Public Procurement Indicators 2015

Public Procurement Indicators 21 DG GROW G4 - Innovative and e-procurement December 19, 216 1 Summary of main facts This document provides various indicators describing the public procurement market in the European Union and its member states in 21. The results are presented along with the indicators for the previous three years to illustrate the evolution on the market. The main results are the following: 1. The estimated value of tenders published in TED (including utilities and defence) amounts to 41 billion euros, 6.9 % more than in 214. Excluding utilities and defence, there is an increase of 9 %, from 319.66 in 214 to 3498 billion in 21. The value of procurement published in TED, including utilities and defence, has notably increased in Estonia (27%), Denmark (2%), Slovenia (24%), Malta (23%), Ireland (2%) and the Netherlands (21%). Excluding utilities and defence, significant increases were in Romania (33%), Estonia (31%), Slovenia (24%), UK (23%) and Malta (21%). 2. The estimate of total general government expenditures on works, goods, and services (TGGPPE), excluding utilities, was 21 billion euros in 21, 4 % higher than in 214, continuing the increased trend of recent years. Almost all EU member states increased their TGGPPE expenditure, except for Cyprus (stable) and Croatia (- %). Certain countries like Greece, Spain and Italy seem to break in 21 with the decreasing trend of previous years and this year no EU country had a continuous decrease of this expenditure in the last 4 years. The estimated TGGPPE, excluding utilities and defence, represented 13 % of the EU GDP in 21, the highest value for the last 4 years. 3. Publication rate in terms of GDP, excluding utilities and defence, has again slightly decreased from 214 to 21. Among the member states with the lowest publication rates in 214, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands have increased their publication rates, while Portugal, Spain, Greece, Austria, Luxembourg, Cyprus and Ireland have maintained or lowered their respective rates. The same conclusion is valid in terms of GDP including utilities and defence, except for Portugal which increased its publication rate. Contact: GROW-G4@ec.europa.eu 1

4. Portugal and Bulgaria have remarkably increased in 21 the number of notices of small value from an already high level, with Malta and Latvia having the largest increase. Notable rises where also present in the U.K., Finland, Slovakia, Austria, France, Ireland and Czech Republic, suggesting that voluntary publication of below thresholds procurement may have become more prominent in those countries.. As in 214, the concentration of procurement in large notices remains outstanding in the UK, particularly in the procurement of services, where the UK alone accounts for (7 %) of the total value procured at EU level in awards of more than million euros and in works, where UK accounts for (66 %). Other member states such as France (works, services), Poland (works), Italy (goods) and the Netherlands (services), also show a high level for this indicator. Among the larger member states only Italy and France displays a clear pattern of concentration, although to a lower extent than the UK. 2 Methodology 2 The value of procurement published in TED The information on monetary values published in TED notices often suffers from missing values and reporting mistakes (particularly in the form of nonsensically large values). These problems prohibit computing the annual value of public procurement opportunities published in TED as the simple sum of the values of the contract notices (CNs) published. Therefore, a method to impute the missing values of procurement notices published in TED and correct for outliers is needed. The method to compute the estimated value of procurement published in TED remains essentially unchanged in respect to previous editions of the report 1 : for each category of works, supplies and services, the number of CNs with a value below million euros (ignoring cancellations) is multiplied by the average value of the contract award notices (CANs) between 4 and million euros published during the year. For the member states publishing a smaller number of CNs and CANs, these averages are based on all CANs published during the last four years (212-21) in order to have more reliable estimations. The member states concerned by this rule are: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia. CANs of more than million euros are excluded from the computation these averages and are taken at their full value. In order to control for outliers, the value of these larger notices is manually checked and corrected if necessary. Values from contract award notices for services listed in Annex II B of Directive 24/18/EC, Annex XVII B of Directive 24/17/EC or Annex II of Directive 29/81/EC which have not been competitively tendered and for which contract notices have not been published are not used to establish the averages. However, contracts for services listed in Annex II B of Directive 24/18/EC, Annex XVII B of Directive 24/17/EC or Annex II of Directive 29/81/EC for which a contract notice has been published and which have effectively been competitively tendered have 1 See for instance the 211 report at:http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/publicprocurement/ docs/modernising_rules/public-procurement-indicators-211_en.pdf 2

been included in the total. TED provides information on notices covered by both the classical and sector or utilities and defence Directives 2. The estimated value of procurement published in TED is computed both including and excluding utilities and defence. This allows for an appropriate comparison with the total general government expenditures on works, goods, and services (see subsection 2 below) while offering the most of the information available in the database. 2 Total general government expenditures on works, goods, and services The estimate of total expenditure on works, goods and services for the general government sector can be interpreted as expenditures which could have been publicly procured (excluding utilities). For this reason, we include this aggregate in the report. Its magnitude is computed as described in the footnote 3. These figures include expenditure on items which are clearly exempt under the public procurement Directive 24/18/EC, such as contracts below the thresholds of the Directives. They also include, for example, the costs of health care and medical products reimbursed through statutory health insurance funds or by government, i.e., they include expenditures on products which are purchased directly by households and therefore do not constitute government public procurement 4. The recent change in the European System of Accounts (ESA) from ESA9 to ESA2 6 has not affected the definitions of the magnitudes used in this report. However, the historical values of those series have been updated, inducing a jump between the figures reported in tables (1), (2) and (7) and those presented in previous reports. 2 Contract award notice size and the concentration of procurement in TED across the EU In order to provide a more comprehensive picture of the patterns of procurement across member states, the report includes the density functions (figures 1 to ) of contract award notices. Member states are ordered by GDP size. All of these figures are computed using only the information from CANs (procurement standard forms 3, 6 and 18, i.e., including utilities and defence) which have their monetary value reported in TED. CANs with missing value or with reported value equal zero are excluded. The density function at aggregated EU level is displayed to facilitate comparisons. The density functions plot the value of CANs (in the x-axis) and their respective frequency in the data. For example, figure (1) shows that the most frequent value of a 2 Available at http://ec.europa.eu/growth/single-market/public-procurement/rules/current/index_en.htm 3 It is the sum, for the Eurostat series gov_a_main, of the aggregates P2 (intermediate consumption), P1G (Gross fixed capital formation) and D632PAY (social transfers in kind purchased market production, payable) for the general government sector (S13) of main aggregates of general government. 4 A fuller explanation and estimates of these various exemptions and exclusions is presented in the Evaluation Report: Impact and Effectiveness of EU Public Procurement Legislation, SEC(211) 83 final (Part 1). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/all/?uri=celex:31996r2223 6 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/38998/92693/ks-2-13-269-en.pdf 3

