Descriptions of four new shrimpgobies of the genus Vanderhorstia from the western Pacific

aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology Descriptions of four new shrimpgobies of the genus Vanderhorstia from the western Pacific John E. Randall Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice St., Honolulu, HI 96817-2704, USA. E-mail: jackr@hawaii.rr.com Received: 13 October 2006 Accepted: 10 Janurary 2007 Abstract The following four new species of the Indo-Pacific gobiid fish genus Vanderhorstia are described and illustrated in color: V. attenuata from the Solomon Islands, with 11 dorsal and anal soft rays, 39 scales in longitudinal series on body, 15 median predorsal scales (none in remaining three species), and a caudal fin with the middle five rays very prolonged and tapering (more uniformly pointed in remaining species); V. auronotata from the Molucca Islands, with 14 dorsal soft rays, 15 anal soft rays, and about 55 scales on body; V. belloides from Papua New Guinea with 16 dorsal soft rays, 17 anal soft rays, and 66-68 scales; and V. dorsomacula from Papua New Guinea with 17 dorsal soft rays, 18 anal soft rays, 78 scales, and a slender body (depth 6.6 in SL). One undescribed species of the genus is illustrated from a specimen that is now missing. The total number of species of Vanderhorstia is now 17; at least 17 more remain to be described. Zusammenfassung Die folgenden vier Arten der Gobiiden-Gattung Vanderhorstia werden beschrieben und in Farbfotos veranschaulicht abgebildet: V. attentuata von den Salomon-Inseln mit 11 dorsalen und analen Weichstrahlen, 39 Schuppen in der Längsreihe auf dem Rumpf, 15 medianen prädorsalen Schuppen (keine bei den anderen drei Arten) und einer Schwanzflosse, bei der die mittleren fünf Strahlen sehr stark verlängert sind und allmählich spitz zulaufen (bei den anderen drei Arten einheitlich spitz); V. auronotata von den Molukken mit 14 dorsalen Weichstrahlen, 15 analen Weichstrahlen und etwa 55 Schuppen auf dem Rumpf; V. belloides von Papua-Neuguinea mit 16 dorsalen, 17 analen Weichstrahlen und 66-68 Schuppen; und schließlich V. dorsomacula von Papua-Neuguinea mit 17 dorsalen, 18 analen Weichstrahlen, 78 Schuppen und einem schlanken Körper (Körperhöhe 6,6 x in SL). Eine weitere unbeschriebene Art wird mit dem Foto eines Exemplars belegt, das nicht mehr vorhanden ist. Die Gesamtzahl der Vanderhorstia-Arten beträgt damit 17; von mindestens 17 weiteren steht die Beschreibung noch aus. Résumé Les quatre nouvelles espèces, ci-dessous, du genre de Gobiidés Vanderhorstia de l Indo-Pacifique sont décrites et illustrées en couleurs : V. attenuata des îles Salomon, avec 11 rayons mous à la dorsale et à l anale, 39 écailles en rangées longitudinales sur le corps, 15 écailles médianes prédorsales (absentes pour les trois autres espèces), et une caudale avec cinq rayons médians très allongés et plutôt pointus (plus uniformément pointus pour les espèces restantes) ; V. auronotata des îles Moluques, avec 14 rayons mous dorsaux, 15 à l anale et environ 55 écailles sur le corps ; V. belloides de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée avec 16 rayons mous à la dorsale, 17 à l anale, et 66-68 écailles ; et V. dorsomacula de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée avec 17 rayons mous dorsaux, 18 à l anale, 78 écailles et un corps mince (6,6 de LS en hauteur). Une espèce du genre non décrite est illustrée sur base d un spécimen égaré pour le moment. Le nombre total d espèces de Vanderhorstia est à présent de 17 ; au moins 17 autres restent à déterminer. Sommario Quattro nuove specie del genere di gobide dell Indo-Pacifico Vanderhorstia sono descritte e illustrate nella loro colorazione naturale: V. attenuata delle Isole Salomone, con 11 raggi molli dorsali e anali, 39 scaglie in serie longitudinali sul corpo, 15 scaglie predorsali mediane (assenti nelle altre tre specie) e una pinna caudale con i cinque raggi centrali molto prolungati e affusolati (più uniformemente appuntiti nelle altre specie); V. auronotata delle Isole Molucche, con 14 raggi molli dorsali, 15 raggi molli anali and circa 55 scaglie sul corpo; V. belloides da Papua Nuova Guinea con 16 raggi molli dorsali, 17 raggi molli anali e 66-68 scaglie. Infine, V. dorsomacula anch essa da Papua Nuova Guinea con 17 raggi molli dorsali, 18 raggi molli anali, 78 scaglie e un corpo più assottigliato (altezza del corpo 6.6 in SL). Una specie non descritta dello stesso genere è illustrata sulla base di un esemplare andato perso. Il numero complessivo di specie del genere Vanderhorstia è ora di 17, ma almeno altrettante rimangono da descrivere. INTRODUCTION Gobiid fishes of the genus Vanderhorstia Smith, 1949 live symbiotically in a burrow in sedimentary substrata with snapping shrimps of the genus 89 aqua vol. 12 no. 3-10 July 2007

Descriptions of four new shrimpgobies of the genus Vanderhorstia from the western Pacific Alpheus. The shrimps (generally a pair) construct and maintain the burrow. The goby serves as the sentinel at the entrance, quickly taking shelter in the burrow with the approach of danger (Karplus, 1987). Because of their retiring habits, these gobies are difficult to collect. During the period of 1973 to 1987, the author collected specimens of four undescribed species of this genus from the Solomon Islands, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. One is represented by two specimens, and the other four by single specimens. No additional specimens have been obtained, and with no plan for more material, these species are described here. The genus Vanderhorstia was proposed by Smith (1949) for Gobius delagoae Barnard, 1937 from Mozambique, but without a description. Smith (l. c.) stated that it is closely allied to Cryptocentrus Valenciennes, 1837, differentiating it only by having the gill membranes completely free from the isthmus. Smith (1959) provided a diagnosis for Vanderhorstia and described a second species, V. ornatissima, from Mozambique and the Seychelles. Hoese in Smith & Heemstra (1986) provided the following diagnosis for Vanderhorstia: gill opening from rear preopercular margin to below eye; cheek papillae pattern longitudinal; head pores Type A. Scales cycloid or ctenoid. V a disc. D VI+I,12-16; A I,12-17; P 17-19; LS 47-67. Vertebrae 26. He gave the number of species as about