). Abbreviations of morphological structures: CA, cymbial apophysis; EM, embolus; SP, spermatheca, T, temperature; H, humidity. The temperature and humidity were measured in the same place as the spiders collected. Taxonomy Family Telemidae Fage, 1913 Genus Pinelema Wang et Li, 2012 Type species Pinelema bailongensis Wang et Li, 2012, from South China. Diagnosis. Pinelema can be distinguished from other telemid genera by the following combination of male palpal characters: cymbium with a prolateral apophysis, bearing several setae; bulb with a tubeshaped embolus. Description. Carapace yellow, pear-shaped, with radial shadings and dim margins. Six eyes, with black rings, and in two species the eye absent. Chelicerae, endites and labium yellow. Sternum brown or yellow. Legs yellowish. Chelicerae fang furrow with 2 big teeth and 3 tiny granulous denticles on promargin, 4 small triangular denticles on retromargin. Sternum covered with sparse long setae. Opisthosoma yellowish or blue, oval or circular dorsally, covered with sparse setae. Male Pedipalp simple, femur shorter than tarsus, patella half the length of tibia, tarsus bears bristles distally and dorsally, bulb ovate or pear-shaped, yellow, embolus tube-shaped, anterior margin sclerotized. Epigynum of the female, weakly sclerotized, with a row of sparse hairs on epigynal plate, and a row of short, strong spines or setae behind epigastric furrow. Spermatheca tube-shaped, translucent, basal part slender, the distal part swollen or curved in some species. Distibution. China. Pinelema curcici sp. nov. Figs 1 4, 17 Type material. Holotype: male, Fengwei Cave [24º20.163'N, 104º17.172'E, 1314 m, T: 19 C, H: 80%], Fengwei, Shuanglongying Town, Qiubei County, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China, 20 August, 2010, Z. Yao, C. Wang & X. Wang leg. Paratypes: 1 male, 3 females, same data as holotype. Etymology. The specific name is a patronym in honor of Prof. Dr. Srećko Ćurčić, a well known biospeleologist from Belgrade, Serbia; noun (name) in genitive case. Diagnosis. This new species is similar to the P. bailongensis, but can be distinguished by the pearshaped bulb (Figs 1C D, 3A B) (oval in P. bailongensis); the distal part of embolus not sclerotized (Figs 1B, 4C) (weakly sclerotized in P. bailongensis); and in the female epigynum with a row of short, slender setae behind epigastric furrow, the distal part of spermatheca slender (Figs 2C, 4E) (epigynum with a row of short, strong spines behind epigastric furrow, distal part of spermatheca swollen in P. bailongensis). Description. Male (holotype). Total length 1.36 (Fig. 1A). Carapace 0.56 long, 0.55 wide. Opisthosoma 0.76 long, 0.60 wide. Sternum 0.32 long, 0.32 wide. Carapace, labium, endites and chelicerae, yellow; sternum brown. Carapace with a pair of setae at the retrolateral side of eyes. Leg measurements: I 4.17 (1.25, 0.15, 1.30, 0.87, 0.60); II 3.51 (1.12, 0.15, 1.05, 0.72, 0.47); III 2.34 (0.75, 0.12, 0.62, 0.45, 0.40); IV 3.00 (1.05, 0.15, 0.80, 0.60, 0.40). Opisthosoma blue, oval dorsally. Palp measurement: 0.81 (0.20, 0.09, 0.16, -, 0.36). Palp tarsus (Figs 1B D, 3A B, 4C): bulb pear-shaped, about 1.3 times longer than cymbium, about 2 times longer than wide; embolus tube-shaped, approximately as long as tegulum. Ecol. Mont., 7, 2016, 546-566 547

FOUR NEW SPECIES OF THE SPIDER GENUS PINELEMA FROM SOUTH CHINA FIGURE 1. Pinelema curcici sp. nov., male holotype. A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Tip of embolus, apical view; C. Right palp, retrolateral view; D. Right palp, prolateral view. 548

