POLYETHYLENE (PE) PRESSURE PIPE AND TUBING, 1 2 IN. (13 mm) THROUGH 3 IN. (76 mm), FOR WATER SERVICE

American Water Works Association ANSI/AWWA C901-96 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA C901-88) R AWWA STANDARD FOR POLYETHYLENE (PE) PRESSURE PIPE AND TUBING, 1 2 IN. (13 mm) THROUGH 3 IN. (76 mm), FOR WATER SERVICE Effective date: Mar. 1, 1997. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors June 28, 1978. This edition approved June 27, 1996. Approved by American National Standards Institute Dec. 4, 1996. AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80235

AWWA Standard This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the classified advertising section of Journal AWWA. The action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal AWWA publication of the official notice. American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards. CAUTION NOTICE: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036; (212) 642-4900. Copyright 1997 by American Water Works Association Printed in USA ii

Committee Personnel The AWWA subcommittee for revision of AWWA C901, which reviewed and developed this revision, had the following personnel at the time: Donald E. Duvall, Chair E.L. Bixby W.F. Guillaume K.C. Choquette Harvey Svetlik J.D. Cox The AWWA Standards Committee 263 on Polyolefin Pressure Pipe and Fittings, which reviewed and approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: D.E. Crum, Chair R.E. Chambers, Vice-Chair S.E. Pregun, Secretary Consumer Members M.G. Boyle, City of Austin Water & Wastewater, Austin, Texas J.D. Cox, City of Stockton, Municipal Utilities, Stockton, Calif. W.F. Guillaume, Connecticut Water Company, Clinton, Conn. L.A. Kinney Jr., Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo. P.J. Schreiber, San Jose Water Company, San Jose, Calif. (AWWA) (AWWA) (NEWWA) (BUREC) (AWWA) General Interest Members K.M. Bell, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Northbrook, Ill. E.L. Bixby, Lovell Associates, Pennington, N.J. J.P. Castronovo, CH2M Hill, Gainesville, Fla. R.E. Chambers, Chambers Engineering, Canton, Mass. K.C. Choquette, Iowa Department of Health, Des Moines, Iowa D.E. Crum, Water Works Consultant, Danville, Calif. J.L. Diebel, * Council Liaison, Denver Water Department, Denver, Colo. D.E. Duvall, Engineering Systems Inc., Aurora, Ill. B.R. Elms, * Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. E.W. Misichko, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Northbrook, Ill. J.R. Paschal, NSF International, Ann Arbor, Mich. C.W. Rett, Factory Mutual Research Corp., West Glocester, R.I. (UL) (PPI) (AWWA (AWWA) (CSSE) (AWWA) (AWWA) (AWWA) (AWWA) (UL) (NSF) (FMRC) * Liaison, nonvoting Alternate iii

Producer Members W.J. McGlinchy, W.J. McGlinchy & Associates, San Francisco, Calif. S.A. Mruk, Plastics Pipe Institute, Wayne, N.J. S.E. Pregun, Shell Chemical Corporation, Houston, Texas Harvey Svetlik, Phillips Driscopipe Inc., Richardson, Texas (AWWA) (PPI) (AWWA) (AWWA) iv

Contents All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may be found in a particular standard. SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE Foreword I I.A I.B I.C II II.A II.B II.C II.D II.E II.F II.G III III.A III.B IV V Standard Introduction... vii Background... vii History... vii Acceptance... vii Special Issues... viii Pipe Selection... ix Design Criteria... x External Loads... xi Installation... xi Water System Disinfection... xiii Squeeze-Off... xiii References... xiii Use of This Standard... xiii Purchaser Options and Alternatives... xiv Modification to Standard... xiv Major Revisions... xiv Comments... xiv 1 General 1.1 Scope... 1 1.2 Purpose... 2 1.3 Application... 2 2 References... 2 3 Definitions... 3 4 Requirements 4.1 Permeation... 4 4.2 Materials... 4 4.3 Pipe and Tubing... 5 4.4 Pressure Class of Pipe and Tubing... 11 5 Verification 5.1 General... 12 5.2 Tests for Qualification of Materials and Processes... 12 5.3 Tests for Product Quality Control... 12 5.4 Action After Failure to Meet Requirements... 13 5.5 Quality-Control Records... 13 5.6 Plant Inspection by the Purchaser... 13 6 Delivery 6.1 Marking... 13 6.2 Shipping and Delivery... 14 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance... 14 Figure 1 Bend-Back Test... 12 Tables F.1 Calculated Surge Pressures for an Instantaneous Change in Velocity of 1 ft/s (0.3048 m/s) in PE Pipe or Tubing... x F.2 Hydrostatic Design Basis and Hydrostatic Design Stress for PE Pipe and Tubing... xi 1 Materials... 5 2 Polyethylene Pipe, Inside-Diameter- Based: PE 2406 and PE 3406 Materials: Dimensions, Pressure Classes, and Inside-Diameter- Based Dimension Ratios... 6 3 Polyethylene Pipe, Inside-Diameter- Based: PE 3408 Materials: Dimensions, Pressure Classes, and Inside-Diameter-Based Dimension Ratios... 7 v

4 Polyethylene Pipe, Outside-Diameter- Based: PE 2406 and PE 3406 Materials: Dimensions, Pressure Classes, and Outside-Diameter- Based Dimension Ratios... 8 5 Polyethylene Pipe, Outside-Diameter- Based: PE 3408 Materials: Dimensions, Pressure Classes, and Outside-Diameter-Based Dimension Ratios... 9 6 Polyethylene Tubing, Outside- Diameter-Based: PE 2406 and PE 3406 Materials: Dimensions, Pressure Classes, and Outside-Diameter- Based Dimension Ratios... 10 7 Polyethylene Tubing, Outside- Diameter-Based: PE 3408 Materials: Dimensions, Pressure Classes, and Outside-Diameter-Based Dimension Ratios... 10 8 Minimum Average Time to Failure (h) vs Test Hoop Stress... 11 9 Burst-Pressure Requirements for Water at 73.4 F (23 C)... 11 vi

