CTIVITY TRIL Carlisle Castle This resource has been designed to help teachers plan a visit to Carlisle Castle, which provides essential insight into defences and life in a medieval castle. Use the Teachers Guide and Teachers nswer Sheet before and during your visit to help students get the most out of the ctivity Trail. INCLUDED Teachers Guide Teachers nswer Sheet Student ctivity Trail Get in touch with our Education Booking Team 0370 333 0606 bookeducation@english-heritage.org.uk https://bookings.english-heritage.org.uk/education/ Don t forget to download our Hazard Information Sheets and Discovery Visit Risk ssessments to help with planning Captains, Captives and Costumes. Share your visit with us @EHEducation The English Heritage Trust is a charity, no. 1140351, and a company, no. 07447221, registered in England. ll photographs are copyright of English Heritage or Historic England unless otherwise stated. Published October 2017
TECHERS GUIDE LERNING OVERVIEW BEFORE YOUR VISIT Curriculum Links History Geography rt Learning Objectives WHT Learn to identify key defensive features, understand how and why Carlisle Castle changed over time and what life was like in the castle. HOW Exploring Carlisle Castle s defensive and domestic features and linking architectural changes with wider historical events. OUTCOME Students understand the functions of key castle features, in the castle, the significance of Carlisle Castle s position on the border and its role in the history of power struggles between England and Scotland. Time to Complete 5 10 minutes per activity; 8 activities PRIOR LERNING Before your visit, you could discuss the strategic importance of Carlisle Castle on the border between two, often warring, kingdoms. You could also show your students images of typical defensive features of a castle, and discuss how they think they helped to prevent enemy attack. nother key topic is life in a castle, so it would help if the students had some background to medieval life, for example lack of electricity, internet and materials such as plastics or concrete. PRE-VISIT CTIVITY In English or Scottish Castle?, students use the Timeline to collect information on the battle between the Scottish and English kingdoms for ownership of Carlisle Castle and control of the border. PREPRTION ND RESOURCES The booklet will print as four double-sided pages which can be folded into a booklet and stapled. 1. Select size 4. 2. Select Print on both sides of the paper. 3. Select: Flip on short edge. 4. Select the option to Print Custom Range from pages 9 to 16. 5. This will print four double-sided pages of PDF which can be folded in half and arranged in page number order. CONTCT DETILS 0370 333 0606 bookeducation@english-heritage.org.uk www.facebook.com/englishheritage @EHEducation CRLISLE 1 OF 8
TECHERS NSWER SHEET ENGLISH OR SCOTTISH? IN THE Challenge a) Fill in the stacked bar chart to show when the English and Scottish kingdoms controlled Carlisle Castle. Use the Timeline to help you. Challenge b) Label the bar chart to explain why the castle changed owner. Example: in 1092, English King William Rufus built the first earthwork castle. Challenge c) What does the bar chart show about who owned the castle? ENGLISH CONTROL Dec.1745: The Duke of Cumberland led an English assault on the castle and the Jacobites surrendered. 1660: Following the Restoration of the monarchy, the castle was owned by Charles II. 1800 1700 1600 SCOTTISH CONTROL 1745: The Jacobite army took Carlisle, led by Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie). 1644 45: The Scots, supported by the English Parliamentarians, besieged Carlisle. They surrounded the city gates for eight months until the starving people surrendered. 1500 1400 c.1217: The Scots left Carlisle. 1157: The Scots left Carlisle. Henry II ordered the castle buildings to be strengthened. 1092: King William Rufus built an earthwork castle. 11th century: The castle is disputed territory between the English and Scottish kingdoms. 1300 1200 1100 1000 1216: Scottish King lexander II took the city and castle of Carlisle. 1135: King David I took the castle during the civil war between Empress Matilda and Stephen. 11th century: The castle is disputed territory between the English and Scottish kingdoms. CRLISLE 3 OF 8
CTIVITY 1 OUTER GTEHOUSE a) Draw the shape of the battlements on the roof: b) How does this shape help protect archers or gunners firing at invaders? The battlements provide protection for a soldier behind the square projections, allowing him to aim his arrow or gun through the openings between each square. CTIVITY 2 HLF-MOON BTTERY a) Draw a straight line of fire from each opening: b) Which shape is better? Why? The half-moon shape is better because it allows a greater range of fire. It allowed defenders to fire in more directions. CRLISLE 4 OF 8