WANG & LI FIGURE 2. Pinelema curcici sp. nov., female paratype. A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Spermatheca, dorsal view. Ecol. Mont., 7, 2016, 546-566 549

FOUR NEW SPECIES OF THE SPIDER GENUS PINELEMA FROM SOUTH CHINA FIGURE 3. Pinelema curcici sp. nov., male holotype. A. Right palp, retrolateral view; B. Right palp, prolateral view. Scale bar: 0.10 mm. 550

WANG & LI FIGURE 4. Pinelema curcici sp. nov., male holotype (A, C, D) and female paratype (B, E). A. Chelicera, posterior view; B. Epigynum, ventral view; C. Embolus tip, apical view; D. Colulus, ventral view; E. Spermatheca, dorsal view. Scale bars: A, D 0.10 mm; B, C, E 0.05 mm. Ecol. Mont., 7, 2016, 546-566 551

FOUR NEW SPECIES OF THE SPIDER GENUS PINELEMA FROM SOUTH CHINA FIGURE 5. Pinelema huobaensis sp. nov., male holotype. A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Embolus tip, apical view; C. Palp, prolateral view; D. Palp, retrolateral view. 552

WANG & LI FIGURE 6. Pinelema huobaensis sp. nov., female paratype. A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Spermatheca, lateral view. Ecol. Mont., 7, 2016, 546-566 553

FOUR NEW SPECIES OF THE SPIDER GENUS PINELEMA FROM SOUTH CHINA FIGURE 7. Pinelema huobaensis sp. nov., male holotype. A. Palp, prolateral view; B. Palp, retrolateral view; C. Embolus tip, apical view; D. Chelicera, posterior view; E. Colulus and spinnerets, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm. 554

WANG & LI FIGURE 8. Pinelema huobaensis sp. nov., female paratype. A. Epigynum, ventral view; B. Spermatheca, dorsal view; C. Spermatheca, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm. Ecol. Mont., 7, 2016, 546-566 555