Foreword This foreword is for information only and is not a part of AWWA C901. I. Introduction I.A. Background. This standard covers polyethylene (PE) pressure pipe and tubing for use primarily as service lines in the construction of underground water distribution systems. This standard covers dimension ratios (DR) and inside dimension ratios (IDR) for pipe and tubing made from PE materials with standard PE code designations PE 2406, PE 3406, and PE 3408, in pressure classes of 80 psi, 100 psi, 125 psi, 160 psi, and 200 psi (559 kpa, 698 kpa, 873 kpa, 1,118 kpa, and 1,397 kpa). Pipe ranging in nominal size from 1 2 in. (13 mm) through 3 in. (76 mm) conforms to the outsidediameter dimensions of iron pipe sizes (OD-based, IPS pipe) or to the insidediameter dimensions of iron pipe sizes (ID-based, IPS pipe). Tubing ranging in size from 1 2 in. (13 mm) through 2 in. (51 mm) conforms to the outside-diameter dimensions of copper tubing. I.B. History. In 1966, the American Water Works Association (AWWA) appointed Committee 8350-D to study and report on the adaptability of plastic pipe for use in the water supply industry. The committee presented its report on June 6, 1967, at the AWWA Annual Conference. The report recommended that a task group be appointed to prepare standards for plastic materials. The AWWA Standards Committee on Thermoplastic Pressure Pipe was established in 1968 as a result of that recommendation. On Jan. 28, 1978, the first edition of AWWA C901 was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors. On Aug. 9, 1982, a subcommittee of the AWWA Standards Committee on Thermoplastic Pipe was formed to review and revise the standard based on experience and advances in the state of the art since the adoption of the standard. To this end, AWWA conducted two surveys of its members to ascertain their experience with AWWA C901 products. This information was incorporated into the second edition of AWWA C901, approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on Jan. 24, 1988. In June 1988, the Thermoplastic Pressure Pipe Committee was divided into two committees to accommodate both plastic and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe. Thus were formed the Polyvinyl Chloride Pressure Pipe and Fittings Committee and the Polyolefin Pressure Pipe and Fittings Committee. The Polyolefin Pressure Pipe and Fittings Committee initiated work on this edition of the standard in 1993. This edition was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on June 23, 1996. I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certification program for all direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the original consortium included the American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AWWARF), and the Conference of State Health and Environmental Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later. vii

In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, drinking water rests with individual states. * Local agencies may choose to impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local agencies may use various references, including 1. An advisory program formerly administered by USEPA, Office of Drinking Water, discontinued on Apr. 7, 1990. 2. Specific policies of the state or local agency. 3. Two standards developed under the direction of NSF, ANSI /NSF 60, Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals Health Effects, and ANSI/NSF 61, Drinking Water System Components Health Effects. 4. Other references, including AWWA standards, Food Chemicals Codex, Water Chemicals Codex, and other standards considered appropriate by the state or local agency. Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in accordance with ANSI/NSF 61. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction. Accreditation of certification organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Appendix A, Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures, to ANSI/NSF 61 does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of an unspecified list of unregulated contaminants are based on toxicity testing guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Appendix A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier. ANSI/AWWA C901-96 does not address additives requirements. Thus, users of this standard should consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in order to 1. Determine additives requirements including applicable standards. 2. Determine the status of certifications by all parties offering to certify products for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water. 3. Determine current information on product certification. II. Special Issues. The material presented in the foreword under Sec. II was attached to the previous edition of this standard as appendix A, AWWA Guideline Criteria for Design and Installation of PE Water Pipe and Tubing in Sizes 1 2 in. Through 3 in. These subjects are being addressed in a new AWWA Manual on Design and Installation of Polyethylene Pipe currently under development. The information has been republished here to ensure that the information is continuously available to users of this standard. After publication of the new AWWA manual, it is expected that these sections will be removed from the foreword of this standard. * Persons in Canada, Mexico, and non-north American countries should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction. American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036. NSF International, 3475 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48106. Both publications available from National Academy of Sciences, 2102 Constitution Ave. N.W., Washington, DC 20418. viii

II.A. Pipe Selection. II.A.1 Selection of pressure class. A minimum pressure class of 160 psi (1,118 kpa) is recommended for general durability in handling and for use in typical AWWA water service installations. Lesser pressure classes may be appropriate for specific applications, but selection should be based on a detailed evaluation of factors, such as installation configuration (Sec. II.D.3), fitting type, joining methods, use of coiled or straight products, and potential for significant surge pressure. The minimum pressure class of the pipe or tubing selected should be equal to or greater than the system working pressure. The sum of the system working pressure and surge pressure should not exceed 1.5 times the pressure class of the pipe or tubing. If surge pressures govern the selection of the pressure class, consideration should be given to removal of the cause of surge pressures or to the incorporation of surge suppressors in the system. II.A.2 Calculation of surge pressure. Surge pressure generated by velocity changes in a PE service line may be estimated using the formulas provided in this section. In addition, surges occurring either upstream in the mains or downstream in a user s plumbing system should be considered for their effect on the service line. The magnitude of surge pressures in mains made of material other than PE may be estimated using equations similar to those given here for PE pipe. Surge, or water hammer, problems are complex; their solution requires specialized knowledge. The wave velocity and surge pressure that result from abrupt changes in the velocity of a column of water moving through a restrained pipe of uniform material and dimensions may be calculated using the following formulas: a = A 1 = 1 + K(DR 2) 1 2 E A 1 (Eq F.1) 1 + K(IDR) 1 2 E P s = av A 2 (Eq F.2) Where: a = wave velocity, in feet per second (metres per second) A1 = 4,675 (1,433 for metric units) A2 = 2.31 g for in.-lb units (1.0 for metric units) g = gravitational acceleration = 32.2 ft/s/s (9.81 m/s 2 ) K = bulk modulus of water = 294,000 lb/in. 2 (2,053.5 MPa) DR = dimension ratio, outside-diameter basis (Sec. 3(3)) E = modulus of elasticity of pipe material, in psi (MPa) E varies by material used, as follows: For PE 2406, E = 80,000 psi (559 MPa) For PE 3406, E = 115,000 psi (803 MPa) For PE 3408, E = 115,000 psi (803 MPa) IDR = dimension ratio of pipe, inside-diameter basis (Sec. 3(6)) P s = surge pressure, in psi, kpa gauge V = velocity change, in feet per second (metres per second), occurring within the critical time 2L/a ix

