Palaau, Molokai. Benthic Habitat Data: 3 m

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Palaau, Molokai 21 o 05.352 N 157 o 06.460 W Management Status: Open access Area Description: Agricultural area with mangrove dominated shoreline acting to consolidate sediments. Extremely broad reef flat and reef face bisected by Palaau Channel. Inner channel and fishing house reef flats fully exposed at minus low tides. Sand and fine sediments cover most of the reef flat with no live coral. Seaward through channel area small colonies of coral found. Coral cover increases seaward across reef flat, crest and reef slope. Southern exposure, sheltered. Sustenance fishing. Potential sedimentation impact. Benthic Habitat Data: 3 m Sediment Sediment Grain Size Composition (% wt.) (% wt.) Depth (m) Rugosity LOI H 2 CO 3 Gravel Coarse Fine Silt Mean 3 1.92 2.47 95.33 96.60 1.55 0.71 1.13 S.D. 0.30 0.14 0.48 0.21 0.41 0.12 0.32 Video and Photo Transect data (3 m): %Cover 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Species: Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 Fungia scutaria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bottae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea purpurea 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptoseris incrustans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Montipora capitata 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.1 0 0 0 0 Montipora flabellata 3.0 2.3 2.7 2.4 2.8 2.9 4.8 4.1 2.8 1.8 Montipora patula 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Montipora studeri 6.5 6.5 5.9 4.9 6.2 4.7 5.3 6.1 7.3 5.6 Pavona duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 Pavona maldivensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.7 1.1 Pocillopora damicornis 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0 0 0.0 0.1 Pocillopora eydouxi 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0 0 0 0 Pocillopora ligulata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.2 Pocillopora meandrina 1.5 1.1 1.6 1.4 2.0 1.3 2.2 1.4 1.9 1.2 Porites brighami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites compressa 5.3 2.7 2.9 1.4 1.7 0.9 3.3 1.5 2.6 2.1 Porites evermanni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites lichen 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites lobata 13.0 5.9 13.5 6.5 15.6 9.0 10.8 4.5 12.3 5.0 Porites rus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora nierstraszi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora stellata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Unknown Coral 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.6 0 0 0 0 Total Coral 29.6 8.9 26.6 8.2 29.0 8.2 26.4 8.5 28.0 8.9 Species Richness: 9 10 11 7 10 Species Diversity

Video and Photo Transect data (3 m): %Cover 2005 2007 Species: Mean SD Mean SD Cyphastrea ocellina 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 Fungia scutaria 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Leptastrea bottae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Leptastrea purpurea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Leptoseris incrustans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Montipora capitata 6.0 6.3 7.1 3.5 Montipora flabellata 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 Montipora patula 3.5 4.0 4.5 2.4 Montipora studeri 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pavona duerdeni 0.6 1.4 1.2 1.2 Pavona maldivensis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pavona varians 0.4 1.1 1.0 1.3 Pocillopora damicornis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pocillopora eydouxi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pocillopora ligulata 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pocillopora meandrina 2.0 2.7 2.9 1.8 Porites brighami 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Porites compressa 3.0 3.3 4.1 2.1 Porites evermanni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Porites lichen 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Porites lobata 11.1 8.3 11.3 4.0 Porites rus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psammocora nierstraszi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psammocora stellata 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Unknown Coral 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Total Coral 26.9 28.0 32.4 16.9 Species Richness Species Diversity

Palaau 3m Coral % Cover 45.00 40.00 35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2007 Photoquadrat Data (3 m): Photo analysis pending Findings: Initial coral cover rank is 20 among 60 reefs. Coral stayed roughly the same between the 2 sampling periods. Low macroalgae abundance. High percentage of crustose coralline algae and turf algae. Low percentage of fine sediments with low content of terrigenous material. No rare or unusual corals observed. Palaau, Molokai Benthic Habitat: 10 m Sediment Sediment Grain Size Composition (% wt.) (% wt.) Depth (m) Rugosity LOI H2CO3 Gravel Coarse Fine Silt Mean 10 2.07 3.54 94.03 31.69 27.95 31.90 8.46 S.D. 0.36 0.36 3.12 5.91 1.64 5.85 1.71

Video and Photo Transect data (10 m): %Cover 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Species: Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fungia scutaria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bottae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptoseris incrustans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Montipora capitata 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.3 Montipora flabellata 12.9 3.9 13.5 3.5 0.2 0.6 16.7 7.1 15.7 6.0 Montipora patula 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Montipora studeri 32.7 26.4 25.5 22.8 43.7 28.8 33.9 28.6 28.2 21.7 Pavona duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona maldivensis 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0 0 0.1 0.2 Pocillopora damicornis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pocillopora eydouxi 0.1 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pocillopora ligulata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pocillopora meandrina 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.5 Porites brighami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites compressa 24.7 12.7 24.6 13.5 27.7 13.7 20.8 11.7 14.8 8.8 Porites evermanni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites lichen 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites lobata 1.5 2.8 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.2 Porites rus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora nierstraszi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora stellata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Unknown Coral 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0 0 0 0 Total Coral 72.4 14.9 64.6 11.9 72.3 16.2 71.9 11.9 59.6 15.1 Species Richness: 9 9 7 5 7 Species Diversity

Video and Photo Transect data (10 m): %Cover 2005 2007 Species: Mean SD Mean SD Cyphastrea ocellina 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Fungia scutaria 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Leptastrea bottae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Leptastrea purpurea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Leptoseris incrustans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Montipora capitata 30.9 15.5 29.3 7.6 Montipora flabellata 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Montipora patula 12.7 8.1 17.3 4.7 Montipora studeri 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pavona duerdeni 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Pavona maldivensis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pavona varians 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 Pocillopora damicornis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Pocillopora eydouxi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pocillopora ligulata 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pocillopora meandrina 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.4 Porites brighami 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Porites compressa 15.1 7.4 11.8 3.0 Porites evermanni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Porites lichen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Porites lobata 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 Porites rus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psammocora nierstraszi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psammocora stellata 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Unknown Coral 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Coral 59.3 32.8 58.9 16.1 Species Richness Species Diversity