CAN in Germany is near 4 euros, similar to the EU; it also shows that in Germany and Spain the CANs around 4 euros are relatively more frequent than in the EU. Tables () to (1) show, for each size category of CANs, the total amount awarded in TED and the number of contract award notices per member state and type of procurement (works, goods or services) published in TED in 21. For example, table () shows that in France in 21, 64 billion euros were awarded to CANs whose reported value as published in TED is between 86 and 2 million euros, excluding utilities and defence (third column). These have been produced using only information from CANs with nonzero and non-missing values. Therefore, the sum of country and EU totals for works, goods and services does not add up to the estimated value of procurement as reported in table (), and computed as described in subsection 2, because the missing values in CANs have not been given an imputed value. The objective is that these tables reflect only the actual information provided in TED, as opposed to the estimated value of procurement published in TED. As an example regarding the number of contract award notices, table (11) shows that in France in 21, there were 62 CANs whose reported value as published in TED was between 86 and 2 million euros, excluding utilities and defence (third column). 2 Below threshold publication in TED Tables (16) to (19) are intended to provide a basic insight into the importance of belowthe-threshold publication in TED 7. They show the total number of contract award notices published in TED with non-zero or non-missing values and the percentage of those which have values under 134 euros. This is the lowest threshold contemplated by the Directive for 214-21. Therefore, it can be seen as a simple boundary to characterize below threshold publication 8. Differences with real below threshold publication can arise for two reasons: i) Notices of more than 134 euros in areas such as public works contracts, subject to higher thresholds, will not be captured by this measure; ii) CNs that exceed the thresholds but are awarded through several CANs, each of them smaller than 134 euros, will be treated as below threshold by this measure. Nevertheless, the cut-off point of 134 should provide a rough indication of the importance of below threshold publication in terms of number of notices. In contrast with tables (16) to (19), the number of notices reported in tables (4) and (6) is computed using information from contract notices (standard forms 2, 4 when used as a call for competition,, 7, 17). 2. Technical notes 1. In tables where ratios (%) are computed, e.g. table (2), two types of EU ratios are presented: "EU country average", which is the arithmetic average of the EU member 7 EU law sets minimum harmonised rules for tenders whose monetary value exceeds a certain amount and which are presumed to be of cross-border interest - the obligation to publish in TED refers only to these tenders; for tenders of lower value however, national rules apply, which nevertheless must respect general principles of EU law and their publication in TED is voluntary. 8 For the exact current values of the thresholds see https://ec.europa.eu/growth/single-market/ public-procurement/rules-implementation/thresholds_en 4

states ratios for the relevant year, and "EU total", which is the ratio for the entire EU28 (this corresponds to a weighted average of EU countries). Historically, until 213 inclusive, an "EU total" type ratio was computed in these tables and in the 214 report, an "EU country average" type ratio was computed in the same tables. This report uses only "EU country average" in the discussion of the results. 2. Due to a technical issue, a negligible number of contract notices and contract award notices from 213 were not imported in the database when the data was extracted for the 214 report (e.g. 426 contract award notices, including utilities and defence). The issue was later solved and all missing notices were imported and included in the data used for the 21 report. Therefore, minor differences could be observed, between the results of the 214 and 21 reports, for the year 213. 3. The data from TED/MAPPs contains many errors in values that could affect the size of the public procurement (PP) indicators. For this reason, every year the contract award notices (they announce the result of a public procurement tender) of more than million euros are manually checked to determine whether the value reported in TED is correct. Usually, checking a contract award notice involves verifying if the values for contract awards are not identical (which usually means that the total final value of the notice was repeated for each award), if there are no obvious typos/decimal point errors, if values are reported including VAT (they should be reported without it), if in general the value is matching the description of the object of the tender, if available, other sources of information such as press articles or tenders published in other systems than TED (including contract notices or prior information notices) are cross checked to confirm the TED values, and for framework contracts we only take into consideration the value corresponding to the first 4 years. Also, the larger the reported value, the more critical is to have a correct checking of the notice involved, thus the higher the time spent. 3 Results Table (1) shows that the estimated value of total general government expenditures on works, goods, and services continues its increasing trend in 21 at EU wide level. Almost all EU member states increased their TGGPPE expenditure, except for Cyprus (stable) and Croatia (- %). Certain countries like Greece, Spain and Italy seem to break in 21 with the decreasing trend of previous years and this year no EU country had a continuous decrease of this expenditure in the last 4 years. Also, a number of countries (Germany, Belgium, Bulgaria, Austria, Luxembourg, Hungary, Romania, Slovenia and Finland) present a continuous upward trend in the last 4 years The relative weight of total general government expenditures on works, goods, and services over GDP, presented in Table (2), shows (as in 214) a continued improvement of Greece, which is remarkable in relative terms (its GDP has also decreased in 21), while Estonia, Spain, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Portugal, Romania stop or reverse the decreasing trend of the last 3 years. There are a number of countries which exhibit a continuous decreasing trend (Netherlands and UK), while others have an upward trend in the last 4 years (Bulgaria, Greece, Germany, Hungary and Slovakia).