Where: L = pipe length, in feet (metres) Table F.1 shows surge pressures resulting from an instantaneous change in velocity of 1 ft/s 0.3048 m/s), as calculated from the earlier equations. The anticipated surge pressure and the instantaneous change in velocity are directly related; therefore, the surge resulting from higher velocity changes is a multiple of the values given in this table (i.e., the surge anticipated at a flow rate of 5 ft/s (1.524 m/s) is five times the value at 1 ft/s (0.3048 m/s). II.A.3 Temperature effects. The pressure classes of pipe and tubing in ANSI/AWWA C901 are based on water temperatures of 73.4 F (23 C). Polyethylene piping intended for use where service temperatures may exceed this value for prolonged periods should have a hydrostatic design basis (HDB) established in accordance with ASTM D2837 for the specified (or higher) temperature. An elevated temperature HDB value can be obtained from the pipe manufacturer for the specific polyethylene resin being used. An elevated temperature pressure class can then be calculated using either Eq 1 or Eq 2 (Sec. 3(10)) with the elevated temperature HDB used as the value for HDB in the equations. An alternative method of establishing an elevated temperature pressure class (PC) for temperatures between those for which HDB values have been determined is to multiply the 73.4 F (23 C) PC value by an interpolated temperature compensation factor recommended by the pipe manufacturer. II.B. Design criteria. II.B.1 Hydrostatic design basis. Hydrostatic design basis values for a temperature of 73.4 F (23 C) for the materials covered in this standard are given in Table F.2. II.B.2 Hydrostatic design stress. For PE materials covered by this standard, the values of the hydrostatic design stresses (HDB multiplied by the design factor, which is 0.5 in this standard) are given in Table F.2. These values are for service temperatures of 73.4 F (23 C) and should be modified for higher service temperatures (see Sec. II.A.3). II.B.3 Design factor. Because the strength of PE materials depends on the duration of application of loading, the effective safety factor that corresponds to a design factor of 0.5 will vary with actual end-use conditions. For the PE materials covered by this standard, the effective safety factor under hydrostatic pressure ranges from at least 3 for short-term loading to approximately 2 for long-term Table F.1 Calculated surge pressures for an instantaneous change in velocity of 1 ft/s (0.3048 m/s) in PE pipe or tubing Dimension Ratios Surge Pressures OD Based (DR) ID Based (IDR) psi kpa 21.0 19.0 8.9 62.0 17.0 15.0 10.0 69.6 13.5 11.5 11.4 79.2 11.0 9.0 12.8 89.1 9.0 7.0 14.5 100.5 7.3 5.3 16.5 114.5 x

Table F.2 Hydrostatic design basis and hydrostatic design stress for PE pipe and tubing Hydrostatic Design Basis at 73.4 F (23 C) Hydrostatic Design Stress at 73.4 F (23 C) Standard PE Code psi kpa psi kpa PE 2406 1,250 8,618 630 4,344 PE 3406 1,250 8,618 630 4,344 PE 3408 1,600 11,032 800 5,516 (100,000 h) sustained loading at the maximum recommended system working pressure and service temperature. The design factor is also intended to account for unknown local effects, such as ovalling and longitudinal bending, that occur in properly installed buried pipe. II.C. External Loads. II.C.1 Earth loads. For properly installed small-diameter conduit, the effects of distributed earth loads can usually be disregarded. II.C.2 Live loads. Tubing or pipe should be installed to preclude construction loads and subsequent traffic loads. If the installation is to be subjected to surface traffic, a minimum cover of 24 in. (610 mm) should be provided, and trench backfill in the pipe zone should be compacted to at least 90 percent of the laboratory maximum density of the backfill soil as determined in accordance with ASTM D698. II.C.3 Concentrated loads. Pipe and tubing installations should be designed and constructed to preclude localized concentrated loadings such as point contact with stones; the effects of differential earth settlement, particularly at points of connection with rigidly anchored fittings; and excessive bending as a result of the installation configuration, especially at fittings. II.D. Installation. II.D.1 Storage and handling. PE pipe, tubing, and fittings should be stored in a way that prevents damage as a result of crushing or piercing, excessive heat, harmful chemicals, or exposure to sunlight for prolonged periods. The allowable duration for exposure to sunlight depends on the stabilization package contained in the material. Consult the pipe manufacturer for specific storage limitations and recommendations. Polyethylene is not subject to breakage during normal handling. However, it is subject to damage by hard objects with a cutting edge. Therefore, handling operations, trench installation, and backfill operations should be performed with reasonable care to prevent scratches, nicks, and gouges in the conduit. Practices such as dragging coils of pipe or tubing over rough ground and installing by pulling through auger or bore holes containing sharp-edged material should be avoided to prevent damage by excessive abrasion and cutting. Uncoiling and other handling should be done without kinking. If pipe is excessively cut (to a depth greater than 10 percent of its wall thickness) or kinked, the damaged portion should be removed, discarded, and replaced. II.D.2 Bending. Bends in PE pipe and tubing should not be permitted closer than 10 diameters from any fitting or valve. The recommended minimum radius of curvature is 30 diameters, or the coil radius when bending with the coil. Furthermore, xi

bending of coiled pipe against the coil (reverse bending) should not go beyond straight. Polyethylene pipe or tubing that becomes kinked during handling or installation should not be used, and care should be taken to ensure that kinking does not develop after installation. II.D.3 Joining methods and fittings. The use of fittings that are not covered by a recognized standard is subject to the judgment and discretion of the purchaser. Each such fitting should be qualified before use by investigation and by tests when necessary to determine that the fitting is suitable and safe for the intended service. PE pipe or tubing can be joined to other PE pipe or fittings or to pipe or appurtenances of other materials using one or more joining systems. The purchaser should verify with the pipe and fittings manufacturer that fittings are capable of restraining PE pipe or tubing from pullout, especially for larger-diameter products with thicker walls. Pressure classes for pipe and fittings should be the same or compatible. Further information and specific procedures may be obtained from the pipe and fittings manufacturers. II.D.3.1 Insert fittings. Insert fittings are available for PE pipe in a variety of styles, including couplings, tees, ells, and adapters. Pipe ends should be prepared for such fittings by cutting the pipe square using a cutter designed for cutting plastic pipe. Two all-stainless-steel clamps are slipped over the end of the pipe. The end of the pipe is forced over the barbs of the fitting until it makes contact with the shoulder of the fitting. (The end of the pipe may be softened by immersing it in hot water to permit the pipe to slip on more easily.) The clamps are then tightened to provide a leak-tight connection. Care should be taken to see that the clamp screw positions are offset approximately 180. For PE pipe products in pressure classes of 160 psi (1,118 kpa) or greater and with diameters of 1 1 2 in. (38 mm) or larger, special, heavy-duty tightening clamps that can develop the necessary pipe-tightening force to preclude pullout from insert fittings should be used. The pipe should be softened by immersing it in hot water to facilitate a tight seal around the insert under the compressive force of the clamp. Only metal insert fittings that can resist creep deformation, which may lead to loss of seal and reduction of joint pull-out resistance, should be used. To ensure that such joints have been properly made, the joints should be pressure tested before being covered. When joining such heavier wall pipe, the use of alternate techniques, such as heat fusion and specially designed mechanical fittings, should be considered. II.D.3.2 Flared fittings. Recommendations for flaring are contained in ASTM D3140. Flared fittings should be used only on recommendation of the pipe manufacturer. II.D.3.3 Mechanical fittings. Mechanical fittings provide either a pressure seal alone or a pressure seal and varying degrees of resistance to pullout, including those that hold beyond the tensile yield of the PE pipe. Mechanical fittings may require tightening of a compression nut, tightening of bolts, or merely inserting properly prepared pipe or tubing to the proper stab depth in the fitting. Pipe and fitting manufacturers recommendations for installation should be followed. Internal stiffeners that extend beyond the clamp or coupling nut should not be used. Use of a solid tubular metal stiffener is recommended. The pipe should be cut square using a cutter designed for cutting plastic pipe. Outside ends of the pipe should be chamfered to remove sharp edges that could gouge or cut the gasket when being installed. Chamfering or beveling is a part of the recommended installation procedure for stab fittings. xii