eight, noting that the genus is easily confused with Amblyeleotris and Cryptocentrus, which have a transverse cheek papillae pattern. Shibukawa & Suzuki (2004) described Vanderhorstia papilio from the Ryukyu Islands, adding that their assignment of their species to Vanderhorstia is provisional because of the present weak diagnosis of the genus. They recognized 11 species of Vanderhorstia; however, V. praealta Lachner & McKinney, 1981 and V. lanceolata Yanagisawa, 1978 are now regarded as species of Tomiyamichthys Smith (Koichi Shibukawa, pers. comm.). Four more new species of Vanderhorstia have recently been described: V. bella Greenfield & Longenecker, 2005 from Fiji; V. nannai Winterbottom, Iwata & Kozawa, 2005 from Palau and the Philippines; V. nobilis Allen & Randall, 2006 from Indonesia and the Philippines; and Vanderhorstia opercularis Randall, 2007 from the Red Sea. More species remain to be named, as indicated by two books on Japanese gobies: Hayashi & Shiratori (2003) illustrated seven species as Vanderhorstia sp., and Senou et al. (2004) list 10 species as undescribed in the genus (however, their Vanderhorstia sp. 4 is now recognized as a species of Tomiyamichthys). The new species described below all have cephalic sensory pores as illustrated for Vanderhorstia auropunctata Tomiyama, 1955 and V. mertensi Klausewitz, 1974 by Prince Akihito in Masuda et al. (1984: figs. 117 and 119), with the same nine pores of the oculoscapular canal and the three of the preopercular canal (the latter species, however, is undescribed, distinct from the Red Sea V. mertensi). The pattern of sensory papillae on the head is also very similar to that of these two species, with two near-horizontal series of close-set small papillae on the cheek. Figure 1 represents an undescribed species of the genus that was collected by the author in northeast Bali from a depth of 23 m in 1990. It was measured as 33 mm SL and cataloged as BPBM 36706. It has since been lost (Fig. 1). All of the new species described below have 5 branchiostegal rays, 10 + 16 vertebrae, and a dorsal pterygiophore formula 3-22110 (Fig. 1A of Birdsong et al., 1988). MATERIALS AND METHODS The type specimens of the new species are deposited in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu (BPBM). Lengths of specimens are given as standard length (SL), measured from the median anterior point of the upper lip to the base of the caudal fin (posterior end of the hypural plate); body depth is measured at both the origin of pelvic fins and the origin of the anal fin, and body width at the origin of the pectoral fins; head length is taken from the upper lip to the posterior end of the opercular membrane, and head width over the posterior margin of the preopercle; orbit diameter is the greatest fleshy diameter, and interorbital width the least fleshy width; snout length is measured from the median anterior point of the upper lip to the nearest fleshy edge of the orbit; upper-jaw length from the same anterior point to the posterior end of the maxilla; cheek depth is the least depth perpendicular from the ventral edge of the suborbital to the fleshy edge of the orbit; caudal-peduncle depth is the least depth, and caudal-peduncle length the horizontal distance between verticals at the rear base of the anal fin and the caudal-fin base; lengths of spines and rays are measured to their extreme bases; caudal- and pectoral-fin aqua vol. 12 no. 3-10 July 2007 90

John E. Randall Fig. 1. Vanderhorstia sp., BPBM 36706, 33 mm SL, Bali, Indonesia (specimen lost). Photo by J. Randall. lengths are the length of the longest ray; pelvic-fin length is measured from the base of the pelvic spine to the tip of the longest pelvic soft ray. Morphometric data presented in Table I are given as percentages of the standard length. Proportional measurements in the text are rounded to the nearest 0.05. The count of scales in longitudinal series is made from above the dorsal end of the gill opening to the base of the caudal fin (scales small anteriorly and not in regular rows, so counts often difficult to duplicate precisely); scales in transverse series are counted from the origin of the anal fin anterodorsally to the base of the first dorsal fin; gill rakers are counted on the first gill arch, those on the upper limb listed first; rudiments are included in the counts. Specimens were collected with rotenone and by multiprong Hawaiian sling spear. Vanderhorstia attenuata n. sp. (Fig. 2, Table I) Holotype: BPBM 38734, male, 36.3 mm, Solomon Islands, Guadalcanal, north side, 11.3 km west of Honiara, sand and reef adjacent to wreck of Japanese transport ship, 38-48 m, rotenone, J. E. Randall and G. R. Allen, 13 July 1973. Diagnosis: Dorsal rays VI-I,11; anal rays I,11; pectoral rays 19; scales in longitudinal series 39; median predorsal scales 15; no scales on head except dorsally behind eye; scales present on prepectoral area; body not very elongate, the depth 5.35 in SL; orbit diameter 3.2 in head length; third dorsal spine longest, 3.95 in SL; caudal fin long, the middle five rays prolonged into a tapering filament as long as rest of fin, the total fin length 2.15 in SL; pectoral fins reaching to above origin of anal fin, 3.6 in SL; pelvic fins just reaching anus, 4.9 in SL; color as in Fig. 2. Fig. 2. Holotype of Vanderhorstia attenuata, BPBM 38734, 36.3 mm, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. Photo by J. Randall. 91 aqua vol. 12 no. 3-10 July 2007