The estimated value of tenders published in TED, including utilities and defence (Table 3) has increased sharply in 21 versus 214. Nevertheless, the aggregate figure hides large disparities in recent evolution across member states. For instance, in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Malta, Netherlands, Finland, Sweden and in the UK, the value of procurement published in TED has increased in 21 compared to 214, reaching a maximum for the last four years. On the other hand in Czech Republic, Greece, Cyprus, Lithuania, Hungary, Spain, Croatia, Poland or Slovakia the amount published in 21 has decreased, reaching in some cases the minimum of the last four years. These conclusions, regarding member states, also hold when looking at the procurement covered by the classical Directive (excluding utilities and defence), with the exception of Poland where the value of procurement published in TED has increased in 21 compared to 214 excluding utilities and defence (Table ). As a result the publication rate in terms of total expenditure and excluding utilities and defence (Table 7) 9 has remarkably increased in Estonia, Ireland, Italy, Romania, Slovenia, Sweden and the UK. However, it has sharply decreased in Czech Republic, Lithuania, Hungary, Slovakia and only moderately in Bulgaria, Greece, Spain, Croatia, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Austria, France and Portugal. Ireland is the only country with a continuous increasing trend in the last 4 years, while France is the opposite. Overall, this has led to a decrease in the publication rate in terms of total expenditure at the EU level. These results are essentially mirrored by the publication rate in terms of GDP, but with some exception when utilities and defence procurement are included (Tables (9) and (8)). For example, in Ireland and the UK it has decreased in terms of GDP including utilities and defence, while in Bulgaria and Portugal it has increased slightly. From the member states with the lowest publication rates (excluding utilities and defence) in 214, Germany, Netherlands and Italy have increased the publication rate, while Austria, Ireland, Greece, Spain, Luxembourg and Portugal have maintained or lowered their respective rates. From the countries with the lowest publication rates (including utilities and defence) in 214, only Spain and Portugal have increased their rates in 21, while others (Spain, Cyprus and Luxembourg) have decreased compared to their 214 rates. The number of contract notices published in TED, table (4) and table (6), has increased to a maximum for the last 4 years, both including and excluding utilities and defence. It is worth highlighting the increasing trend for Germany and continuous decreasing trend for Greece in the last 4 years, both including and excluding utilities and defence. The distribution of contract award notices, excluding utilities and defence, in the area of works (Table ()) shows that at EU level more than one third of the value awarded is awarded through contract award notices of million euros or more. This relative concentration of procurement, in large awards, is extremely remarkable in the UK and to a lesser extent in Poland and France. On the opposite side Germany and France concentrate a large fraction of the value procured in the works sector in the smaller size awards. The distribution of procurement in the purchase of goods (Table (12)) is still highly concentrated in large awards in the UK and Italy, while Spain, France and Poland have larger concentrations in the smaller size awards. 9 This table is obtained by dividing the values in table, which represent the value of tenders published in TED (excluding utilities), by the values in table 1, which represent the estimated total general government expenditures on works, goods, and services (excluding utilities and defence), for each year and country. 6

The procurement of services is the most concentrated category at EU level (Table (14)). However, this result is clearly driven by the UK, which with its 34.8 billion euros accounts for 7% of the total value procured in awards of more than a million euros (even for contracts between million euros and million euros, the UK share is significant with 36%). Only the Netherlands show the highest concentration in contract award notices above million euros. On the opposite side other large countries like France, Poland, Germany, Italy or Spain seem to concentrate most of the value of their procurement of services in awards of middle values, in the range of 134 to million euros. The number of contract award notices (including utilities and defence) published in TED at EU level has again increased in 21 (Table (16)), with almost the same rate as in 214. It is remarkable the increase on the number of contract awards in Estonia, Ireland, Croatia, Malta, Portugal and Romania. On the contrary, France has reached in 21 the lowest level in the last four years after a continuous decreasing trend, same conclusion stands for Cyprus, Poland and Sweden. The percentage of contract award notices below 134 euros stopped its increasing trend at EU level (Table (17)). The performance of Bulgaria, Portugal, Lithuania and Greece in 21 is again remarkable with roughly half or more of the published contract awards below that level, with Czech Republic, France and Poland having also a high level. Similar conclusions can be drawn by looking at contract award notices excluding utilities and defence (Tables (19) and (18)). The distribution of contract award notices confirms the above findings and shows that the larger proportion of notices below 134 published in Portugal, Greece, Lithuania or Bulgaria does not correspond to a bunching right below the threshold. On the contrary, the density functions clearly show that a significant amount of contract awards of a wide range of small values is published in those countries. Altogether, this may be an indication that voluntary publication of below thresholds procurement may have become more prominent in those countries. On the other side, the UK, Italy, Finland and Denmark show distributions skewed to the right of the EU distribution, meaning that in these countries larger contract award notices are more frequently published as compared to the EU as a whole. In other words, it does not seem that the driver of below-threshold publication is uncertainty concerning the obligation to publish. 7