II.D.3.4 Heat-fusion connections. Joints can be made either pipe end to pipe end, pipe end to fitting, or between a saddle fitting and pipe by use of hot iron or electrofusion methods. These methods involve preparation of surfaces, heating of the surfaces to proper fusion temperatures, and joining the surfaces in a prescribed manner to effect the fusion bond. ASTM D2657 describes the hot iron heat-joining practice, while ASTM F1290 describes the electrofusion joining methods. Special tools to provide proper heat and alignment are required for heat-fusion connections. These are available from several equipment manufacturers, who can also provide joining procedures. Detailed written procedures and visual aids that can be used to train personnel are available from various pipe and fittings manufacturers. Specific recommendations for time, temperature, and pressure must be obtained from the pipe and fittings suppliers. II.D.4 Embedment of pipe and tubing. In underground installations, the PE pipe and tubing should be installed in trench bottoms that provide continuous support and are uniform and free from rocks, stones, and debris (see ASTM D2774). The initial backfill, from 3 in. (76 mm) below the pipeline to 4 in. to 6 in. (100 mm to 150 mm) above the pipe, should be sand or other materials, as allowed in ASTM D2774. To prevent freezing in the water lines, the pipe should be installed below the frost line. II.D.5 Testing. The installation should be tested for leakage in accordance with the applicable code or engineering standard prior to acceptance by the purchaser. II.E. Water System Disinfection. PE pipe and tubing should be disinfected in accordance with ANSI/AWWA C651, Standard for Disinfecting Water Mains. II.F. Squeeze-Off. The use of squeeze-off techniques for emergency shut-off should be performed only on materials, wall thicknesses, and pipe diameters and with tools and methods as recommended by the pipe manufacturer. II.G. References. The latest edition of the following documents are incorporated by reference in Sec. II to the extent specified. In any case of conflict, the provisions of Sec. II shall prevail. These references are provided for information only and are not a part of ANSI/AWWA C901. ASTM * D698 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft 3 [600 kn-m/m 3 ]). ASTM D2657 Standard Practice for Heat-Joining of Polyolefin Pipe and Fittings. ASTM D2774 Standard Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pressure Piping. ASTM D2837 Standard Test Method for Obtaining Hydrostatic Design Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials. ASTM D3140 Standard Practice for Flaring Polyolefin Pipe and Tubing. ASTM F1290 Standard Practice for Electrofusion Joining Polyolefin Pipe and Fittings. ANSI/AWWA C651 Standard for Disinfecting Water Mains. III. Use of This Standard. AWWA has no responsibility for the suitability or compatibility of the provisions of this standard to any intended application by any user. Accordingly, each user of this standard is responsible for determining that the * American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. xiii

standard s provisions are suitable for and compatible with that user s intended application. III.A. Purchaser Options and Alternatives. The following items should be covered in the purchaser s specifications: 1. Standard used that is, AWWA C901, Standard for Polyethylene (PE) Pressure Pipe and Tubing, 1 2 In. (13 mm) Through 3 In. (76 mm), for Water Service, of latest revision. 2. Pipe a. Standard code designation of the PE material (Sec. 4.2.1 and Table 1). b. Nominal size, pressure class, dimension ratio, and diameter basis (DR or IDR), form (straight or coiled), length of individual pieces, and total linear feet (linear metres) for each different item to be furnished (Tables 2 through 5 and Sec. 4.3.7). 3. Tubing a. Standard code designation of the PE material (Sec. 4.2.1 and Table 1). b. Nominal size, pressure class, dimension ratio, form (straight or coiled), length of individual pieces, and total linear feet (linear metres) for each different item to be furnished (Tables 6 and 7 and Sec. 4.3.7). 4. Specifications. The following requirements should be specified: a. Affidavit of compliance (Sec. 6.3). b. Special marking (Sec. 6.1.3). c. Special preparation for shipment (Sec. 6.2). d. Special quality-control tests (Sec. 5). e. Plant inspection (Sec. 5.6). III.B. Modification to Standard. Any modification to the provisions, definitions, or terminology in this standard must be provided in the purchaser s specifications. IV. Major Revisions. Major changes made to the standard in this revision include the following: 1. The format has been changed to AWWA standard style. 2. The acceptance clause (Sec. I.C) has been revised to approved wording. 3. The former appendix A on guideline criteria for design and installation of the PE pipe covered by this standard has been moved to the foreword. 4. Section 4.3.3, formerly Sec. 2.2.3, and Table 8 have been modified with new conditions for the elevated temperature, hydrostatic pressure test. 5. Section 4.3.5 has been modified to specify the location on pipe where specimens for the thermal stability test are to be taken. 6. Section 4.2, Materials, has been expanded to allow use of suitably stabilized, nonblack polyethylene resins. 7. Tables 4 and 5 have been expanded to include dimensions and tolerances for DR 9 pipe. V. Comments. If you have any comments or questions about this standard, please call the AWWA Standards and Materials Development Department, (303) 794-7711 ext. 6283, FAX (303) 795-1440, or write to the department at 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver, CO 80235. xiv

PE PRESSURE PIPE AND TUBING American Water Works Association R ANSI/AWWA C901-96 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA C901-88) AWWA STANDARD FOR POLYETHYLENE (PE) PRESSURE PIPE AND TUBING, 1 2 IN. (13 mm) THROUGH 3 IN. (76 mm), FOR WATER SERVICE SECTION 1: GENERAL Sec. 1.1 Scope This standard covers polyethylene (PE) pressure pipe and tubing made from material having standard PE code designations PE 2406, PE 3406, and PE 3408 and primarily intended for use in the transportation of water and other liquids. Polyethylene pipe ranges in nominal size from 1 2 in. (13 mm) * through 3 in. (76 mm) and conforms to the outside-diameter dimensions of iron pipe sizes (OD-based, IPS pipe) or to the inside-diameter dimensions of iron pipe sizes (ID-based, IPS pipe). Polyethylene tubing ranges in size from 1 2 in. (13 mm) through 2 in. (51 mm) and conforms to the outside-diameter dimensions of copper tubing. Included in this standard are criteria for classifying PE plastic pipe materials, a system of nomenclature for PE plastic pipe, and requirements and test methods for materials, pipe, and tubing. Methods of marking are given. Design, installation, and application considerations are discussed in the foreword to this standard. * Metric conversions given in this standard are direct conversions of US customary units and are not those specified in International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards. 1