Descriptions of four new shrimpgobies of the genus Vanderhorstia from the western Pacific Table I. Proportional measurements of type specimens of new species of the gobiid fish genus Vanderhorstia as percentages of the standard length. Species attenuata auronotata belloides belloides dorsomacula Type designation holotype holotype holotype paratype holotype Bishop Museum number 38734 32322 32550 40479 32489 Standard length (mm) 36.3 28.3 40.5 47.7 39.5 Sex male female female male female Body depth (at P 2 origin) 18.7 18.0 17.3 14.7 15.2 Body depth (at A origin) 15.5 13.9 15.0 12.5 13.4 Body width 10.9 10.6 10.3 10.0 8.4 Head length 27.0 28.3 26.5 25.6 27.0 Head width 13.3 11.6 11.6 12.3 10.9 Snout length 5.7 4.9 5.1 5.1 5.2 Orbit diameter 8.5 7.0 7.4 6.7 7.4 Interorbital width 1.4 1.8 1.7 2.1 2.5 Cheek depth 1.6 1.4 2.0 2.0 1.7 Upper-jaw length 12.4 13.4 11.5 10.9 11.9 Caudal-peduncle depth 11.8 8.8 7.4 7.1 8.1 Caudal-peduncle length 17.5 12.3 10.8 10.6 11.4 Predorsal length 32.1 32.9 30.7 29.7 30.1 Preanal length 55.5 53.3 52.5 51.7 53.6 Prepelvic length 31.2 28.7 26.3 27.2 27.7 Base of dorsal fins 52.1 54.8 32.0 25.7 58.0 First dorsal spine 10.9 17.9 19.7 22.8 19.9 Fourth dorsal spine 24.6 20.9 32.0 25.7 24.8 Fifth dorsal spine 13.7 14.6 15.8 20.1 20.3 Spine of second dorsal fin 10.6 10.3 9.8 9.7 10.3 Longest dorsal ray 21.5 15.6 13.5 14.8 34.5 Base of anal fin 26.4 34.4 34.5 33.8 7.6 Anal spine 6.9 7.5 8.1 8.5 14.8 Longest anal ray 20.8 15.7 13.8 15.3 33.4 Caudal-fin length 46.3 41.3 32.2 38.2 33.4 Pectoral-fin length 28.8 27.6 24.7 25.7 26.3 Pelvic-spine length 8.3 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.6 Pelvic-fin length 19.5 20.5 22.4 23.7 21.5 Description: Dorsal rays VI-I,11; anal rays I,11; all dorsal and anal soft rays branched, the last to base (each major branch of last ray divided distally); pectoral rays 19, the uppermost and lower one or two unbranched; pelvic rays I,5, all soft rays branched, the fifth rays joined medially; segmented caudal rays 17, 14 branched; 6 upper and 7 lower unsegmented caudal rays; longitudinal scale series 39 (some scales missing, especially posteriorly), progressively smaller anteriorly; transverse scale rows 13; median predorsal scales 15, nearly reaching interorbital space; no scales on cheek or opercle; scales present above opercle but not extending forward above preopercle; scales as large as body present on prepectoral area; median prepelvic scales 8; circumpeduncular scales 13; gill rakers 4 + 12; pseudobranch with 9 short fleshy lobes. Body not very elongate, the depth at pelvic-fin origin 5.35 in SL; body compressed, the width at pectoral-fin origin 1.7 in body depth; head length 3.7 in SL; head slightly compressed, the width 1.4 in body depth; snout short, 4.75 in head length; orbit diameter 3.2 in head length; interorbital space narrow, the least width 15.4 in head length; caudal-peduncle depth 2.3 in head length; caudalpeduncle length 1.55 in head length. Mouth strongly oblique, forming an angle of about 50 to horizontal axis of body, the lower jaw projecting; mouth large, the maxilla reaching to below center of eye, the upper-jaw length 2.2 in head length; front of upper jaw with four small incurved canine teeth on each side, the third pair largest, with an irregular inner row of small incurved teeth and a pair of very strongly incurved, inwardly depressible canines behind the second front teeth and larger than the largest front tooth; aqua vol. 12 no. 3-10 July 2007 92

John E. Randall side of jaw with 13 well spaced slender incurved teeth and a inner row of smaller teeth; anterior third of lower jaw with two to three irregular rows of incurved teeth, the four front teeth on each side largest but smaller than largest upper teeth, followed medially by a very large recurved canine (largest in jaws) and a single row of small incurved teeth along side of jaw; no teeth on vomer or palatines; edge of lips smooth, the inner surface papillose; tongue broadly rounded, its upper surface with papillae; roof of mouth with well spaced papillae; no mental flap. Gill opening broad, extending forward to within a pupil diameter of a vertical at rear edge of orbit; gill membranes attached only anteriorly to isthmus, with no free fold; gill rakers slender, the longest nearly equal in length to longest gill filaments. Posterior nostril nearly round, with a slight rim, directly in front of fleshy edge of orbit at level of center of eye, with a large nasal pore directly anterodorsal; anterior nostril a short membranous tube, higher posteriorly but without a flap, anteroventral to posterior nostril nearly midway to edge of snout above upper lip; cephalic sensory pores typical of the genus; a row of 12 well spaced, prominent, sensory papillae rimming lower part of orbit, commencing behind anterior nostril; a series of 9 close-set, small papillae paralleling upper jaw, starting below anterior edge of pupil, then angling horizontally across cheek (13 additional papillae counted, but what seem to be remnants of papillae reach half way across cheek); another series of 9 close-set small papillae passing horizontally posterior from ventral edge of orbit (remnants suggest the series extends two-thirds distance to preopercular margin). Scales on body progressively smaller anteriorly; scales cycloid anteriorly, ctenoid posteriorly, the most anterior ctenoid scales reaching to below base of third dorsal spine; predorsal scales reaching forward to within a half pupil diameter of a vertical at posterior edge of orbit; scales on side of nape extending forward above opercle but not above preopercle; cycloid scales on prepectoral area as large as body scales; no scales on fins except base of caudal fin where present in three rows (counted obliquely), covering a semicircular area, the smallest scales posterior. Origin of first dorsal fin above middle of pelvicfin base, the predorsal length 3.1 in SL; dorsal spines slender and flexible, none filamentous; first dorsal spine 2.5 in SL; fourth dorsal spine longest, 4.05 in SL; last membrane of first dorsal fin torn, but probably not reaching origin of second dorsal fin; spine of second dorsal fin 9.45 in SL; penultimate dorsal soft ray longest, 4.65 in SL; origin of anal fin below a point slightly anterior to base of second dorsal soft ray, the preanal length 1.8 in SL; anal spine 12.5 in SL; penultimate anal soft ray longest, 6.4 in head length; caudal fin long, the middle five rays prolonged into a tapering filament as long as rest of fin, the total fin length 2.15 in SL; pectoral fins pointed, the twelfth and thirteenth rays longest, reaching to above base of first anal soft ray, 3.5 in SL; prepelvic length 3.2 in SL; pelvic fins short, not reaching anus, 5.15 in SL; pelvic spine 2.35 in length of longest pelvic ray; pelvic frenum torn. C o l o r o f h o l o t y p e i n a l c o h o l : pale tan with four broad diffuse dusky bars on body, one below posterior half of first dorsal fin, two below second dorsal fin, each with a dark-edged pale band in lower part, and one posteriorly on caudal peduncle, the pigment concentrated to form a midlateral darker spot; a dusky brown spot of about pupil size above base of pectoral