Palaau 10m Coral % Cover 100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2007

Findings: Initial coral cover rank is 4 among 60 reefs. Coral declined almost 8% between the 2 sampling periods. Low level of macroalgae with Acanthophora pacifica dominant between Porites compressa fingers. High percentage of crustose coralline algae and turf algae. High percentage of fine sediments with low content of terrigenous material. Gardenoseris planulata, Montipora studeri and Pavona maldivensis are found in region and are not common to sites surveyed. Photoquadrat Data (10 m): Photo analysis pending Palaau, Molokai Fish Data: 3m and 10m Density (#/125m²) Biomass (g/125m²) 3m 10m 3m 10m Species Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Acanthurus blochii 11.5 15.2 2.5 3.8 830.4 1311.2 139.2 218.7 Acanthurus guttatus 1.5 3 287.8 575.7 Acanthurus leucopareius 0.5 1 0.5 1 85.2 170.4 85.2 170.4 Acanthurus nigrofuscus 66.5 6.2 22.5 20 2395.6 704.1 633 543 Acanthurus triostegus 76.5 88.4 6269 7246.6 Cantherhines dumerilii 1 2 640.6 1281.3 Cantherhines sandwichiensis 0.5 1 48.7 97.3 Canthigaster jactator 3 2 1 1.2 15.3 5.8 5.9 7.2 Centropyge potteri 1.5 1.9 45.8 58.4 Cephalopholis argus 0.5 1 105.6 211.2 Chaetodon lunula 2 1.6 1 2 136 111.1 82.5 165.1 Chaetodon multicinctus 22.5 22.1 608.6 573.9 Chaetodon ornatissimus 1 2 1 2 152.5 305 152.5 305 Chaetodon quadrimaculatus 2 2.3 218.5 255.2 Chaetodon unimaculatus 0.5 1 4 4.9 21.9 43.7 138.3 167 Chlorurus perspicillatus 1.5 1.9 2578.8 3065 Chlorurus sordidus 24.5 15.4 32.5 10.8 5018.8 4686.9 2373.4 957.8 Chromis agilis 3 2 22.7 22.6 Chromis hanui 2.5 1 6.5 3.2 Chromis vanderbilti 15.5 17.3 10.5 12.4 55.4 61.9 37.5 44.2 Chromis verater 1.5 3 70.2 140.4 Cirrhitops fasciatus 0.5 1 5 10 Cirripectes vanderbilti 1 2 2.9 5.7 Coris gaimard 0.5 1 52.6 105.2 Ctenochaetus strigosus 46.5 8.5 31 24.5 3510.1 764.3 965.3 627.5 Forcipiger longirostris 0.5 1 34.8 69.6 Gomphosus varius 5 5.3 3.5 2.5 89.2 89.4 67.6 49.3 Halichoeres ornatissimus 2.5 1 1.5 1.9 18.3 12.1 18.1 21.7 Hemiramphus depauperatus 75 150 3134.7 6269.4 Labroides phthirophagus 1 2 3.3 6.5 Melichthys niger 6 5.2 2400 2024.8 Melichthys vidua 1 1.2 276.1 320.2 Mulloidichthys vanicolensis 3.5 7 922 1844.1 Naso brevirostris 1 2 170.7 341.5

Naso lituratus 8 8.5 1.5 3 1912.2 2616.3 155.9 311.9 Ostracion meleagris 1 2 6.2 12.5 Oxycheilinus unifasciatus 0.5 1 9.4 18.8 Paracirrhites arcatus 3.5 3 4.5 1.9 58.1 61.6 69.8 32.1 Parupeneus cyclostomus 1 1.2 82.1 159.1 Parupeneus multifasciatus 1 1.2 2 1.6 87.4 124 125 97.2 Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus 1.5 3 10 11 11.7 23.5 112.2 128 Pseudocheilinus octotaenia 1 1.2 17.1 23.7 Rhinecanthus rectangulus 1 1.2 122.8 142.8 Scarus psittacus 12.5 12.2 19 23.6 1786.6 1184.8 474.9 679.9 Scarus rubroviolaceus 0.5 1 85.4 170.9 Stegastes fasciolatus 2.5 3 7.5 11.1 52.8 71.3 128.3 180.1 Stethojulis balteata 0.5 1 2 2.8 12.5 25.1 47.6 66.1 Sufflamen bursa 1 1.2 63.8 108 Thalassoma ballieui 0.5 1 26.5 53.1 Thalassoma duperrey 26 8.5 11.5 6 424.7 175.3 275.2 239.5 Zebrasoma flavescens 2.5 3 71.7 97.7 Zebrasoma veliferum 0.5 1 162.2 324.4 Total/Depth Avg ± SD: 409.5 10.3 208.5 5.6 33815.4 957.4 7498.7 200.5 Species Richness 38 34 Species Diversity 2.17 2.42 Findings: Among 60 reefs, Palaau 3m ranked 26 in species richness, 5 in density, 6 in biomass, and 34 in diversity. Palaau 10m ranked 27 in species richness, 30 in density, 41 in biomass, and 12 in diversity. The most abundant species were the Convict tang (Acanthurus triostegus) and the Bullethead parrotfish (Chlorurus sordidus) at the 3m and 10m reefs respectively. The species with the highest biomass was the Bullethead parrotfish (Chlorurus sordidus) at both the 3m and 10m reefs respectively. No rare or unusual species observed.

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