2 AWWA C901-96 Sec. 1.2 Purpose Sec. 1.3 Application The purpose of this standard is to provide the requirements for materials, design, testing and inspection, and shipping of PE pipe and tubing for use primarily as service lines in the construction of underground water distribution systems. This standard can be referenced in specifications for purchasing and receiving PE pressure pipe and tubing for use primarily as service lines in the construction of underground water distribution systems. This standard can be used as a guide for manufacturing this type of pressure pipe and tubing. The stipulations of this standard apply when this document has been referenced and then only to PE pipe and tubing. SECTION 2: REFERENCES This standard references the following documents. In their latest editions, these documents form a part of this standard to the extent specified within the standard. In any case of conflict, the requirements of this standard shall prevail. ASTM * D1598 Standard Test Method for Time-to-Failure of Plastic Pipe Under Constant Internal Pressure. ASTM D1599 Standard Test Method for Short-Time Hydraulic Failure Pressure of Plastic Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings. ASTM D2239 Standard Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe (SIDR-PR) Based on Controlled Inside Diameter. ASTM D2737 Standard Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Tubing. ASTM D2837 Standard Test Method for Obtaining Hydrostatic Design Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials. ASTM D3035 Standard Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe (DR- PR) Based on Controlled Outside Diameter. ASTM D3350 Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials. ASTM F412 Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems. CSA B137.1 M 1983 Polyethylene Pipe, Tubing and Fittings for Cold Water Pressure Services. ISO R161-1960 Pipe of Plastic Materials for the Transport of Fluids, Part 1 Metric Series. NSF No. 14 Plastics Piping Components and Related Materials. PPI ** TR-3 Policies and Procedures for Developing Recommended Hydrostatic Design Stresses for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials. * American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Canadian Standards Association, 178 Rexdale Blvd., Rexdale, ON M9W 1R3. International Organization For Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. National Sanitation Foundation, 3475 Plymouth Rd., P.O. Box 1468, Ann Arbor, MI 48106. ** Plastics Pipe Institute, 1275 K St. N.W., Suite 4000, Washington, DC 20005.

PE PRESSURE PIPE AND TUBING 3 SECTION 3: DEFINITIONS The following definitions shall apply in this standard: 1. Bloom: A visible exudate on the surface of a plastic material. 2. Design factor (DF): The multiplier that is used to reduce the hydrostatic design basis to arrive at the hydrostatic design stress, from which the pressure class is calculated. Unless otherwise noted, the design factor used in this standard is 0.5. NOTE: Because the strength of PE materials depends on the duration of loading, the effective safety factor based on a design factor of 0.5 will vary with end-use conditions. For the PE materials covered in this standard, when subjected to loading at maximum system working pressure and service temperature, the effective safety factor ranges from 3 or more for short-term loading to 2 for long-term loading. 3. Dimension ratio (DR): The ratio of the specified average outside diameter to the specified minimum wall thickness. This ratio is common to all pipe sizes of a specific dimension-ratio series. 4. Hydrostatic design basis (HDB): The categorized long-term hydrostatic strength in the circumferential or hoop direction as established from long-term pressure tests performed in accordance with ASTM D2837. 5. Hydrostatic design stress (HDS): The maximum allowable working hoop stress in the pipe wall when the pipe is subjected to sustained long-term hydrostatic pressure. For use in this standard, the hydrostatic design stress is determined by multiplying the hydrostatic design basis by a design factor. 6. Inside dimension ratio (IDR): The ratio of the specified average inside diameter to the minimum wall thickness. The ratio shall be rounded off, when necessary, to the nearest 0.5 or 0.1, whichever is applicable. 7. Manufacturer: The party that manufactures, fabricates, or produces materials or products. 8. Polyethylene plastic: Thermoplastic extrusion material prepared by polymerization of no less than 85 percent ethylene and no less than 95 percent of total olefins by weight, plus the addition of compounding ingredients. 9. Pressure class (PC): The design capacity to resist working pressure at 73.4 F (23 C) maximum service temperature with an allowance for surge pressure. The following expressions, commonly known as the ISO equations, * are used to calculate pressure class: For OD-based pipe or tubing PC = 2 HDB DF (Eq 1) DR 1 For ID-based pipe PC = 2 IDR+1 HDB DF (Eq 2) Where: PC = pressure class, in psi (kpa) gauge, for water at 73.4 F (23 C) * See ISO R161-1960.

4 AWWA C901-96 HDB= hydrostatic design basis, in psi (kpa), for water at 73.4 F (23 C) DF = design factor, 0.5 DR = dimension ratio, outside-diameter based = D o /t Where: D o = average outside diameter, in inches (millimetres) t = minimum wall thickness of pipe or tube, in inches (millimetres) IDR = dimension ratio, inside-diameter based = D i /t Where: D i = average inside diameter, in inches (millimetres) See foreword, Sec. II.A.3, for recommendations on reduction in pressure class or working hoop stress when service temperatures are expected to exceed 73.4 F (23 C). 10. Purchaser: The person, company, or organization that purchases any materials or work to be performed. 11. Supplier: The party that supplies materials or services. A supplier may or may not be the manufacturer. 12. Surge pressure: The maximum positive transient pressure increase (commonly called water hammer) that is anticipated in the system as the result of a change in velocity of the water column. 13. Working pressure: The maximum anticipated sustained operating pressure, in pounds per square inch gauge, applied to the pipe or tubing, exclusive of surge pressures. Sec. 4.1 Permeation Sec. 4.2 Materials SECTION 4: REQUIREMENTS The selection of materials is critical for water service and distribution piping in locations where there is likelihood the pipe will be exposed to significant concentrations of pollutants comprised of low molecular weight petroleum products or organic solvents or their vapors. Research has documented that pipe materials such as polyethylene, polybutylene, polyvinyl chloride, and asbestos cement, and elastomers, such as used in jointing gaskets and packing glands, may be subject to permeation by lower molecular weight organic solvents or petroleum products. If a water pipe must pass through such a contaminated area or an area subject to contamination, consult with the manufacturer regarding permeation of pipe walls, jointing materials, and so forth, before selecting materials for use in that area. 4.2.1 General. PE materials designated by the three standard PE codes, PE 2406, PE 3406, and PE 3408, shall conform to ASTM D3350 for the corresponding cell classifications shown in Table 1. Sufficient stabilizer shall be included to ensure that production pipe meets the requirements of Sec. 4.3.5. The material shall contain pigmentation and ultraviolet (UV) stabilizer to meet the requirements of a C, D, or E classification by ASTM D3350, Sec. 6.2. The material shall carry an HDB determined in accordance with PPI TR-3.