fin; two faint parallel dark lines extending obliquely across cheek and opercle from above posterior end of jaws (the dark edges of an orange band in life); no narrow dark streak between maxilla and premaxilla; first dorsal fin translucent with a large dusky area, mainly between fourth and fifth spines and extending broadly onto adjacent membranes; second dorsal and anal fins translucent with a middle dusky stripe; caudal fin pale yellowish with a faintly pinkish broad middle longitudinal band and broad dusky pinkish upper and lower margins; paired fins pale yellowish. C o l o r w h e n f r e s h : pale grayish blue, white ventrally on abdomen and head, with four dusky bars on body, the two beneath second dorsal fin with a dark-edged orange band; a brown blotch larger than pupil just behind upper end of gill opening; postorbital head and nape bluish brown with oblique, dark-edged, orange bands and elongate spots from below and behind eye onto nape, continuing dorsally on body as two irregular rows of small, dark-edged orange spots that are mainly adjacent anteriorly and progressively more separated posteriorly; dorsal fins pale blue, the first with oblique dusky orange bands, the second with two broad orange stripes; caudal fin pale blue, suffused with orange, with a broad orange bar across 93 aqua vol. 12 no. 3-10 July 2007

Descriptions of four new shrimpgobies of the genus Vanderhorstia from the western Pacific base and a broad submarginal basal orange band; anal fin nearly white basally, with a pale blue margin and broad submarginal orange band faintly edged below with pale blue; pelvic fins bluish white. Etymology: This species is named attenuata from the Latin meaning drawn out or tapering, in reference to the prolonged tapering filament formed by the middle five caudal rays. Remarks: The single specimen of Vanderhorstia attenuata was collected with rotenone at Guadalcanal from a depth of 38 to 48 m without knowledge of its habits, but the species probably lives symbiotically in a burrow with a pair of alpheid shrimps. Of the known species of the genus, V. attenuata is most similar to V. macropteryx (Franz, 1910), V. auropunctata, V. papilio, all from Japan, and V. nannai from Palau and the Philippines. All have a relatively stout body for the genus, 11 dorsal and anal soft rays, and a low longitudinal scale count (range from 27 to 45). Vanderhorstia attenuata is most easily separated from the others by the unusual shape of the caudal fin. Vanderhorstia macropteryx and V. auropunctata have a broadly rounded caudal fin, while the fins of V. papilio and V. nannai have two pointed posterior projections. Vanderhorstia attenutata also differs from the four similar species in its short first dorsal fin and its distinctive color pattern. It is closest meristically to V. macropteryx in having 15 median predorsal scales (14-18 in V. macropteryx; counts from Ikeda et al., 1995, who redescribed the species). The predorsal-scale counts for the other three species range from 0 to 11. Vanderhorstia auronotata n. sp. (Fig. 3, Table I) Holotype: BPBM 32322, female, 28.3 mm, Indonesia, Molucca Islands, Ambon, Ambon Bay, about 1.5 km west of Poka, sloping silty sand bottom, 20-24 m, rotenone, J. E. Randall, 2 October 1987. Diagnosis: Dorsal rays VI-I,14; anal rays I,15; pectoral rays 17-18; scales in longitudinal series about 55; no scales on head, nape, or prepectoral area; body elongate, the depth 5.55 in SL; orbit diameter 4.05 in head length; third dorsal spine longest, 3.95 in SL; caudal fin long and very pointed, 2.5 in SL; pectoral fins reaching to above origin of anal fin, 3.6 in SL; pelvic fins just reaching anus, 4.9 in SL; color as in Fig. 3. Description: Dorsal rays VI-I,14; anal rays I,15; all dorsal and anal soft rays branched, the last to base (each major branch of last ray divided distally); pectoral rays 17 or 18, the upper two and lowermost unbranched; pelvic rays I,5, all soft rays branched, the fifth rays joined medially; segmented caudal-fin rays 17, 14 branched; upper and lower unsegmented caudal rays 7; longitudinal scale series about 55 (most scales missing), progressively smaller anteriorly; transverse scale rows about 15; no scales on head, nape anterior to gill opening, or prepectoral area; median prepelvic scales 10; circumpeduncular scales 13; gill rakers 3 + 13; pseudobranch with 10 short fleshy lobes. Body elongate, the depth at pelvic-fin origin 5.55 in SL; body compressed, the width at pectoral-fin origin 1.4 in body depth; head length 3.55 in SL; head slightly compressed, the width 1.3 in body Fig. 3. Holotype of Vanderhorstia auronotata, BPBM 32322, 28.3 mm SL, Ambon, Molucca Islands. Photo by J. Randall. aqua vol. 12 no. 3-10 July 2007 94

John E. Randall depth; snout short, the length 5.8 in head length; orbit diameter 4.05 in head length; interorbital space narrow, the least width 15.7 in head length; caudal-peduncle depth 3.2 in head length; caudalpeduncle length 2.3 in head length. Mouth oblique, forming an angle of about 30 to horizontal axis of body, the lower jaw projecting; mouth large, the maxilla nearly reaching a vertical at posterior edge of orbit, the upper-jaw length 2.0 in head length; front of upper jaw with four small incurved canine teeth on each side, the two lateral pairs largest, an inner row of small incurved teeth, and two inner pairs of nearly recumbent canines as large as largest canine of front row; side of jaw posterior to canines with an outer row of 16 well spaced progressively smaller incurved teeth, and an inner row of still smaller teeth; front of lower jaw with two to three rows of incurved teeth, the outer row largest (but smaller than teeth at front of upper jaw), ending about one-third back in jaw with a recurved canine larger than largest upper canines (two on other side, the more posterior largest); side of jaw posterior to canine with a single row of small incurved teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines; roof of mouth with prominent well spaced papillae; edge of lips smooth, the inner surface papillose; tongue tip rounded, the upper surface and roof of mouth with scattered papillae; no distinct mental flap. Gill opening broad, extending forward to a vertical at posterior edge of orbit; gill membranes attached only anteriorly to isthmus, with no free fold; gill