4 Tables Table 1. Estimate of total general government expenditures on works, goods, and services (excluding utilities) in billion euros year 212 213 214 21 Mean Belgium 6.8 7 8.7 9. 8. Bulgaria 4. 4.9. 6 Czech Republic 22 21 21. 24 22 Denmark 37.6 37 38 38.7 38. Germany 48.7 42. 442. 461.7 434. Estonia 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.7 Ireland 17. 16. 18. 18 17. Greece 2. 19. 18.9 19. 19 Spain 113..9 4.9 111 8.8 France 313. 318.6 317. 317 316.6 Croatia.7 6. 6..7.9 Italy 171.7 171.6 169 17 17.7 Cyprus 1 1 1. 1. 1 Latvia 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.8 Lithuania 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.9 3.7 Luxembourg.6.7.9 6.9 Hungary 13 14 16 17 1 Malta.7.7.9 1..8 Netherlands 134.8 133.9 134.9 13.6 134.8 Austria 41 42. 43 4 43. Poland 48 47 1. 2 49.8 Portugal 17 16.6 17. 17.7 17 Romania 1.6 16 16 18.7 16.7 Slovenia 4.7 4.8. Slovakia 9.9.9 13 11 Finland 3.8 37 37.7 38. 37 Sweden 69 71.8 7.8 72 71. United Kingdom 29 28 312.6 349.7 39. EU total 1867. 188. 1933 21 1924 8

Table 2. Estimate of total general government expenditures on works, goods, and services (excluding utilities) as % of GDP year 212 213 214 21 Mean Belgium 14.7 14. 14.6 14. 14.6 Bulgaria.6 11.7 12.9 13.7 12 Czech Republic 13.8 13.6 13.7 14. 13.9 Denmark 14.9 14.6 14.7 14. 14.7 Germany 14.8 1 1 1 1 Estonia 14.6 13.9 13.6 14 14 Ireland 9.7 9 9 7 8.8 Greece...6.8.6 Spain.9 France 1. 1 14.8 14. 14.9 Croatia 13. 13.8 13.9 13 13. Italy.6.7. Cyprus 6.8 6.. 6. Latvia 12 11.8 11.6 12. 11.9 Lithuania.7..6 Luxembourg 12.7 12 11.9 12 12 Hungary 13 14 1 1.8 14.7 Malta 9..7 11.9.6 Netherlands 2.9 2. 2 2. 2 Austria 13. 13 13 13 13 Poland 12 12. 12. 12 12 Portugal 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.9 Romania 11.7 11.9 11.6 11 Slovenia 13 13 13.7 13.6 13. Slovakia 13.6 13.6 14 17. 14.7 Finland 17.9 18 18 18 18 Sweden 16 16. 16 16 16 United Kingdom 14 13.9 13.8 13.6 13.9 EU country average 12.9 12.8 12.9 13 13. EU total 13.9 13.9 13.8 13.7 13.8 9

Table 3. Estimated value of tenders published in TED (including utilities and defence) in billion euros year 212 213 214 21 Mean Belgium 111 12.63 11.6 13.82 12 Bulgaria 24 3 2.73 2.9 2.87 Czech Republic.6 8.9 6 9 Denmark 1.63 14.9 14 17.7 1.62 Germany 29 31 31 31 31.76 Estonia 1 1. 19 1.77 11 Ireland 28 2.96 42 9 3.73 Greece 8 6.89 3.91 3 4.78 Spain 18.97 16.63 184 17.64 17.87 France 66.61 6.99 64.91 67 6.74 Croatia. 1 3 3. 1.99 Italy 32.7 387 32 4.77 36.7 Cyprus 4 2 9 Latvia 1.96 1.88 22 28 24 Lithuania 29 27 2 1.67 2.9 Luxembourg.68.71.79.77.74 Hungary 73 8.66 6. 4.81 6.69 Malta 6 6 3 2 Netherlands 12.96 12.73 13 16. 13.78 Austria 4.73.97 7.61 74 64 Poland 27.6 324 28.78 27.8 28.92 Portugal 3.6 36 26 27 2.76 Romania 92 78 8.7 9.9 82 Slovenia 18 22 1 1.67 1.71 Slovakia 4.7 7.7 44 8 Finland 7.88 8 8.6 8.84 8 Sweden 2.9 199 184 21.73 19.84 United Kingdom 1.8 6.87 1128 127.6 112 EU total 41.72 422. 4213 41 423.84

Table 4. Number of contract notices published in TED (including utilities and defence) year 212 213 214 21 Average Belgium 4988 32 2 32 Bulgaria 2346 3434 3172 29 2964 Czech Republic 64 493 378 4717 86 Denmark 2819 2744 27 2913 2797 Germany 22 641 24 116 2 144 28 44 2 111 Estonia 13 881 48 67 2 Ireland 1272 1317 128 1377 1313 Greece 2922 276 2426 199 226 Spain 7169 812 8726 8837 8186 France 44 48 43 6 4 88 41 31 42 492 Croatia 6 641 181 1619 962 Italy 847 876 8767 932 877 Cyprus 393 318 31 32 333 Latvia 1 96 1123 16 71 Lithuania 249 2471 2326 241 2333 Luxembourg 44 441 488 47 42 Hungary 1666 247 1941 214 24 Malta 28 21 31 361 287 Netherlands 3823 3736 3898 491 3887 Austria 3117 3 318 312 39 Poland 21 474 23 7 22 28 21 116 21 967 Portugal 132 161 167 1633 138 Romania 3987 33 37 4482 3932 Slovenia 134 1397 126 1348 134 Slovakia 1492 18 176 141 117 Finland 3366 3397 3364 3296 336 Sweden 63 631 6396 6841 6398 United Kingdom 998 9934 24 9784 9989 EU total 166 216 17 238 169 687 172 888 169 77 11