PE PRESSURE PIPE AND TUBING 5 Table 1 Materials Standard PE Code Cell Classification PE 2406 PE 213323 PE 3406 PE 324433 PE 3408 PE 334434 NOTE: Cell classification is based on ASTM D3350. The cell numbers given for the second through fourth cells represent minimum cells. For the second through fourth cells, the number determined by test results may be greater than the minimum value without disqualifying a material for the corresponding standard PE code designation. For example, a PE of cell classification 224433 qualifies as a PE 2406. 4.2.2 Rework materials. Clean rework materials derived from a manufacturer s pipe production may be used by the same manufacturer for like purposes provided that the following is true: 1. The cell classification of the rework material is the same as the material to which it is added. 2. The rework materials comply with all applicable requirements of Sec. 4.2 of this standard. 3. The finished products meet the requirements specified by the purchaser and Sec. 4.3 of this standard. 4.2.3 Certification. PE compounds shall be tested and certified as suitable for use with potable water by any accredited testing agency acceptable to the purchaser. In any case, tests shall be made in accordance with requirements that are no less restrictive than the applicable requirements in NSF No. 14. Sec. 4.3 Pipe and Tubing 4.3.1 Workmanship. Pipe and tubing shall be homogeneous throughout; free from voids, cracks, inclusions, and other defects; and as uniform as commercially practical in color, opacity, density, and other physical properties. Surfaces of the products shall be free from scratches, gouges, bloom, and other imperfections. 4.3.2 Dimensions and tolerances. Pipe and tubing shall conform to the applicable dimension requirements specified in Tables 2 through 7 and with other dimensional requirements specified in the applicable standards referenced in Sec. 2. 4.3.3 Elevated-temperature sustained-pressure test. The elevated-temperature sustained-pressure test shall be performed by following the steps listed below: 1. Test pressure for the required hoop stress shall be computed using the following equation: P = 2S D/t 1 (Eq 3) Where: P = test pressure, in psi (kpa) S = test hoop stress, in psi (kpa) D/t = dimension ratio Where: D t = average outside diameter, in inches (mm) = minimum wall thickness, in inches (mm)

Table 2 Polyethylene pipe, inside-diameter-based: PE 2406 and PE 3406 materials: Dimensions, pressure classes, * and inside-diameter-based dimension ratios 6 AWWA C901-96 Nominal PC 80 Pipe Size Inside Diameter in. IDR 15 PC 100 IDR 11.5 Wall Thickness-in. PC 125 IDR 9 PC 160 IDR 7 PC 200 IDR 5.3 in. Average Tolerance Min. Tolerance Min. Tolerance Min. Tolerance Min. Tolerance Min. Tolerance 1 2 0.622 0.010 0.069 +0.020 0.089 +0.020 0.117 +0.020 +0.010 3 4 0.824 0.015 0.092 +0.020 0.118 +0.020 0.155 +0.020 +0.010 1 1.049 0.020 0.117 +0.020 0.150 +0.020 0.198 +0.024 +0.010 1 1 4 1.380 0.020 0.153 +0.020 0.197 +0.024 0.260 ** +0.031 +0.010 1 1 2 1.610 0.020 0.179 +0.020 0.230 +0.028 0.304 ** +0.036 +0.015 2 2.067 0.020 0.138 +0.020 0.180 +0.020 0.230 +0.028 0.295 ** +0.035 0.390 ** +0.047 +0.015 2 1 2 2.469 0.025 0.165 +0.020 0.215 +0.025 0.272 ** +0.033 0.353 ** +0.042 0.466 ** +0.056 +0.015 3 3.068 0.030 +0.015 0.205 +0.025 0.267 ** +0.032 0.341 ** +0.041 0.438 ** +0.053 0.579 ** +0.069 * For recommendations on selection of minimum pressure class, see foreword, Sec. II.A.1. To convert inches to millimetres, multiply by 25.4. PC = pressure class, in pounds per square inch. Pressure classes are for water at 73.4 F (23 C). See Sec. 3(10), and foreword, Sec. II.A.3. IDR = inside-diameter-based dimension ratio. ** Wall thickness of about 0.25 and greater, especially in larger diameter, may require special fittings to preclude pullout. See foreword, Sec. III.D.3.

Table 3 Polyethylene pipe, inside-diameter-based: PE 3408 materials: Dimensions, pressure classes, * and inside-diameterbased dimension ratios Nominal PC 80 Pipe Size Inside Diameter in. IDR 19 PC 100 IDR 15 Wall Thickness-in. PC 125 IDR 11.5 PC 160 IDR 9 PC 200 IDR 7 in. Average Tolerance Min. Tolerance Min. Tolerance Min. Tolerance Min. Tolerance Min. Tolerance 1 2 0.622 0.010 0.069 +0.020 0.089 +0.020 +0.010 3 4 0.824 0.015 0.072 +0.020 0.092 +0.020 0.118 +0.020 +0.010 1 1.049 0.020 0.091 +0.020 0.117 +0.020 0.150 +0.020 +0.010 1 1 4 1.380 0.020 0.120 +0.020 0.153 +0.020 0.197 +0.024 +0.010 1 1 2 1.610 0.020 0.140 +0.020 0.179 +0.020 0.230 +0.028 +0.015 2 2.067 0.020 0.109 +0.020 0.138 +0.020 0.180 +0.022 0.230 +0.028 0.295 ** +0.035 +0.015 2 1 2 2.469 0.025 0.130 +0.020 0.165 +0.020 0.215 +0.025 0.272 ** +0.033 0.353 ** +0.042 +0.015 3 3.068 0.030 +0.015 0.161 +0.020 0.205 +0.020 0.267 ** +0.032 0.341 ** +0.041 0.438 ** +0.053 * For recommendations on selection of minimum pressure class, see foreword, Sec. II.A.1. To convert inches to millimetres, multiply by 25.4. PC = pressure class, in pounds per square inch. Pressure classes are for water at 73.4 F (23 C). See Sec. 3(10), and foreword, Sec. II.A.3. IDR = inside-diameter-based dimension ratio. ** Wall thickness of about 0.25 and greater, especially in larger diameter, may require special fittings to preclude pullout. See foreword, Sec. II.D.3. PE PRESSURE PIPE AND TUBING 7