rakers slender, the longest nearly equal in length to longest gill filaments. Posterior nostril a moderately large oval aperture just before fleshy edge of orbit a little above center of eye, with a slight rim, with the nasal pore directly dorsoanterior; anterior nostril a short membranous tube without a posterior flap, anteroventral to posterior nostril half distance to edge of snout above upper lip; cephalic sensory pores typical of the genus; cheek with a close-set series of 19 small papillae commencing above middle of upper jaw, paralleling jaw edge for 7 of the papillae, then continuing slightly obliquely downward on cheek, ending a short distance posterior to a vertical at rear edge of orbit; a series of 11 larger, more widely spaced papillae from a pair below anterior margin of pupil to behind middle of eye; a row of 10 close-set small papillae commencing between seventh and eighth papillae of suborbital series and passing posteriorly, parallel to lower series. Scales on body progressively smaller anteriorly; scales cycloid anteriorly, ctenoid posteriorly (most scales missing, so the demarcation from ctenoid to cycloid cannot be determined, other than to note that two scales at origin of second dorsal fin are cycloid); no scales on head, nape, or prepectoral area; no scales on fins except base of caudal fin where revealed by scale pockets and one large ctenoid scale that lies over posterior end of hypural plate. Origin of first dorsal fin over origin of pelvic fins, the predorsal length 3.0 in SL; dorsal spines slender and flexible; first dorsal spine 5.6 in SL; third dorsal spine longest, 4.9 in SL; last membrane of first dorsal fin nearly reaching origin of second dorsal fin; spine of second dorsal fin 9.7 in SL; penultimate dorsal soft ray longest, 6.4 in SL; origin of anal fin below base of first dorsal soft ray, the preanal length 1.9 in SL; anal spine 13.3 in SL; penultimate anal soft ray longest, 6.4 in head length; caudal fin moderately long and strongly pointed, 2.5 in SL; pectoral fins pointed, the eleventh ray longest, reaching to above origin of anal fin, 3.6 in SL; prepelvic length 3.55 in SL; fifth pelvic ray longest, nearly reaching anus, 4.45 in SL; pelvic spine 2.8 in length of longest pelvic ray; pelvic fins just reaching anus, 4.9 in SL; pelvic frenum present but damaged. C o l o r o f h o l o t y p e i n a l c o h o l : pale tan with four brown bars of one to two scales in width on body, the scale centers within bars pale; first bar centered below base of fourth dorsal spine, the next three bars below base of second dorsal fin; a semicircular brown bar on base of caudal fin; faint narrower brown bars in spaces between broader dark bars, and two before first dark bar; an oblique oval brown spot dorsally on opercle; a smaller darker spot above base of pectoral fin just posterior to upper end of gill opening; a brown (not black) streak on membrane between maxilla and premaxilla; snout light brown; first dorsal fin light reddish brown, especially posterior to third spine, the pigment more on membranes than rays; remaining median fins with pale rays and pale reddish brown membranes; paired fins pale. C o l o r w h e n f r e s h : light bluish gray, white on abdomen, with four narrow dark brown bars on body (scale centers within bars paler) and a broader fifth semicircular bar at caudal-fin base; three brown-edged orange-yellow lines between dark bars on body, and two before first dark bar (posterior yellow lines broken into spots); cheek and opercle with dark-edged orange spots, becoming 95 aqua vol. 12 no. 3-10 July 2007

Descriptions of four new shrimpgobies of the genus Vanderhorstia from the western Pacific more brown dorsally on head; an oblique dark brown blotch on upper part of opercle, and a smaller darker brown spot above pectoral-fin base; snout dark brown, the upper lip with a broad brownish orange band; median fins with brown rays, bluish membranes, and brown-edged orangeyellow bands and spots; pelvic fins white. The large dark area anteriorly on the first dorsal fin is not present on the specimen (it is the result of black background showing through a clearer part of the fin). The dark distal area of the second dorsal fin is also due to this part of the fin being clearer. Etymology: This species is named Vanderhorstia auronotata from the Latin aurum for gold and nota for mark, in reference to the many bright orange-yellow markings. Remarks: The holotype was collected with rotenone without knowledge of its habits, but it probably lives in association with an alpheid shrimp, like others of the genus whose habits are known. Vanderhorstia belloides n. sp. (Fig. 4, Table I) Holotype: BPBM 32550, female, 40.5 mm, Papua New Guinea, Madang Province, Tab Island (Pig Island), 5 10.3 S,145 50.7 E, lagoon side, silty sand, 21 m, rotenone, J. E. Randall, 8 November 1987. Paratype: BPBM 40479, male, 47.7 mm, same data as holotype. Diagnosis: Dorsal rays VI-I,16; anal rays I,17; pectoral rays 18; scales in longitudinal series 66-68; no scales on head, nape, or prepectoral area; body elongate, the depth 6.6 in SL; dorsal spines progressively longer to sixth, 3.95 in SL; caudal fin pointed and moderately long, 3.0 in SL; pectoral fins reaching to above anus, 3.8 in SL; pelvic fins not reaching anus, 4.65 in SL; color as in Fig. 4. Description: Dorsal rays VI-I,16; anal rays I,17; all dorsal and anal soft rays branched, the last to base (each major branch of last ray divided); pectoral rays 18, the upper and lower two unbranched; pelvic rays I,5, all soft rays branched, the fifth rays joined medially; segmented caudal rays 17, 14 branched; upper and lower unsegmented caudal rays 7; longitudinal scale series 66 (68), progressively smaller anteriorly; transverse scale rows 19; no scales on head, nape anterior to gill opening, or prepectoral area; median prepelvic scales 9; circumpeduncular scales 13; gill rakers 5 + 15; pseudobranch with 10 short fleshy lobes. Body elongate, the depth at pelvic-fin origin 5.8 (6.8) in SL; body compressed, the width at pectoral-fin origin 1.7 (1.45) in body depth; head length 3.8 (3.9) in SL; head slightly compressed, the width 1.5 (1.2) in body depth; snout short, the length 5.2 (5.0) in head length; orbit diameter 3.6 (3.8) in head length; interorbital space narrow, the least width 15.6 (12.2) in head length; caudalpeduncle depth 3.6 in head length; caudal-peduncle length 3.6 (3.65) in head length. Mouth oblique, forming an angle of about 35 to horizontal axis of body, the lower jaw projecting; mouth large, the maxilla nearly or just reaching a vertical at posterior edge of orbit, the upper-jaw length 2.3 (2.35) in head length; front of upper jaw with three incurved small canine teeth on each Fig. 4. Holotype of Vanderhorstia belloides, BPBM 32550, 40.5 mm SL, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Photo by J. Randall. aqua vol. 12 no. 3-10 July 2007 96