Table. Estimated value of tenders published in TED (excluding utilities and defence) in billion euros year 212 213 214 21 Mean Belgium 8.7 9.88 98. 9.6 Bulgaria 27 3.9 2.9 2 23 Czech Republic 7 6 79 4.69 64 Denmark 13.62 127 11.6 12 12.6 Germany 227 2.8 23.72 27.7 24.71 Estonia.98.78 1.8 11 1.6 Ireland 1.98 23 3.72 44 34 Greece 32 33 2.8 1.78 2.68 Spain 16.7 13 13.88 13.73 147 France 68 7 2.97.89 3.86 Croatia. 12 26 21 17 Italy 23 3.71 273 324 28.9 Cyprus 9 2 9 6 2 Latvia 1. 19 1.73 1.9 1.63 Lithuania 1 18 1.6 11 11 Luxembourg..7.7.64.62 Hungary 64 6.97 3.81 2.92 4.96 Malta 4 4 1 1 Netherlands 11.8 6 11.81 14.9 11.84 Austria 39 46.63 7 4.9 Poland 16.84 221 18 193 192 Portugal 2 2.73 1.7 12 21 Romania 1 4.62.7 6.74 6 Slovenia 14 23 1. 1 1 Slovakia 3 4.82.82 3.69 44 Finland 6 64 6.7 77 6.72 Sweden 14.81 1.61 14.68 17 1.6 United Kingdom 93. 87 82.7 19 911 EU total 326.69 33 319.66 3498 332.76 12

Table 6. Number of contract notices published in TED (excluding utilities and defence) year 212 213 214 21 Average Belgium 443 443 4432 434 4413 Bulgaria 241 39 2716 237 21 Czech Republic 212 4134 4734 4166 462 Denmark 24 237 2314 244 2398 Germany 2 444 21 96 22 723 2 89 22 742 Estonia 92 796 929 98 896 Ireland 6 116 7 1124 14 Greece 2672 243 2112 1717 2239 Spain 63 732 787 7917 7416 France 4 883 4 92 37 37 37 717 39 17 Croatia 32 1272 133 786 Italy 716 7738 762 81 7733 Cyprus 346 31 283 291 3 Latvia 97 88 947 98 928 Lithuania 2169 21 2 1742 228 Luxembourg 366 39 436 411 42 Hungary 1389 222 124 166 1649 Malta 237 2 311 36 276 Netherlands 3488 3389 389 3724 348 Austria 2622 22 2473 229 236 Poland 18 11 19 768 18 79 18 279 18 829 Portugal 1278 1492 112 164 1462 Romania 3221 2839 313 3767 3241 Slovenia 118 1196 34 1114 1131 Slovakia 1389 11 146 129 1411 Finland 32 31 2993 2937 2983 Sweden 3 78 87 633 878 United Kingdom 9246 931 9 9 9288 EU total 149 14 12 663 11 8 14 129 11 749 13

Table 7. Publication rate in terms of % of total general government expenditures on works, goods, and services (excluding utilities and defence) year 212 213 214 21 Mean Belgium 1 17 1.8 17.7 16. Bulgaria 3 62.8 37.8 34.8 47 Czech Republic 32 28 34.8 19 28.6 Denmark 36 33 3 32 33 Germany..9 6..7 Estonia 37. 29.7 4 49.6 39 Ireland 11.6 14.7 2.7 24 17.8 Greece 17 18. 11. 9 13.9 Spain 14.8 12.8 13 12 13 France 17.9 17 16.7 16. 17. Croatia. 21.9 41 36.7 2. Italy 14.7 17.9 16 19. 17. Cyprus 29 28.9 3 26.7 28.8 Latvia 6. 1.6 63 6. 9 Lithuania 32. 36 43.8 3. 3.8 Luxembourg 9.9 9.9 11.9. Hungary 46.8 48.7 23.6 16.8 34. Malta 32 34 39. 39. 36 Netherlands 8 7.7 8.8 8.8 Austria 8. 9.8 13. 11.7.6 Poland 34.8 46.9 3. 36.7 38. Portugal 14.7 16. 8. 12 Romania 34.6 28.6 3.9 36 32. Slovenia 24 44 2 24.8 28. Slovakia 3.8 47.9 3 27. 39.9 Finland 17.6 17 17.9 19 18. Sweden 21 21.7 2.7 24 22. United Kingdom 32 3.7 26 28.9 29.6 EU country average 24.6 27 26 24.8 2.7 EU total 17. 17.8 16. 17 17 14

Table 8. Publication rate in terms of % of GDP (excluding utilities and defence) year 212 213 214 21 Mean Belgium 2 2. 2 2.6 2 Bulgaria.7 7 4.9 4.8.68 Czech Republic 4 3.8 4.8 2.8 3.9 Denmark 4.9 4. 4.7 4.88 Germany.8.9.8.9.8 Estonia. 4.. 7. Ireland 1. 1 1.9 1.7 1 Greece 1.8 1.9 1 1. 17 Spain 1.6 1 1 1 17 France 2.7 2.6 2. 2 2 Croatia. 3..7 4.8 38 Italy 1.6 1.9 1.7 2. 1.8 Cyprus 2. 1.8 1.7 1. 1.7 Latvia 6.8 6. 7 7.8 7. Lithuania 3. 3.7 4 3 3.7 Luxembourg 1 1 1 1 1 Hungary 6 6.9 3.6 2.7 4.8 Malta 3 3 4 4.7 3.87 Netherlands 1.7 1.6 1.8 2. 1.8 Austria 1. 1 1.7 1. 18 Poland 4.6 4. 4. 4.73 Portugal 1. 1.6 1..8 13 Romania 4. 3 3 4 3.7 Slovenia 3.9 2.8 3 3.83 Slovakia 4 6. 7.7 4.7.77 Finland 3 3 3 3. 3 Sweden 3. 3.6 3 3.9 3.6 United Kingdom 4. 4 3.7 3.9 4. EU country average 31 31 32 3 36 EU total 2 2. 2 2 2 1

