Sports Economics, Management and Policy Volume 12 Series Editor Dennis Coates University of Maryland, Baltimore County Dept. Economics, Baltimore, Maryland, USA More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8343
The aim of this series is to provide academics, students, sports business executives, and policy makers with information and analysis on the cutting edge of sports economics, sport management, and public policy on sporting issues. Volumes in this series can focus on individual sports, issues that cut across sports, issues unique to professional sports, or topics in amateur sports. Each volume will provide rigorous analysis with the purpose of advancing understanding of the sport and the sport business, improving decision making within the sport business and regarding policy toward sports, or both. Volumes may include any or all of the following: theoretical modelling and analysis, empirical investigations, or description and interpretation of institutions, policies, regulations, and law.
Christoph Breuer Remco Hoekman Siegfried Nagel Harold van der Werff Editors Sport Clubs in Europe A Cross-National Comparative Perspective
Editors Christoph Breuer German Sport University Cologne, Germany Siegfried Nagel University of Bern Office Bern, Switzerland Remco Hoekman Mulier Institute Utrecht, The Netherlands Harold van der Werff Mulier Institute Utrecht, The Netherlands ISSN 2191-298X ISSN 2191-2998 (electronic) Sports Economics, Management and Policy ISBN 978-3-319-17634-5 ISBN 978-3-319-17635-2 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-17635-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015943314 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface The European Association for Sociology of Sport (eass) sees it as its task to bring together social researchers and to provide a platform to have scientific discussions on policy issues in the field of sport and society, such as the role of sport clubs. It is for this reason that the eass incorporates initiatives such as the Meeting for European Sport Participation and Sport Culture Research (MEASURE) and the Sport Organisation Research Network (SORN). It was during the meeting of the Sport Organisation Research Network (SORN) at the 2013 eass conference in Cordoba, Spain, that the well-received initiative was launched to develop a comparative book on sport clubs in Europe, in order to obtain a better picture of the position and societal value of sport clubs throughout Europe. Sport clubs are to be found everywhere in Europe and can be considered as one of the main features of the European sport model. Sport clubs exist in different forms, ranging from small to large clubs and from single to multisport clubs. The overall presence of sport clubs in Europe implies that differences appear with regard to the extent to which sport clubs are present, the way they are organised and their function within our society as a whole. Moreover, the societal value of sport clubs is taken for granted, and even more and more emphasised from a European, a national as well as a local perspective. However, when it comes to the current position of sport clubs in different societies and their contribution at large, we have to admit that we lacked a more in-depth picture from a scientific approach. It is for this reason that the idea of the present book was warmly embraced within the eass community and evoked stimulating discussions that led to an interesting theoretical and conceptual framework for the book. It is admirable how the editors succeeded in obtaining relatively comparable data of 20 European countries. In this way they managed to present a comparative book on sport clubs in Europe from a social scientific perspective. I thank the editors and the contributing authors for their excellent work and providing insight into national data on sport clubs. I truly hope that this book will stimulate discussions on the societal relevance of sport clubs in Europe and will initiate further research and data collection both on a European and national level. v
vi Preface Furthermore, I hope that this book will also inspire many people from different angles and positions in the world of sport and beyond and will allow policy makers, professionals, students as well as practitioners in sport clubs and sport federations to fully use the power of sport for society, and the potential of sport clubs in particular. Leuven, Belgium Jeroen Scheerder President eass
Acknowledgement This publication was made possible due to the support of the German Sport University Cologne, the Mulier Institute and the University of Bern. Our thanks are also due to Dennis Coates, the editor of this book series on Sport Economics, Management and Policy, for reflecting on our first ideas for the book. Furthermore we are grateful to Lorraine Klimowich and her team of Springer USA for transforming our manuscript into what we hope will be a valuable handbook for anybody interested in the position of sport clubs within the national sport structure, their role in policy and society, their basic characteristics and the threats and opportunities that influence the development of sport clubs. We also thank our team of authors for their invaluable contributions to this book. If it was not for them, this book would have never had a chance. Last but not least we would like to thank Pamela Wicker, Soeren Dallmeyer and Jana Vogelsang for their efforts in finalising the manuscript. Christoph Breuer Remco Hoekman Siegfried Nagel Harold van der Werff vii
Contents 1 Introduction... 1 Remco Hoekman, Harold van der Werff, Siegfried Nagel, and Christoph Breuer 2 Theoretical Framework... 7 Siegfried Nagel, Torsten Schlesinger, Pamela Wicker, Jo Lucassen, Remco Hoekman, Harold van der Werff, and Christoph Breuer 3 Sport Clubs in Austria... 29 Otmar Weiss and Gilbert Norden 4 Sport Clubs in Belgium... 47 Jeroen Scheerder, Hanne Vandermeerschen, Jeroen Meganck, Jan Seghers, and Steven Vos 5 Sport Clubs in the Czech Republic... 69 Jiri Novotny 6 Sport Clubs in Denmark... 85 Bjarne Ibsen, Karsten Østerlund, and Trygve Laub 7 Sport Clubs in England... 111 Geoff Nichols and Peter Taylor 8 Sport Clubs in Estonia... 131 Kristjan Port and Peeter Lusmägi 9 Sport Clubs in Finland... 147 Pasi Koski, Hannu Itkonen, Kati Lehtonen, and Hanna Vehmas 10 Sport Clubs in France... 161 Sabine Chavinier-Réla, Emmanuel Bayle, and Eric Barget 11 Sport Clubs in Germany... 187 Christoph Breuer, Svenja Feiler, and Pamela Wicker ix
x Contents 12 Sport Clubs in Greece... 209 Kostas Alexandris and Panagiota Balaska 13 Sport Clubs in Hungary... 221 Szilvia Perényi and Ilona Bodnár 14 Sport Clubs in Italy... 249 Antonio Borgogni, Simone Digennaro, and Davide Sterchele 15 Sport Clubs in The Netherlands... 271 Harold van der Werff, Remco Hoekman, and Janine van Kalmthout 16 Sport Clubs in Northern Ireland... 291 Paul Donnelly, Simon Shibli, and Simon Toole 17 Sport Clubs in Norway... 309 Ørnulf Seippel and Eivind Å. Skille 18 Sport Clubs in Poland... 325 Monika Piątkowska 19 Sport Clubs in Sweden... 343 Josef Fahlén 20 Sport Clubs in Slovenia... 369 Simona Kustec Lipicer and Mojca Doupona Topič 21 Sport Clubs in Spain... 381 Ramon Llopis-Goig and Anna Vilanova 22 Sport Clubs in Switzerland... 401 Hanspeter Stamm, Adrian Fischer, Siegfried Nagel, and Markus Lamprecht 23 A Cross-National Comparative Perspective on Sport Clubs in Europe... 419 Remco Hoekman, Harold van der Werff, Siegfried Nagel, and Christoph Breuer