John E. Randall side, the lateral pair largest; an inner row of small incurved teeth, and two inner pairs of nearly recumbent canines as large as largest canine of front row; side of jaw posterior to canines with an outer row of 15-20 progressively smaller incurved teeth and an inner row of still smaller teeth; front of lower jaw with three rows of incurved teeth, the outer row largest (but smaller than teeth at front of upper jaw), ending about one-third back in jaw with two large recurved canines, these followed by a single row of small incurved teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines; edge of lips smooth, the inner surface papillose; tongue tip rounded, the upper surface and roof of mouth with scattered papillae; no distinct mental flap. Gill opening broad, extending forward nearly to a vertical at posterior edge of orbit; gill membranes attached only anteriorly to isthmus, with no free fold; gill rakers slender, the longest about equal in length to longest gill filaments of gill arch. Posterior nostril a large subtriangular aperture in front of center of eye at fleshy edge of orbit, with a slight rim; anterior nostril a short, slightly tapering, membranous tube with no posterior flap, anterorventral to posterior nostril, half distance to edge of snout above upper lip; cephalic sensory pores typical of the genus; cheek with close-set series of 24 (30) small papillae, commencing above middle of upper jaw, paralleling jaw edge for about 8 pores, then continuing nearly horizontally onto cheek (obliquely downward), ending a short distance posterior to a vertical at rear edge of orbit; a series of 20 larger, more widely spaced papillae rimming ventral edge of orbit from behind anterior nostril to behind eye; a row of 10 close-set small papillae commencing between fifteenth and sixteenth papillae of suborbital series and angling slightly upward as it passes posteriorly. Scales on body progressively smaller anteriorly, the scale rows somewhat irregular, especially anteriorly; scales cycloid anteriorly, ctenoid posteriorly, the most anterior scales with cteni on side of body slightly anterior to a vertical at origin of second dorsal fin; scales cycloid for two rows below second dorsal fin; scales ventrally on abdomen and chest cycloid; no scales on head, nape, or prepectoral area; no scales on fins except for three rows (counting obliquely) on broad central base of fin. Origin of first dorsal fin above midbase of pelvic fins, the predorsal length 3.25 (3.35) in SL; dorsal spines slender and flexible; first dorsal spine 5.1 (4.4) in SL; third and fourth dorsal spines longest 97 and subequal, 3.1 (3.9) in SL, narrowly joined by membrane distally, the fourth spine extending free of membrane as a short filament; last membrane of first dorsal fin nearly reaching origin of second dorsal fin; spine of second dorsal fin 10.2 (10.3) in SL; penultimate dorsal soft ray longest, 7.4 (6.75) in SL; origin of anal fin below base of first to second dorsal soft rays, the preanal length 1.9 (1.95) in SL; anal spine 12.4 (11.8) in SL; penultimate anal soft ray longest, 7.25 (6.55) in head length; caudal fin moderately long and pointed, 3.1 (2.6) in SL; pectoral fins pointed, the twelfth ray longest, reaching to above origin of anal fin, 4.05 in SL (to above first anal soft ray, 3.9 in SL in paratype); prepelvic length 3.8 (3.9) in SL; fifth pelvic ray longest, nearly reaching anus, 4.45 in SL (nearly reaching origin of anal fin in paratype, 4.2 in SL); pelvic spine one-third length of longest pelvic ray; pelvic frenum thin, the membrane nearly reaching tip of pelvic spines. C o l o r o f h o l o t y p e i n a l c o h o l : pale tan, the edges of scales dorsally on body brown; a series of six indistinct dark blotches along body from darker pigment at scale edges; a longitudinal series of 26 very short vertical brown lines (due to darker and broader vertical part of scale edges) from upper end of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin; a black streak on membrane in groove between maxilla and premaxilla from below posterior nostril nearly to a vertical through center of eye; fins pale except reddish brown distal ends of longest dorsal spines and adjacent membranes and distal end of middle caudal rays. C o l o r o f h o l o t y p e w h e n f r e s h : body bluish gray with small dark-edged yellow spots (faint ventrally), shading to white on abdomen; a row of larger irregular yellow spots, edged in blackish, above pectoral fin, followed by about 15 short brown vertical lines to caudal-fin base; head bluish gray, becoming dusky pink over operculum, with small round yellow spots on cheek, operculum, and branchiostegal membranes; a blackish streak between maxilla and premaxilla; second dorsal fin pale blue with numerous dark-edged yellow spots and a white margin; caudal fin longitudinally banded in pale blue and yellow; anal fin pale blue with an apparent dark stripe and faint yellow basal markings; pelvic fins bluish white. The anal fin appears to show a black stripe in the middle, but there is no indication of a longitudinal zone of dark pigment on the specimen in alcohol, and no indication of a more transparent zone (which, if preaqua vol. 12 no. 3-10 July 2007