CTIVITY 3 CPTIN S TOWER a) Draw the two archways. Estimate how far in metres the archway was lowered from its highest point and label this on your drawing. The top arch is roughly 1.5 metres higher than the lower arch. b) Why do you think the archway was made smaller? smaller entrance was easier to defend and allowed a platform to be built above, from which missiles could be aimed down at invaders (students can see the 19th-century joist holes that supported the platform). Three windows and a door were blocked in the 19th century, when the government feared attack during a revolt by the city s textile workers. CTIVITY 4 INNER WRD b) Why was this side of the Captain s Tower (facing the inner ward) decorated? Whereas the focus of the side facing the outer ward is defence against invaders, the purpose of this side is to show off the wealth and sophistication of the castle owner to those inhabiting the residential area of the castle. c) Why do you think a ramp would have been useful for the new cannons? The ramp on the outside of the keep was built so that cannons could be rolled up to the walkway around the walls of the inner ward. It would not have been stepped at that time. CRLISLE 5 OF 8
CTIVITY 5 KEEP FIRST FLOOR a) How did people in this room get water for drinking or cooking? They brought water up from the well in the well house, off this room. The servants needed to get supplies up from the storage rooms on the ground floor. It would have been difficult to bring heavy barrels up and down stairs. b) Find another way the servants could get supplies into the room. The trapdoor in the floor opens into the storage rooms where barrels of supplies were stored. c) What shape is the latrine (or garderobe)? There was no flushing water in the keep toilets were a hole in the ground and the waste dropped through a chute into the moat. d) Why do you think it is this shape? Clue: without flushing water, toilets become very smelly! The L-shaped, or dog-leg, passage captures the smell of the excrement around the top of the chute, and makes it harder for the smell to travel around the corner into the main room. It also allows privacy. CRLISLE 6 OF 8
CTIVITY 6 KEEP SECOND FLOOR a) Below is a diagram of the keep. Draw on the diagram how the gravitational force (weight) is acting on the cannons. Cannons Barrel-vaulted ceilings Gunpowder Stone walls b) How do the barrel-vaulted ceilings and the middle wall help hold the weight of the cannons? Draw and label on the diagram how they act as reactionary forces Weight is the action force acting on the cannons, pushing downwards. The reaction force is pushing upwards and the wall in the middle of the room increases this reaction force, which stops the weight of the cannons falling through the ceiling. The forces are balanced. The barrel-vaulted ceiling was designed to move the force out from the floor beneath the cannons towards the stronger outer walls and internal room division. CRLISLE 7 OF 8
CTIVITY 7 KEEP GROUND FLOOR b) Give two reasons why the storage was on the ground floor: 1. The ground floor would have been the coolest place; it also has the smallest windows both for defensive reasons and to let in less light and heat. 2. Heavy barrels of supplies needed to be kept on the secure foundations of the ground floor and not on higher levels where they might be too heavy for the floors to support. These rooms are functional and therefore plainly constructed with very little decoration. The windows are small to prevent light and heat getting in to spoil the supplies. They have a barrel-vault ceiling shape. c) Where have you seen this trapdoor before? This trapdoor opens from the first floor of the keep, near the well room. CTIVITY 8 INNER WRD WLKWY d) Compare the narrow slits for rifles with the older, wider embrasures (gaps) for cannons. Do you think cannons or rifles were better weapons for soldiers? Explain why: The smaller rifles meant that the openings in the battlements were much smaller than they needed to be for cannons. This meant that the soldier was better protected as he fired. Rifles were lightweight, so the soldier could easily carry them and move quickly to fire at moving targets. CRLISLE 8 OF 8
CTIVITY TRIL DISCOVER CRLISLE WELL DONE! Congratulations on completing the ctivity Trail! We hope you enjoyed your visit. You can stick this ctivity Trail into your book as a record of your visit. You re welcome to touch the cannons! Why not take a photo and tweet it to us @EHEducation? NME: CLSS: The English Heritage Trust is a charity, no. 1140351, and a company, no. 07447221, registered in England. ll images Historic England rchive unless otherwise stated. SCHOOL:
IN THE ENGLISH OR SCOTTISH? CTIVITY 8 - INNER WRD WLKWY The city of Carlisle is on the border between Scotland and England. For its entire history, it has been important to both countries, as whoever owned the castle, controlled the city and the border area. The keep is 21 metres high. It was a symbol of the power and authority of the owner of the castle to everyone who could see it from afar. B Fill in the stacked chart (opposite) to show when the English and Scottish kingdoms controlled Carlisle Castle. Use the Timeline in the Teachers Resource Pack to help you. Label the bar chart to explain why the castle changed owner. Example: in 1092, English King William Rufus built the first earthwork castle. C Find where the curtain wall joins the defensive city wall. DID YOU FIND IT? The keep was a symbol of power and authority to the city of Carlisle and the surrounding area. C What does the bar chart show about who owned the castle? Keep walking left to find narrow embrasures (gaps) in the battlements. Larger embrasures (gaps) in the battlements were needed for cannons. By the 19th century, some soldiers used rifles rather than cannons, so slits in the battlements could be narrower. D Compare the narrow slits for rifles with the older, wider embrasures (gaps) for cannons. Do you think cannons or rifles were better weapons for soldiers? Explain why: map of the border between England and Scotland showing Hadrian s Wall, Carlisle Castle and other English Heritage sites nearby. 1 OF 14 CRLISLE 14 OF 14
IN THE CTIVITY 8 - INNER WRD WLKWY IN THE ENGLISH OR SCOTTISH? Come out of the keep and turn left. Imagine how it would feel to push a cannon weighing 2 tonnes up to the walkway that s the same as pushing a car! ENGLISH CONTROL Dec. 1745: The Duke of Cumberland led an English assault on the castle and the Jacobites surrendered. 1800 1700 SCOTTISH CONTROL 1745: The Jacobite army took Carlisle, led by Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie). s you walk up the steps to the walkway, look out for the well in the side of the keep. This is the same well that you saw from inside. DID YOU FIND IT? The steps used to be a ramp. It was built in the 16th century so that cannons could be pushed up to the walkway of the inner ward. 1600 1500 1400 1300 The well is 21 metres deep as deep as the keep is high. It was important to have a well in the keep, in case the castle was cut off during a siege. 1200 t the top of the steps, turn left along the walkway. Please walk carefully on the walkway. B Medieval laundry-servants would have washed clothes in water from the well. On the walkway, look out for the latrine chute in the wall of the keep. 11th century: The castle is disputed territory between the English and Scottish kingdoms. 1100 1000 11th century: The castle is disputed territory between the English and Scottish kingdoms. DID YOU FIND IT? 13 OF 14 CRLISLE 2 OF 14
IN THE WELCOME! CTIVITY 7 - KEEP (GROUND FLOOR) Your task is to collect evidence to discover Carlisle Castle s history from the medieval period to the 19th century. You ll learn about: why the castle was important in history what life was like here key defensive and architectural features Go back down the spiral staircase all the way to the ground floor. Go into the first room on the right. Find the licking stones stones in the wall either side of the window that are oddly shaped. During the Jacobite risings in 1745-46, prisoners were kept at Carlisle Castle. One story is that prisoners held in this room became so thirsty that they licked the moisture off the walls and wore away the stone to make these odd shapes. It should take you 45 minutes to one hour to complete this ctivity Trail. Close your eyes and imagine you are a prisoner in this room. How would it feel? How would it smell? What would you hear? Write down some sensory words: Go into the second room on the right. It was important to have storage in the keep because it was the most secure place to be in a siege. If everyone in the castle retreated here, there had to be enough food to survive the long wait. B Give two reasons why the storage was on the ground floor (Clue: there were no fridges in the medieval period): These rooms were used for storage such as barrels of food and drink. Carlisle Castle 1 2 C Find the trapdoor. Where have you seen this before? Tell your partner. 3 OF 14 CRLISLE 12 OF 14
IN THE CTIVITY 6 - KEEP (SECOND FLOOR) PLN Go through the door to the next room to find the prisoners carvings. The rooms on either side were prisons, guardrooms, or even a room for a priest. The carvings could have been made by any of these people. Use the castle plan to help you find your way around. Complete each task as you move around the site. The trail begins at the outer gatehouse. C Many of the carvings are about someone s identity. Find each of these: fox preaching to hens a medieval fable crowned lion a symbol of England D St George killing the dragon The boar was one of Richard, Duke of Gloucester s badges, which was a symbol of his family. What would you draw to represent you or your family? boar the badge of Richard, Duke of Gloucester (later Richard III) KEY ctivity 1 outer gatehouse ctivity 2 half-moon battery ctivity 3 Captain s Tower ctivity 4 inner ward ctivity 5 keep (first floor) ctivity 6 keep (second floor) ctivity 7 keep (ground floor) ctivity 8 inner ward walkway 11 OF 14 CRLISLE 4 OF 14