Table 9. Publication rate in terms of % of GDP (including utilities and defence) year 212 213 214 21 Mean Belgium 2.9 3 2.9 3 3. Bulgaria.8 8. 6 6 6.68 Czech Republic 6.6 6.7 3.8.62 Denmark 6.9 6.7 6. Germany 1. 1. 1. 1 13 Estonia 7.8.8 7. 8.7 73 Ireland 1 1.6 2 2. 1.8 Greece 2.7 3.8 2 1.8 2.63 Spain 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.7 France 3 3. 3. 3. 3.7 Croatia. 3 8 6.8 4.7 Italy 2. 2 2 2. 28 Cyprus 2 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.92 Latvia 8.9 8 9.8 9.8 9 Lithuania 6.6 6.8.9 4..9 Luxembourg 1. 1. 1.6 1. 1 Hungary 7 8..8 4 6. Malta 3.6 3 4 4.8 4 Netherlands 2. 2. 2. 2 2. Austria 1. 1.9 2 2 1.97 Poland 7. 8 7. 6 7 Portugal 1.8 1.9 1 1 1.6 Romania 6.9..7.7 Slovenia 3.8 6.7 3.6 4 4.6 Slovakia.6 7. 9.6 7. Finland 3.9 4. 4 4 4.7 Sweden 4.7 4 4 4.9 4. United Kingdom 4.9. 4.9. EU country average 4.6 48 48 46 4 EU total 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 16

Table. Distribution of contract award notices by size of notice for works (excluding utilities and defence), billion euro 21 Works CAN size (, 86 m) [86 m, 2 m) [2 m, m) [ m, max) Total Belgium 9.68 2. 1.9 Bulgaria 6 3.68 Czech Republic 4 6 4. 14 Denmark 4.82.73 3 1.81 Germany 33 1.9 1.7 6.84 Estonia...7. 8 Ireland 7 6.66 1 Greece.7..8. Spain 3 1.9.61 27 France 37 64 2.64 33 18 Croatia 9.7..9 Italy 19.63 1. 37 Cyprus.7. 1 Latvia 8.. Lithuania 6 1 7 6 Luxembourg..8.. 7 Hungary. 2.68 Malta...7 Netherlands.63.9 1. 2.73 Austria 9. 14 Poland.72 13 23 3 78 Portugal.8 2.6. 6 Romania.69 2 1.93 Slovenia 1 3 Slovakia 7 2.82 Finland 6.97.7 2 Sweden.9.9 7 7 12 United Kingdom 2 28 41 23.93 3.64 EU total 119 21.64 169 369 8 17

Table 11. Number of contract award notices by size of notice for works (excluding utilities and defence) 21 Works CAN size (, 86 m) [86 m, 2 m) [2 m, m) [ m, max) Total Belgium 98 8 6 184 Bulgaria 197 19 1 2 219 Czech Republic 721 7 778 Denmark 89 72 17 1 179 Germany 6487 192 26 3 678 Estonia 36 7 1 44 Ireland 17 17 3 2 39 Greece 33 14 3 Spain 139 6 14 2 261 France 349 62 7 11 4179 Croatia 29 42 2 73 Italy 182 12 1 4 326 Cyprus 4 1 Latvia 6 17 23 Lithuania 17 18 2 1 38 Luxembourg 137 7 1 14 Hungary 8 27 4 1 112 Malta 6 2 8 Netherlands 91 8 18 172 Austria 79 2 636 Poland 83 113 37 17 997 Portugal 6 11 1 77 Romania 16 81 9 2 248 Slovenia 34 3 3 1 41 Slovakia 13 39 1 8 Finland 136 98 11 1 246 Sweden 43 1 7 2 3 United Kingdom 12 2 88 49 462 EU total 13 86 217 344 16 466 18

Table 12. Distribution of contract award notices by size of notice for goods (excluding utilities and defence), billion euro 21 Goods CAN size (, 34 m) [34 m, m) [ m, m) [ m, max) Total Belgium 3 9..83 Bulgaria.7 7. 1.8 Czech Republic.7 18. 16 32 Denmark. 2 1.7 28 Germany 19 13.6 3 Estonia 6 8.9 Ireland..9 2 1 Greece 9 2. 3 Spain 23 1.74.66 4.66 France 1 27 37 9.84 Croatia... 1 Italy 1.62 37 8.92 13.71 Cyprus..9.. Latvia 2.81. 14 Lithuania 9 1..63 Luxembourg... Hungary.72.6 6 19 Malta..8.. Netherlands. 7. Austria. 1.61..82 Poland 9 3.96 1.79..9 Portugal..8 Romania 1.61 1 7 3 Slovenia 8 3..62 Slovakia 8 11 6 1.86 Finland..9 8 12 Sweden.. 3. 8 United Kingdom 1 8 1.76 228 EU total.67 212 27. 29.98 797 19