Descriptions of four new shrimpgobies of the genus Vanderhorstia from the western Pacific sent, might explain the dark stripe as black background color showing through the fin). Etymology: This species is named Vanderhorstia belloides for its resemblance to V. bella. Remarks: The two Bishop Museum specimens of this species from Papua New Guinea were long identified only as Vanderhorstia sp. After the description of V. bella by Greenfield & Longenecker (2005) from one specimen from Fiji, the Papua New Guinea specimens were initially believed to be V. bella because of the similarity in color pattern. A close comparison, however, has revealed the following meristic and morphological differences: V. bella has one more dorsal and anal soft rays (the species of Vanderhorstia rarely vary in these two counts); more scales in longitudinal series (about 77, compared to 66-68 for V. belloides); a shorter snout (3.7% SL compared to 5.1% for V. belloides), with a steeper dorsal profile; and the fourth dorsal and fifth anal soft rays longest (penultimate rays longest in V. belloides). There are also some differences in color. The second dorsal fin of V. bella is described as light yellow with a distal lavender margin (the fin of V. belloides is pale blue with irregular dark-edged yellow spots). It should be noted that the small spots on the head and body of V. bella are pale green in the color figures in Greenfield & Longenecker s (l. c.) paper, but described as yellow by them. The green coloration is probably an error in color reproduction. Vanderhorstia bella is described as overlaid by lavender in many areas. There is no lavender on the body of V. belloides. If there were variation in blue vs. lavender of the same species with depth, one might expect the deeper water specimen to be lavender; V. bella, however, was collected 8.3 m and V. belloides in 21 m. Vanderhorstia dorsomacula n. sp. (Fig. 5, Table I) Vanderhorstia sp. Randall, 2003: 1, cover photo (Lolobau Island, north coast of New Britain). Holotype: BPBM 32489, female, 39.5 mm, Papua New Guinea, Tab Island (Pig Island), 5 10.3 S 145 50.7 E, lagoon side, silty sand, 25 m, spear, J. E. Randall, 2 November 1987. Diagnosis: Dorsal rays VI-I,17; anal rays I,18; pectoral rays 18; scales in longitudinal series 78; no scales on head, nape, or prepectoral area; body elongate, the depth 6.6 in SL; dorsal spines progressively longer to fourth, 4.05 in SL; caudal fin pointed and moderately long, 3.0 in SL; pectoral fins reaching to above anus, 3.8 in SL; pelvic fins not reaching anus, 4.65 in SL; color as in Fig. 5. Description: Dorsal rays VI-I,17; anal rays I,18; all dorsal and anal soft rays branched, the last to base (each major branch of last ray divided); pectoral rays 18, the upper two and lowermost unbranched; pelvic rays I,5, all soft rays branched, the fifth rays joined medially; segmented caudal rays 17, 14 branched; upper and lower unsegmented caudal rays 7; longitudinal scale series 78 (anterior scales small); transverse scale rows 17; no scales on head, nape, or prepectoral area; median prepelvic scales 10; circumpeduncular scales 13; gill rakers 5 + 15; pseudobranch with 12 short Fig. 5. Underwater photograph of Vanderhorstia dorsomacula with Alpheus cf. rapacida, New Britain. Photo by J. Randall. aqua vol. 12 no. 3-10 July 2007 98

John E. Randall fleshy lobes. Body elongate, the depth at pelvic-fin origin 6.6 in SL; body compressed, the width at pectoral-fin origin 1.8 in body depth; head length 3.7 in SL; head slightly compressed, the width 1.25 in body depth; snout short, the length 5.2 in head length; orbit diameter 3.65 in head length; interorbital space narrow, the least width 10.8 in head length; caudal-peduncle depth 3.35 in head length; caudal-peduncle length 2.4 in head length. Mouth oblique, forming an angle of about 40 to horizontal axis of body, the lower jaw projecting; mouth large, the maxilla reaching a vertical at posterior edge of orbit, the upper-jaw length 2.0 in head length; front of upper jaw with three incurved canine teeth on each side, followed on side of jaw with 24 progressively smaller teeth, with an inner row of still smaller teeth; small incurved teeth medially at front of jaw, with a large, inner, nearly recumbent canine on each side; front of lower jaw with two rows of moderate-size incurved teeth, the outer row largest; two (three on right side) well spaced recurved canine teeth in an inner row about onethird back from front of jaw, followed by one row of about 20 progressively smaller teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines; roof of mouth with prominent well spaced papillae; edge of lips smooth; tongue tip rounded; no distinct mental flap. Gill opening broad, extending forward nearly to a vertical at posterior edge of orbit; gill membranes attached only anteriorly to isthmus, with no free fold; gill rakers slender, the longest about equal in length to longest gill filaments of first gill arch. Posterior nostril a large, nearly round aperture in front of center of eye at fleshy edge of orbit, with a slight rim, except posteriorly; anterior nostril a short membranous tube with no posterior flap, anterorventral to posterior nostril half distance to edge of snout above upper lip; cephalic sensory pores typical of the genus, with the nine pores of the oculoscapular canal and the three of the preopercular canal; a close-set series of 24 small papillae above and parallel to posterior third of upper jaw, continuing slightly obliquely downward as it passes onto cheek, ending a little posterior to a vertical at rear edge of orbit; a series of 23 larger, more widely spaced papillae rimming ventral edge of orbit from posterior to anterior nostril to behind center of eye; a short row of 6 close-set small papillae commencing between nineteenth and twentieth papillae of suborbital series and angling slightly upward as it passes posteriorly. Scales on body progressively smaller anteriorly, the scale rows somewhat irregular, especially anteriorly; scales cycloid anteriorly, ctenoid posteriorly, the most anterior scales with cteni on lower side of body nearly to a vertical at base of sixth dorsal spine; scales in one to two rows below second dorsal fin cycloid; scales ventrally on abdomen and chest cycloid; no scales on head or prepectoral area; no scales on fins except for three rows on broad central base of fin. Origin of first dorsal fin above rear base of pelvic fins, the predorsal length 3.3 in SL; dorsal spines slender and flexible, none filamentous (at least in female holotype); first dorsal spine 6.6 in SL; fourth dorsal spine longest, 4.05 in SL; last membrane of first dorsal fin ending at origin of second dorsal fin; spine of second dorsal fin 9.7 in SL; penultimate dorsal soft ray longest, 6.85 in SL; origin of anal fin below base of first