IN THE CTIVITY 1 - OUTER GTEHOUSE CTIVITY 6 - KEEP (SECOND FLOOR) Stand with your group at the lamppost outside the castle, off the road. Before you cross the bridge into the castle, look at the activity below: The medieval outer gatehouse is the castle s first line of defence. It stands in the curtain wall which joins the city wall. The walls protect the city and the castle from attack. Go down the stairs (opposite where you came in) and join the spiral staircase going up to the second floor. This room used to be the top floor of the keep. In Tudor times, the ceiling was lowered and another room was built above it to store gunpowder. The wall in the middle of the room was added to hold the weight of cannons on the roof. Draw the shape of the battlements on the roof: Below is a diagram of the top of the keep. Draw on the diagram how the gravitational force (weight) is acting on the cannons. Cannons B How does this shape protect archers or gunners firing at invaders? The outer gatehouse was first built in c.1160 and then extended in the 14th century within the city boundary Barrel-vaulted ceilings C s you pass through the outer gatehouse, spot three other defences: Gunpowder portcullis arrow slits narrow gaps in the stone for archers to shoot arrows through at attackers an iron or wooden grille that drops down in front of the doors Stone walls D heavy oak doors these were shut and locked to stop attackers getting through the castle entrance Draw a line to match the defence with its function. B How do the barrel-vaulted ceilings and the middle wall help hold the weight of the cannons? Draw and label on the diagram how they act as reactionary forces. 5 OF 14 CRLISLE 10 OF 14
IN THE CTIVITY 5 - KEEP (FIRST FLOOR) CTIVITY 2 - HLF-MOON BTTERY The huge fireplace. This kept guests warm, as there was no central heating, and showed off the king s wealth. When you enter the keep, turn left and go up the stairs to the first floor. In the 12th century these two spaces were a single room where the king would do business and entertain guests. In the 1530s, Henry VIII was worried about attacks by rebels. He also suspected that Scotland might join with France to try to overthrow him.. To defend Carlisle Castle, he upgraded the buildings to hold new, heavier cannons. Explore this room how did people get water for drinking or cooking? Henry VIII B The servants brought supplies up here from the ground floor. It would have been difficult to bring heavy barrels up and down stairs. Find another way the servants could get supplies into this room: Draw a straight line of fire from each opening: There was a level above the top of the halfmoon battery where the cannons fired from. The lower floor has openings for soldiers to fire handguns at enemies. Go into the next room. Find the passage. This passage was a latrine (a medieval toilet). There was no flushing water toilets were a hole in the ground. The waste dropped through a chute into the moat. C What shape is the latrine? Circle it below: B Which shape is better? Why? D Why do you think it is this shape? Clue: no flush = very smelly The shape is better because 9 OF 14 CRLISLE 6 OF 14
IN THE CTIVITY 3 - CPTIN S TOWER CTIVITY 4 - INNER WRD The Captain lived in the rooms at the top of the tower. He was responsible for the day-to-day running of the castle. The tower was built in the 12th century. There is different coloured stone in the tower the grey stone is earlier and the red sandstone shows later alterations. Through the passageway of the Captain s Tower, you have passed formidable defences to the secure, inner ward of the castle. This is where day-to-day jobs were done such as bringing in supplies for dinner or cleaning clothes. Sketch any decoration that you can see: Draw the two archways. Estimate how far in metres the archway was lowered from its highest point and label this on your drawing. B Why was this side of the Captain s Tower (facing the inner ward) decorated? B Why do you think the archway was made smaller? When Henry VIII ordered new cannons, some of the castle buildings had to be changed to hold their weight. The walkway around the top of the inner ward was doubled in width. C s you walk through the gatehouse, tick off when you find three other defensive features: wicket gate murder holes (now blocked up) Go to the signpost and look to the right of the keep. C These steps used to be a ramp. Why do you think this ramp was useful for the new cannons? The brick archway above the windows in the Captain s Tower was added so the cannons could be transported over the top of the tower, along the walkway. grooves in the wall for the portcullis 7 OF 14 CRLISLE 8 OF 14