8 AWWA C901-96 Table 4 Polyethylene pipe, outside-diameter-based: PE 2406 and PE 3406 materials: Dimensions, pressure classes, * and outside-diameter-based dimension ratios Nominal PC 80 Pipe Size Outside Diameter in. DR 17 PC 100 DR 13.5 Wall Thickness in. PC 125 DR 11 PC 160 DR 9 in. Average Tolerance Min. Tolerance Min. Tolerance Min. Tolerance Min. Tolerance 1 2 0.840 ±0.004 0.076 +0.020 0.093 +0.020 3 4 1.050 ±0.004 0.095 +0.020 0.117 +0.020 1 1.315 ±0.005 0.119 +0.020 0.146 +0.020 1 1 4 1.660 ±0.005 0.151 +0.020 0.184 +0.022 1 1 2 1.900 ±0.006 0.173 +0.021 0.211 +0.025 2 2.375 ±0.006 0.140 +0.020 0.176 +0.021 0.216 +0.026 0.264 ** +0.032 3 3.500 ±0.008 0.206 +0.025 0.259 ** +0.031 0.318 ** +0.038 0.389 ** +0.047 * For recommendations on selection of minimum pressure class, see foreword, Sec. II.A.1. To convert inches to millimetres, multiply by 25.4. PC = pressure class, in pounds per square inch. Pressure classes are for water at 73.4 F (23 C). See Sec. 3(10), and foreword, Sec. II.A.3. DR = outside-diameter-based dimension ratio. ** Wall thickness of about 0.25 and greater, especially in larger diameter, may require special fittings to preclude pullout. See foreword, Sec. II.D.3.

Table 5 Polyethylene pipe, outside-diameter-based: PE 3408 materials: Dimensions, pressure classes, * and outside-diameterbased dimension ratios Nominal PC 80 Pipe Size Inside Diameter in. DR 21 PC 100 DR 17 Wall Thickness in. PC 125 DR 13.5 PC 160 DR 11 PC 200 DR 9 in. Average Tolerance Min. Tolerance Min. Tolerance Min. Tolerance Min. Tolerance Min. Tolerance 1 2 0.840 ±0.004 0.076 +0.020 0.093 +0.020 3 4 1.050 ±0.004 0.078 +0.020 0.095 +0.061 0.117 +0.020 1 1.315 ±0.005 0.097 +0.020 0.119 +0.020 0.146 +0.020 1 1 4 1.660 ±0.005 0.123 +0.020 0.151 +0.020 0.184 +0.022 1 1 2 1.900 ±0.006 0.141 +0.020 0.173 +0.021 0.211 +0.025 2 2.375 ±0.006 0.113 +0.020 0.140 +0.020 0.176 +0.021 0.216 0.264 ** +0.032 3 3.500 ±0.008 0.167 +0.020 0.206 +0.025 0.259 ** +0.031 0.318 ** +0.038 0.389 ** +0.047 * For recommendations on selection of minimum pressure class, see foreword, Sec. II.A.1. To convert inches to millimetres, multiply by 25.4. PC = pressure class, in pounds per square inch. Pressure classes are for water at 73.4 F (23 C). See Sec. 3(10), and foreword, Sec. II.A.3. DR = outside-diameter-based dimension ratio. ** Wall thickness of about 0.25 and greater, especially in larger diameter, may require special fittings to preclude pullout. See foreword, Sec. II.D.3. PE PRESSURE PIPE AND TUBING 9

10 AWWA C901-96 2. Three samples of the base resin material shall be tested at the pressure level determined from Eq 3 for the appropriate hoop stress shown in Table 8. The tests shall be performed in accordance with ASTM D1598 with water at 176 F ± 1.8 F (80 C ± 1 C) as the pressurizing medium. The average failure time and the failure time of two of the three samples shall exceed the minimum values shown in Table 8. Table 6 Polyethylene tubing, outside-diameter-based: PE 2406 and PE 3406 materials: Dimensions, pressure classes, * and outside-diameter-based dimension ratios Wall Thickness in. Nominal Tubing Size Outside Diameter in. DR 9 PC 160 in. Average Tolerance Minimum Tolerance 1 2 0.625 ±0.004 0.069 +0.010 3 4 0.875 ±0.004 0.097 +0.010 1 1.125 ±0.005 0.125 +0.012 1 1 4 1.375 ±0.005 0.153 +0.015 1 1 2 1.625 ±0.006 0.181 +0.018 2 2.125 ±0.006 0.236 +0.024 * For recommendations on selection of minimum pressure class, see foreword, Sec. II.A.1. To convert inches to millimetres, multiply by 25.4. PC = pressure class, in pounds per square inch. Pressure classes are for water at 73.4 F (23 C). See Sec. 3(10), and foreword, Sec. II.A.3. DR = outside-diameter-based dimension ratio. Table 7 Polyethylene tubing, outside-diameter-based: PE 3408 materials: Dimensions, pressure classes, * and outside-diameter-based dimension ratios Nominal Tubing Size Outside Diameter in. PC 160 DR 11 Wall Thickness in. PC 200 DR 9 in. Average Tolerance Min. Tolerance Min. Tolerance 1 2 0.625 ±0.004 0.069 +0.010 3 4 0.875 ±0.004 0.080 +0.010 0.097 +0.010 1 1.125 ±0.005 0.102 +0.010 0.125 +0.012 1 1 4 1.375 ±0.005 0.125 +0.012 0.153 +0.015 1 1 2 1.625 ±0.006 0.148 +0.015 0.181 +0.018 2 2.125 ±0.006 0.193 +0.019 0.236 +0.024 * For recommendations on selection of minimum pressure class, see foreword, Sec. II.A.1. To convert inches to millimetres, multiply by 25.4. PC = pressure class, in pounds per square inch. Pressure classes are for water at 73.4 F (23 C). See Sec. 3(10), and foreword, Sec. II.A.3. DR = outside-diameter-based dimension ratio.

PE PRESSURE PIPE AND TUBING 11 4.3.4 Short-time burst strength. The pipe and tubing shall meet the minimum burst-pressure requirements specified in Table 9. To be acceptable, failure of the pipe or tubing wall shall be ductile in nature and display visible yield deformation at failure. A brittle or slit-like failure, or other shattering, cracking, splitting, or weeping shall not be acceptable. Tests for short-time burst strength shall be conducted at 73.4 F ± 3.6 F (23 C ± 2 C) and in accordance with the requirements of ASTM D1599. 4.3.5 Thermal stability. Material samples taken from the inside face of production pipe and tubing shall be tested for thermal stability by the method in ASTM D3350, Sec. 10.1.9. The minimum induction temperature measured by this method shall be 220 C. 4.3.6 Bend-back test. Two 5 8 -in. (16-mm) long rings shall be cleanly and squarely cut from the pipe or tubing. Each of these rings shall be cut in half to form two semicircular, arc-shaped samples. The cuts in the second ring shall be at 90 from those of the first ring so that each sample represents one quadrant of the full circumference of the pipe wall. Each of the halves shall be bent back, in a vise or by hand using an appropriate tool, so that the outside surfaces of the pipe are in full contact with each other, beginning at a distance equal to one wall thickness from the crotch of the bend (see Figure 1). When visually inspected while in the bent condition, there shall be no indication of any cracking or crazing on the original inner surface (bore) of the pipe wall. 4.3.7 Pipe ends and length. Pipe and tubing shall be furnished with plain ends and in straight or coiled pieces of a length agreed on by the supplier and the purchaser. Sec. 4.4 Pressure Class of Pipe and Tubing The pressure classes for pipe and tubing sizes covered by this standard for use at a maximum temperature of 73.4 F (23 C) are given in Tables 2 through 7. Where Table 8 Minimum average time to failure (h) vs test hoop stress Minimum Average Failure Time (h) Base Resin Density (g/cc) S = 580 psi (4 MPa) S = 670 psi (4.6 MPa) >0.935 1,000 170 Table 9 Burst-pressure requirements for water at 73.4 F (23 C) * Nominal Size Pressure Requirements IDR DR psi (MPa) 5.3 7.3 800 (5.52) 7 9 630 (4.34) 9 11 504 (3.47) 11.5 13.5 403 (2.78) 15 17 315 (2.17) 19 21 252 (1.74) * The hoop stress employed to derive these test pressures is 2,520 psi (17.38 MPa).