Table 13. Number of contract award notices by size of notice for goods (excluding utilities and defence) 21 Goods CAN number (, 34 m) [34 m, m) [ m, m) [ m, max) Total Belgium 1 666 28 79 Bulgaria 1269 824 2143 Czech Republic 1382 186 48 4 329 Denmark 37 296 6 4 397 Germany 24 2187 7 1 28 Estonia 266 374 16 1 67 Ireland 16 9 24 2 11 Greece 376 497 9 882 Spain 434 2991 14 3 368 France 1984 3137 176 3 3 Croatia 63 693 37 793 Italy 141 1616 183 12 192 Cyprus 16 167 2 18 Latvia 37 26 39 93 Lithuania 9 8 14 1112 Luxembourg 4 3 34 Hungary 11 846 4 1 7 Malta 114 2 166 Netherlands 39 316 21 376 Austria 18 234 34 286 Poland 3966 679 141 186 Portugal 1322 4 16 1892 Romania 442 2277 11 1 283 Slovenia 98 68 1 681 Slovakia 81 678 67 1 827 Finland 42 641 47 1 731 Sweden 63 7 7 United Kingdom 91 6 234 42 1373 EU total 13 63 29 83 164 76 4 137 2

Table 14. Distribution of contract award notices by size of notice for services (excluding utilities and defence), billion euro 21 Services CAN size (, 34 m) [34 m, m) [ m, m) [ m, max) Total Belgium 1.7. 22 Bulgaria 3 6 3.74 Czech Republic..62 7. 14 Denmark. 1. 11 3.6 Germany 1.83 16 3 3 Estonia..68 3 4 16 Ireland 3.7 8 12 Greece. 8 2 7.82 Spain.6 2.6 38 1 7 France 43 4.86 3 126 Croatia. 8 7..66 Italy 2.93 3 1.92 9 Cyprus.. Latvia 8.84 2 1 Lithuania 1 16 1.78 Luxembourg.. Hungary 1.7 2 11 Malta.. Netherlands 9 1.66 2.62 4.78 Austria. 8 6 1.74 Poland 2 39 1.89. 9 Portugal 2 9 3.66 Romania.6 7 3.97 Slovenia 4 9..63 Slovakia. 1.64. 1. Finland.93 1.6 3 Sweden. 7 1. 8 United Kingdom 37 16.9 34.8 36 EU total.73 2.98 446 48.63 119.69 21

Table 1. Number of contract award notices by size of notice for services (excluding utilities and defence) 21 Services CAN number (, 34 m) [34 m, m) [ m, m) [ m, max) Total Belgium 197 682 67 4 9 Bulgaria 88 44 1 2 1347 Czech Republic 2 88 26 198 Denmark 46 418 83 3 Germany 418 2391 99 1 299 Estonia 89 87 27 2 993 Ireland 89 273 24 1 387 Greece 811 49 17 2 132 Spain 681 3327 238 421 France 43 832 31 1 17 Croatia 47 398 22 467 Italy 23 2898 32 9 3494 Cyprus 13 47 1 61 Latvia 78 42 31 1 3 Lithuania 414 284 11 2 711 Luxembourg 6 33 1 4 Hungary 6 478 34 1 619 Malta 14 29 2 4 Netherlands 414 636 71 9 113 Austria 61 2 24 2 292 Poland 289 468 172 763 Portugal 184 444 21 1 6 Romania 173 84 31 1 9 Slovenia 64 399 21 484 Slovakia 44 44 4 43 Finland 136 26 4 1266 Sweden 33 19 13 241 United Kingdom 396 289 692 76 49 EU total 13 936 31 876 2 141 48 8 22

Table 16. Total number of contract award notices published in TED with nonmissing value (including utilities and defence) year 212 213 214 21 Total Belgium 228 2238 2291 2119 8928 Bulgaria 3371 417 4446 4716 17 Czech Republic 487 369 937 6722 22 83 Denmark 1338 1329 1194 1317 178 Germany 13 21 12 79 12 361 12 966 1 323 Estonia 124 44 1293 1832 373 Ireland 268 324 422 66 162 Greece 1232 1618 4468 24 9773 Spain 7986 7844 84 9141 33 16 France 24 21 23 371 21 6 21 168 9 39 Croatia 17 136 162 3147 Italy 6982 6782 6767 779 27 6 Cyprus 38 343 328 272 131 Latvia 1219 1144 1367 1647 377 Lithuania 236 2431 2183 2114 993 Luxembourg 16 223 197 228 813 Hungary 1713 2249 264 2147 8173 Malta 136 117 2 272 73 Netherlands 14 126 176 1771 6273 Austria 1669 134 137 133 728 Poland 24 131 23 3 22 48 22 64 92 278 Portugal 861 18 2 2716 66 Romania 386 3718 3947 494 16 37 Slovenia 126 1386 133 147 438 Slovakia 1268 142 133 17 93 Finland 2433 294 229 246 12 Sweden 888 738 77 476 2679 United Kingdom 71 467 66 6381 23 219 EU total 116 27 116 683 119 939 123 6 476 43 23