dorsal soft ray, the preanal length 1.85 in SL; anal spine 13.2 in SL; penultimate anal soft ray longest, 6.75 in head length; caudal fin moderately long and pointed, 3.0 in SL; pectoral fins pointed, the twelfth ray longest, reaching to above anus, 2.75 in SL; prepelvic length 3.25 in SL; pelvic fins short, not reaching anus, 4.65 in SL; pelvic spine one-third length of longest pelvic ray; membrane of pelvic frenum nearly reaching tip of pelvic spines. C o l o r o f h o l o t y p e i n a l c o h o l : pale yellowish with series of seven indistinct brown blotches passing posteriorly from upper end of gill opening above pectoral fin, continuing as longitudinal row of 17 narrow short faint brown bars (from pigment on scale edges), to base of caudal fin; an oblique blackish streak on membrane in groove between maxilla and premaxilla below front edge and center of orbit; fins pale except for a black spot slightly larger than pupil in middle of first dorsal fin between fourth and fifth spines. C o l o r i n l i f e o f a n a d u l t i n d i v i d u a l f r o m t h e M a d a n g Pr o v i n c e o f Pa p u a Ne w G u i n e a : body bluish gray with numerous very small yellow spots (one per scale) and a series of narrow dark red bars of two to three scales in length along side of body posterior to pectoral fin; cheek and opercle below eye blue with purpleedged yellow spots; a narrow black streak between premaxilla and maxilla; dorsal fins translucent blue with rows of pale yellow spots, the first dorsal with a black spot larger than pupil in middle of fin between fourth and fifth spines; caudal fin and outer half of anal fin translucent pale yellow with 99 aqua vol. 12 no. 3-10 July 2007

Descriptions of four new shrimpgobies of the genus Vanderhorstia from the western Pacific pale blue stripes; pelvic fins translucent pale blue. Remarks: The holotype and only specimen was collected with a multiprong sling spear in 25 m at Tab Island (also known as Pig Island) in the Madang Province on the north coast of Papua New Guinea in 1987. The same species was photographed underwater at Lolobau Island on the south coast of New Britain at a depth of 20 m in 2002, but the fish was not collected. This goby lives in association with the snapping shrimp Alpheus cf. rapacida (identification provided by Arthur Anker). A second photograph taken at the New Britain site shows two shrimps out of the burrow in contact with the goby This photograph was used on the cover of the March, 2003 issue of I.O.P. Diving News, with a short article in Japanese indicating the need for additional specimens. The species of Vanderhorstia most similar in color to V. dorsomacula is one from the Calamianes Islands, Philippines illustrated as Vanderhorstia sp. in Allen et al. (2003: 312, middle two figures). Their right-hand figure, identified as the female, is more deep-bodied than V. dorsomacula. The figure to the left is the more slender male. Unfortunately they obtained no specimens. Another similar species, also identified only to genus, is illustrated by an underwater photograph in Hayashi & Shiratori (2003: 159, lower figure). It differs from V. dorsomacula in the broadly rounded first dorsal fin of very different color. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank Loreen R. O Hara for X-rays, Arnold Y. Suzumoto for curatorial assistance, and Gerald R. Allen, David W. Greenfield, and Helen A. Randall for review of the manuscript. REFERENCES ALLEN, G. R., & RANDALL, J. E. 2006. Vanderhorstia nobilis, a new species of shrimpgoby from Indonesia and the Philippines. aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology. 12 (1): 39-44. ALLEN, G. R, STEENE, R., HUMANN P. & DELOACH, N. 2003. Reef Fish Identification Tropical Pacific. 457 pp. New World Publications, Jacksonville, FL. BIRDSONG, R. S., MURDY, E. O. & PEZOLD, F. L. 1988. A study of the vertebral column and median fin osteology in gobioid fishes with comments on gobioid relationships. Bulletin of Marine Science 42: 174-214. GREENFIELD, D. W. & LONGENECKER, K. R. 2005. Vanderhorstia bella, a new goby from Fiji (Teleostei: Gobiidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 56: 619-623. HAYASHI, M. & SHIRATORI, T. 2003. Gobies of Japanese waters. 223 pp. TBS Buritanica, Tokyo (in Japanese). IKEDA, Y., NAKABO, T., & HIRAMATSU, W. 1995. Redescription of Vanderhorstia macropteryx (Perciformes: Gobiidae) with designation of a neotype. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 42: 303-310. KARPLUS, I. 1987. The association between gobiid fishes and burrowing alpheid shrimps. Annual Review of Oceanography and Marine Biology 25: 507-562. KLAUSEWITZ, W. 1974. Eilatia latruncularia n. gen. n. sp. und Vanderhorstia mertensi n. sp. vom Golf von Aqaba (Pisces: Gobiidae: Gobiinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 55: 205-212. MASUDA, H., AMAOKA, K., ARAGA, C., UYENO, T. & YOSHINO, R. (eds.) 1984. The Fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Vol. 1, text: xxii + 437 pp. Vol. 2, plates. Tokai University Press, Tokyo. RANDALL, J. E. 2003. Vanderhorstia sp. I.O.P. Diving News 14: l (in Japanese). RANDALL, J. E. 2007. Vanderhorstia opercularis, a new shrimpgoby from the northern Red Sea. Electronic Journal of Ichthyology 3 (1): 18-25. SENOU, H., SUZUKI, T., SHIBUKAWA, K. & YANO, K. 2004. A Photographic Guide to the Gobioid Fishes of Japan. Heibonsha, Ltd., Tokyo. 534 pp. (in Japanese). SHIBUKAWA, K., & SUZUKI, T. 2004. Vanderhorstia papilio, a new shrimp-associated goby from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan (Perciformes: Gobiidae: Gobiinae), with comments on the limits of the genus. Ichthyological Research 51: 113-119. SMITH, M. M. & HEEMSTRA, P. C. (eds.). 1986. Smiths Sea Fishes. xx + 1047 pp. Macmillan South Africa, Johannesburg. SMITH, J. L. B. 1949. Forty-two fishes new to South Africa, with notes on others. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (12) 2: 97-111. SMITH, J. L. B. 1959. Gobioid fishes of the families Gobiidae, Periophthalmidae, Trypauchenidae, Taenioididae and Kraemeriidae of the western Indian Ocean. Ichthyological Bulletin 13: 185-225. WINTERBOTTOM, R., IWATA, A. & KOZAWA, R. 2005. Vanderhorstia nannai, a new species of burrow-associated goby from Palau and the Philippines (Pisces: Gobiidae). aqua vol. 12 no. 3-10 July 2007 100