FOUR NEW SPECIES OF THE SPIDER GENUS PINELEMA FROM SOUTH CHINA Female. Similar to male in coloration and general features, but with a smaller body size and shorter legs. Total length 0.80 (Figs 2A B). Carapace 0.60 long, 0.55 wide. Opisthosoma 0.74 long, 0.56 wide. Sternum 0.34 long, 0.32 wide. Leg measurements: I 3.42 (1.12, 0.15, 0.90, 0.70, 0.55); II 3.02 (0.95, 0.15, 0.87, 0.55, 0.50); III 2.14 (0.75, 0.12, 0.55, 0.37, 0.35); IV 2.80 (1.00, 0.15, 0.75, 0.50, 0.40). Epigynum (Fig. 4B) with a row of short, slender setae posterior to epigastric furrow. Spermatheca (Figs 2C, 4E) elongate, cylindrical, distal part bent ventrally. Variation. Total length: males 1.34 1.36 (n = 2), females 0.78 0.81 (n=3). Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Yunnan, China (Fig. 17) Pinelema huobaensis sp. nov. Figs 5 8, 17 Type material. Holotype: male, Huoba Cave [24º08.308'N, 104º06.755'E, 1455 m, T: 21 C, H: 73%], Puzhehei, Shuanglongying Town, Qiubei County, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China, August 18 2009, Z. Yao, C. Wu & X. Wang leg. Paratypes: 1male, 1 female, same data as holotype. Etymology. The specific name refers to the type locality; adjective. Diagnosis. This new species can be distinguished from the generotype P. bailongensis by the lack of eyes and yellowish opisthosoma (six eyes, blue opisthosoma in P. bailongensis) (Figs 5A, 6A); embolus short, about 1/4 the length of the tegulum (Figs 5C D, 7A B) (embolus as long as tegulum in P. bailongensis); and in the female epigynum with a row of short, slender setae behind epigastric furrow (Fig. 8A), spermatheca begins to be swollen at 1/3 point, contracted and not curving at the distal part (Figs 6C, 8B C) (epigynum with a row of short, strong spines behind epigastric furrow, spermatheca begins to be swollen at 4/5 point, curving ventrally at 3/5 point in P. bailongensis). Description. Male (holotype). Total length 1.80 (Fig. 5A). Carapace 0.75 long, 0.62 wide. Opisthosoma 1.00 long, 0.87 wide. Sternum 0.35 long, 0.44 wide. Carapace, sternum, yellowish; legs, labium, endites and chelicerae yellow. Carapace with a pair of setae at the retrolateral side of eyes. Eye absent. Leg measurements: I 5.65 (1.65, 0.25, 1.75, 1.25, 0.75); II 4.95 (1.50, 0.25, 1.50, 1.00, 0.70); III 3.65 (1.15, 0.25, 0.95, 0.75, 0.55); IV 4.45 (1.40, 0.25, 1.25, 0.95, 0.60). Opisthosoma whitish, circular dorsally. Palp measurements: 0.92 (0.19, 0.10, 0.22, -, 0.41). Palp tarsus (Figs 5B D, 7A C): bulb, oval, subequal to the length of tarsus, about 2.0 times longer than wide; embolus short, approximately 1/4 the length of the tegulum. Female. Similar to male in coloration and general features, but with a smaller body size and shorter legs. Total length 1.80 (Figs 6A B). Carapace 0.80 long, 0.60 wide. Opisthosoma 0.90 long, 0.70 wide. Sternum 0.50 long, 0.40 wide. Leg measurements: I 5.92 (1.80, 0.25, 1.87, 1.25, 0.75); II 5.29 (1.62, 0.25, 1.62, 1.15, 0.65); III 3.70 (1.15, 0.25, 1.00, 0.75, 0.55); IV 4.77 (1.50, 0.25, 1.30, 1.10, 0.62). Epigynum (Fig. 8A) with a row of short, slender setae behind epigastric furrow. Spermatheca (Figs 6C, 8B C) sacciform, begins to be swollen at 1/3 point and contracted at distal part. Variation. Total length: males 1.76 1.80 (n = 2). Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Yunnan, China (Fig. 17) Pinelema xiushuiensis sp. nov. Figs 9 12, 17 Type material. Holotype: male, Xiushui Cave [23º34.084'N, 107º40.777'E, 285 m, T: 24 C, H: 90%], Bafeng Mountain, Pinguo County, Baise City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, 3 August 2009, C. Wang & Z. Yao leg. Paratypes: 16 males, 33 females, same data as holotype. Etymology. The specific name refers to the type locality; adjective. Diagnosis. This new species is similar to the generotype P. bailongensis, but can be distinguished by lack of the eyes and whitish opisthosoma (six eyes, blue opisthosoma in P. bailongensis) (Figs 9A, 10A); embolus about 1.4 times longer than tegulum (Figs 9C D, 11A B) (embolus as long as tegulum in P. bailongensis); and in the female epigynum with a row of short, slender setae behind epigastric furrow, spermatheca tenuous, ribbon-shaped (Figs 10C D, 12C E) (epigynum with a row of short, strong spines behind epigastric furrow, spermatheca strong, tube-shaped in P. bailongensis). 556

WANG & LI FIGURE 9. Pinelema xiushuiensis sp. nov., male holotype. A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Embolus tip, apical view; C. Palp, prolateral view; D. Palp, retrolateral view. Ecol. Mont., 7, 2016, 546-566 557

FOUR NEW SPECIES OF THE SPIDER GENUS PINELEMA FROM SOUTH CHINA FIGURE 10. Pinelema xiushuiensis sp. nov., female paratype. A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Spermatheca, distal view; D. Spermatheca, apical view. 558

WANG & LI FIGURE 11. Pinelema xiushuiensis sp. nov., male holotype. A. Palp, prolateral view; B. Palp, retrolateral view; C. Chelicera, posterior view; D. Colulus ventral view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm. Ecol. Mont., 7, 2016, 546-566 559