12 AWWA C901-96 One Wall Thickness Original Inside Surface Figure 1 Bend-back test availability or existing system conditions make other diameters or dimension ratios desirable, they shall be considered acceptable if they meet the following conditions: (1) the supplier and purchaser agree on the diameter or dimension ratio to be used; (2) the pipe and tubing are manufactured from plastic compounds meeting the material requirements of this standard; (3) the wall thickness exceeds the minimum wall thicknesses listed in Tables 2 through 7; and (4) the strength and design requirements are calculated on the same basis as that used in this standard. Sec. 5.1 General SECTION 5: VERIFICATION The manufacturer shall take adequate measures to check incoming materials and produce pipe and tubing to ensure product compliance with the requirements of this standard. The following tests for qualification of compounds, manufacturing processes, and quality assurance shall be conducted no less frequently than the indicated intervals unless otherwise specified by the purchaser. The frequencies at which each of the tests are conducted are the sole responsibility of the manufacturer in designing a quality-control program to ensure conformance with this standard. Sec. 5.2 Tests for Qualification of Materials and Processes 5.2.1 Elevated-temperature sustained-pressure test. At the beginning of production of a pipe or tubing product from a particular commercial PE material, and semiannually thereafter, elevated-temperature sustained-pressure tests shall be made as specified in Sec. 4.3.3 on one size of pipe or tubing in the range of 1 2 in. (13 mm) through 1 1 2 in. (38 mm) and on one size of pipe or tubing larger than 1 1 2 in. (38 mm). Such tests shall be performed for each commercial PE product. 5.2.2 Thermal stability. Material samples removed from pipe and tubing at each extrusion outlet shall be tested at the beginning of production of a particular commercial PE product and semiannually thereafter (Sec. 4.3.5). Sec. 5.3 Tests for Product Quality Control 5.3.1 Dimensions. Dimensions of pipe and tubing produced from each extrusion outlet shall be measured at the beginning of production of a particular material or size and thereafter once every hour or once every coil, whichever constitutes the less frequent testing (Sec. 4.3.2).

PE PRESSURE PIPE AND TUBING 13 5.3.2 Short-time burst strength and bend-back tests. The short-time burst strength test and the bend-back test shall be performed on pipe and tubing produced from each extrusion outlet at the beginning of production of a particular commercial PE material or size and thereafter tested once each day. Samples for the two tests shall be taken separately at least 6 h apart (Sec. 4.3.4 and Sec. 4.3.6). Sec. 5.4 Action After Failure to Meet Requirements When a product fails to meet a requirement of this standard or of a referenced standard, tests on previously manufactured products shall be initiated and continued until all failing products from the particular extruder or mold have been identified. Products that fail to meet any specified requirement shall be rejected. Any purchaser of rejected products shall be notified. Sec. 5.5 Quality-Control Records The manufacturer shall maintain a record of all quality-control tests for a period of not less than two years and, if requested, shall submit the pertinent record to the purchaser. Sec. 5.6 Plant Inspection by the Purchaser 5.6.1 Production notice. When plant inspection is specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer shall provide the purchaser with adequate advance notice of when and where production of ordered materials will begin. 5.6.2 Manufacturer s responsibility. Plant inspection by the purchaser or the omission of such inspections shall not relieve the manufacturer of the responsibility for furnishing materials that comply with the applicable requirements of this standard and the purchaser s specifications. 5.6.3 Inspection limitations. If a manufacturer elects to exclude inspection of proprietary manufacturing processes, the manufacturer shall advise the purchaser of the exclusion at the time of bid submittal or receipt of purchase order, whichever occurs first. 5.6.4 Plant access. The purchaser s representative shall have free access to those parts of a manufacturer s plant that are necessary to ensure that products comply with all requirements. 5.6.5 Inspection aids. The manufacturer shall make available for the use of the purchaser s representative, without charge, such tools and assistance as are necessary for inspecting and handling materials. Sec. 6.1 Marking SECTION 6: DELIVERY 6.1.1 General. Pipe and tubing shall bear permanent identification markings that will remain legible during normal handling, storage, installation, and service life and that have been applied in a manner that will not reduce the strength nor otherwise damage the products. 6.1.2 Marking. Marking on pipe and tubing shall include the following and shall be applied at intervals of not more than 5 ft (1.5 m): 1. Nominal size (e.g., 1 in. (25 mm)). 2. Standard PE code designation (e.g., PE 2406).

14 AWWA C901-96 3. On pipe, the dimension ratio and diameter base (e.g., IDR 9 or DR 11) and on tubing, the word Tubing and dimension ratio. 4. AWWA pressure class (e.g., PC 160). 5. AWWA designation number for this standard (i.e., AWWA C901-96). Marking the product with the C901 designation affirms that the product was manufactured, inspected, sampled, and tested in accordance with this standard and has been found to meet its requirements. 6. Manufacturer s name or trademark and production record code. 7. Seal, or mark, of the testing agency that certified the suitability of the pipe or tubing material for potable water products as specified in Sec. 4.2.3. 6.1.3 Special marking. If plant inspection is made by an authorized representative of the purchaser, a special marking of no more than three letters specified by the purchaser may be added to the marking. Sec. 6.2 Shipping and Delivery 6.2.1 Shipping. Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, all pipe and tubing shall be prepared for standard commercial shipment. 6.2.2 Delivery. Pipe and tubing that does not comply with the applicable requirements of this standard or that is damaged when received shall be replaced at the agreed point of delivery. Sec. 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance If specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer shall furnish a certified affidavit attesting that all products delivered comply with the requirements of this standard.

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