Table 17. Percentage of contract award notices below 134 euros with nonmissing value (including utilities and defence) year 212 213 214 21 Mean Belgium 17 16.7 16 1 16 Bulgaria. 7. 7 9 6. Czech Republic 33 43.8 42 43 4. Denmark.8.6 9. Germany 24 23. 22.8 22.8 23 Estonia 36. 3.7 26 2. 29.6 Ireland 22.8 19.8 1.6 18. 19. Greece 2.7 26. 6.6 49 38 Spain 13 14 12.9 12.8 13 France 34.6 34 34 3 34.7 Croatia 6. 7 6 Italy..6.6. Cyprus 16. 1.9 11 13. Latvia 2.8 23. 19.9 27.6 24 Lithuania 4.6 2 1 3 Luxembourg 8. 1.7 11 11 Hungary 19.8 17. 13.9 12.6 1.8 Malta 2.6 2. 22. 27.6 22.7 Netherlands 2. 17 31. 26. 23.8 Austria 16 13 14.7 16. 1 Poland 3 37.8 37. 36 36.7 Portugal. 14.9..8 32.8 Romania 19 16.6 1.9 14 16. Slovenia 22.9 16 13.6 13.7 16.6 Slovakia 19.6 7.9 7. 9.9 Finland 12.7. 7.6 8. 9.7 Sweden.9 11 14 9 11 United Kingdom 9.7 8 7 8 8 EU country average 21.9 2.9 22.9 22.8 22 EU total 26.6 27. 28 27. 27. 24

Table 18. Total number of contract award notices published in TED with nonmissing value (excluding utilities and defence) year 212 213 214 21 Total Belgium 248 22 2118 1929 811 Bulgaria 2846 3863 379 379 14 28 Czech Republic 4471 4986 362 626 2 84 Denmark 1189 12 89 1126 464 Germany 12 67 12 6 11 644 12 12 48 396 Estonia 71 92 1164 1694 4881 Ireland 261 312 46 77 16 Greece 141 4281 222 93 Spain 734 6916 762 88 29 632 France 22 983 22 128 2 423 19 996 8 3 Croatia 137 1122 1333 292 Italy 83 72 78 772 22 77 Cyprus 343 314 319 26 1232 Latvia 124 1116 123 1488 61 Lithuania 21 21 1889 1861 797 Luxembourg 16 219 193 219 796 Hungary 1439 1928 1736 1738 6841 Malta 12 4 199 269 697 Netherlands 1297 1392 1474 1679 842 Austria 119 1221 1241 1214 19 Poland 21 383 2 441 19 4 18 818 8 97 Portugal 79 937 193 2619 6281 Romania 36 2939 324 4142 13 391 Slovenia 112 1213 38 126 477 Slovakia 1134 132 118 1428 72 Finland 2187 239 229 2243 979 Sweden 743 612 492 419 2266 United Kingdom 42 84 26 894 21 64 EU total 377 4 87 7 797 1 112 428 161 2

Table 19. Percentage of contract award notices below 134 euros with nonmissing value (excluding utilities and defence) year 212 213 214 21 Mean Belgium 18 17.8 17.6 16 17. Bulgaria 1 8.9 6 6 7.7 Czech Republic 3 46 4 46 43 Denmark.6 11. 11. 9.8.7 Germany 24.9 23.9 23.9 23.8 24 Estonia 39 38.7 28 21 31.9 Ireland 23 2. 16. 18 19. Greece 23.6 28.8 8.7 2.8 41. Spain 14 14.6 13.9 13.9 14 France 3.7 3 3.9 36.9 36. Croatia.8 7.6 8.6 7 Italy 6 6.7 6 6. 6 Cyprus 16.6. 16 11.7 13.8 Latvia 26. 23. 21 3 2 Lithuania 9. 8.8 4 6.8 Luxembourg 8. 1.9 11 11. Hungary 2.7 17.6 14.7 13 16.6 Malta 21.6 2 22.6 27.9 23 Netherlands 21.7 18. 33 27 2 Austria 17. 14 16. 17.6 16 Poland 36.6 39.8 39 38. 38 Portugal. 1.7 1.8 7.7 33.9 Romania 2.7 18 17 1 17.9 Slovenia 23 16. 13 13.7 16. Slovakia 2.8 8. 7. 8.9 11 Finland 13.8.7 7.8 9. Sweden 12.8 11.8 14.6. 12 United Kingdom 9.9 8.7 7.7 8 8.7 EU country average 23 22. 24 23.9 23 EU total 27.9 28.8 29.9 28.9 28.9 26

Density functions 27

2.7 2.7 2.7 34 34 34 2 Figure 1 DE 21 FR 21 2 34.7 UK 21 IT 21 2 Distribution of CANs above euros 34.7 ES 21 NL 21 34.7 (Logarithmic scale in million Euros. Dashed-blue line represents EU distribution) 28

2.7 2.7 2.7 34 34 34 2 Figure 2 SE 21 PL 21 2 34.7 BE 21 AT 21 2 Distribution of CANs above euros 34.7 DK 21 FI 21 34.7 (Logarithmic scale in million Euros. Dashed-blue line represents EU distribution) 29

2.7 2.7 2.7 34 34 34 2 Figure 3 EL 21 PT 21 2 34.7 IE 21 CZ 21 2 Distribution of CANs above euros 34.7 RO 21 HU 21 34.7 (Logarithmic scale in million Euros. Dashed-blue line represents EU distribution) 3

2.7 2.7 2.7 34 34 34 2 Figure 4 SK 21 LU 21 2 34.7 HR 21 BG 21 2 Distribution of CANs above euros 34.7 SI 21 LT 21 34.7 (Logarithmic scale in million Euros. Dashed-blue line represents EU distribution) 31

2.7 2.7 34 34 2 Figure LV 21 EE 21 2 Distribution of CANs above euros 34.7 CY 21 MT 21 34.7 (Logarithmic scale in million Euros. Dashed-blue line represents EU distribution) 32