FOUR NEW SPECIES OF THE SPIDER GENUS PINELEMA FROM SOUTH CHINA FIGURE 12. Pinelema xiushuiensis sp. nov., male holotype (A) and Female paratype (B E). A. Embolus tip, apical view; B Epigynum, ventral view; C. Spermatheca, lateral view; D. Spermatheca, distal view; E. Spermatheca, apical view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm. 560

WANG & LI Description. Male (holotype). Total length 1.50 (Fig. 9A). Carapace 0.62 long, 0.62 wide. Opisthosoma 0.87 long, 0.75 wide. Sternum 0.35 long, 0.32 wide. Carapace, sternum, legs and chelicerae yellowish; labium and endites yellow. Eye absent. Leg measurements: I 5.99 (1.75, 0.20, 1.87, 1.37, 0.80); II 5.25 (1.50, 0.20, 1.60, 1.20, 0.75); III 3.95 (1.25, 0.15, 1.25, 0.75, 0.55); IV 4.92 (1.60, 0.20, 1.37, 1.00, 0.75). Opisthosoma whitish, circular dorsally. Palp measurements: 1.08 (0.23, 0.10, 0.27, -, 0.48). Palp tarsus (Figs 9B D, 11A B, 12A): bulb about 1.3 times the length of tarsus, length about 3.0 times longer than wide, embolus long, tube-shaped, approximately 1.4 times longer than tegulum. Female. Similar to male in coloration and general features, but with a larger body size and shorter legs. Total length 1.62 (Figs 10A B). Carapace 0.62 long, 0.60 wide. Opisthosoma 0.87 long, 0.87 wide. Sternum 0.40 long, 0.34 wide. Leg measurements: I 5.60 (1.75, 0.20, 1.70, 1.25, 0.70); II 5.20 (1.60, 0.20, 1.55, 1.10, 0.75); III 3.55 (1.15, 0.15, 1.00, 0.70, 0.55); IV 4.60 (1.50, 0.20, 1.35, 0.95, 0.60). Epigynum (Fig. 12B) with a row of short, slender setae behind epigastric furrow. Spermatheca (Figs 10C D, 12C E) tenuous, ribbon-shaped, distal part swollen and reflexed. Variation. Total length: males 1.58 1.62 (n = 17), females (1.45 1.54) (n=33). Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Guangxi, China (Fig. 17). Pinelema yaosaensis sp. nov. Figs 13 16, 17 Type material. Holotype: male, Yaosa Da Cave [23º30.433'N, 104º54.437'E, 1301 m, T: 22 C, H: 71%], Moyao, Xichou Town, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China, 6 August 2009, Z. Yao, C. Wu & X. Wang leg. Paratypes: 2 females, same data as holotype. Etymology. The specific name refers to the type locality; adjective. Diagnosis. This new species is similar to P. huobaensis sp. nov., but can be distinguished by having eyes and whitish opisthosoma (eyes absent, opisthosoma blue in P. huobaensis sp. nov.) (Figs 13A, 14A); embolus about 3.4 times shorter than tegulum (Figs 13C D, 15A B) (1/4 the length of tegulum in P. huobaensis sp. nov.); and in the female spermatheca shaped as a golf-club, with a spherical distal part (Figs 14C, 16A, C) (spermatheca sacciform, swollen in middle, and contracted at distal part in P. huobaensis sp. nov.). Description. Male (holotype). Total length 1.40 (Fig. 13A). Carapace 0.56 long, 0.54 wide. Opisthosoma 0.70 long, 0.62 wide. Sternum 0.38 long, 0.38 wide. Carapace, legs, labium, endites and chelicerae yellow, sternum brown. Carapace with a pair of setae at the retrolateral side of eyes. Leg measurements: I 4.64 (1.37, 0.25, 1.40, 1.00, 0.62); II 3.79 (1.12, 0.25, 1.12, 0.75, 0.55); III 2.62 (0.87, 0.15, 0.70, 0.50, 0.40); IV 3.50 (1.10, 0.25, 1.00, 0.65, 0.50). Opisthosoma blue, oval dorsally. Palp measurements: 0.95 (0.22, 0.10, 0.20, -, 0.43). Palp tarsus (Figs 13B D, 15A B, E): bulb oval, subequal to the length of tarsus, length about 2 times longer than wide, embolus short, approximately 1/5 the length of the tegulum. Female. Similar to male in coloration and general features, but with a larger body size and shorter legs. Total length 1.56 (Figs 14A B). Carapace 0.62 long, 0.56 wide. Opisthosoma 0.86 long, 0.70 wide. Sternum 0.39 long, 0.37 wide. Leg measurements: I 4.37 (1.30, 0.25, 1.35, 0.85, 0.62); II 3.72 (1.12, 0.25, 1.10, 0.70, 0.55); III 2.65 (0.90, 0.15, 0.70, 0.50, 0.40); IV 3.49 (1.12, 0.25, 1.00, 0.62, 0.50). Epigynum (Fig. 16B) with a row of short, slender setae posterior to epigastric furrow. Spermatheca (Figs 14C, 16A, C) golf-rod-shaped, distal part spherical. Variation. Females (1.54 1.56) (n=2). Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Yunnan, China (Fig. 17) Acknowledgements The manuscript benifited greatly by comments of Vladimir Pešić (Podgorica, Montenegro) and Yuri M. Marusik (Magadan, Russia). This study was supported by the Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (2015CASEABRI005, Y4ZK111B01) and the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (NSFC- 31471977, 31272280, 31471960, 31530067). Ecol. Mont., 7, 2016, 546-566 561

FOUR NEW SPECIES OF THE SPIDER GENUS PINELEMA FROM SOUTH CHINA FIGURE 13. Pinelema yaosaensis sp. nov., male holotype. A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Embolus tip, apical view; C. Palp, prolateral view; D. Palp, retrolateral view. 562

WANG & LI FIGURE 14. Pinelema yaosaensis sp. nov., female paratype. A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Spermatheca, lateral view. Ecol. Mont., 7, 2016, 546-566 563

FOUR NEW SPECIES OF THE SPIDER GENUS PINELEMA FROM SOUTH CHINA FIGURE 15. Pinelema yaosaensis sp. nov., male holotype. A. Palp, prolateral view; B. Palp, retrolateral view. C. Chelicera, posterior view; D. Colulus, ventral view; E. Embolus tip, apical view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm. 564

WANG & LI FIGURE 16. Pinelema yaosaensis sp. nov., female paratype. A. Spermatheca, ventral view; B. Epigynum, dorsal view; C. Spermatheca, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm. Ecol. Mont., 7, 2016, 546-566 565

FOUR NEW SPECIES OF THE SPIDER GENUS PINELEMA FROM SOUTH CHINA FIGURE 17. Localities records for four new species of the genus Pinelema from Southwest China. References Li, S. & Lin, Y. (2016) Species Catalogue of China. Volume 2. Animals. Invertebrates (I), Arachnida: Araneae. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 549. Song, D. X., Zhu, M. S. & Chen, J. (1999) The Spiders of China. Hebei Science and Technology Publishing House, Shijiazhuang, 640 pp. Tong, Y. & Li, S. (2008) The spiders of the genus Telema (Araneae: Telemidae) from Hainan Island, China. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 56, 67 74. Wang, C. & Li, S. (2010) New species of the spider genus Telema (Araneae, Telemidae) from caves in Guangxi, China. Zootaxa, 2632, 1 45. Wang, C. & Li, S. (2012) Description of Pinelema bailongensis gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Araneae, Telemidae) from Guangxi, China. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 37(1), 76 83. Wang, X. P. & Ran J. C. (1998) A new cave spider of the genus Telema (Araneae: Telemidae) from China. Acta Zoologica Taiwanica, 9, 93 96. World Spider Catalog (2016) World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch, version 17.5 (accessed 26 October 2016). 566