The Stockton University Coastal

Hurricane Sandy: Beach-dune recovery at New Jersey Beach Profile Network (NJBPN) sites By Kimberly K. McKenna 1, Stewart C. Farrell 1, and Jeffrey A. Gebert 2 1 Stockton University Coastal Research Center 30 Wilson Avenue, Port Republic, NJ 08241 kimberly.mckenna@stockton.edu; stewart.farrell@stockton.edu 2 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Philadelphia District Wanamaker Building, 100 Penn Square East, Philadelphia, PA 19107 Jeffrey.A.Gebert@usace.army.mil ABSTRACT The Stockton University Coastal Research Center (CRC) continued its biannual measurements of the 105 New Jersey Beach Profile Network (NJBPN) locations to measure beach, dune, and nearshore recovery following the passage of Hurricane Sandy (29 October 2012). Shoreline position and volume changes were recorded from fall 2012 to fall 2015 and provide short-term temporal documentation on recovery to pre-storm conditions. Observations of selected locations from the four ocean-fronting counties are presented to show the influence of human-induced and natural events that followed the storm s landfall, and note local coastal environment and sediment transport patterns on recovery along the Atlantic coast. Passage of Public Law 113-2 allowed the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to restore authorized federal projects to their design templates. Approximately 28,281,741 cubic yards of sand were used to rebuild the beaches and dunes. Sixty-three NJBPN profile locations fall within the federal project boundaries and showed significant volumetric gains. The volumes generated through natural recovery did not approach the volumes that were placed via human efforts but the sediment made available to the littoral system benefitted natural beach-dune recovery. The influence of northeast storm events in 2014, October 2015, and again in early 2016 reduced the post-sandy natural beachdune recovery. The Stockton University Coastal Research Center (CRC) has monitored sand volume and shoreline trends for over 30 years at 105 locations for the New Jersey Beach Profile Network (NJBPN) (Figure 1). Within days following Hurricane Sandy s landfall (in Atlantic County on 29 October 2012), the CRC initiated a post-storm survey and rapid assessment of the New Jersey Atlantic Ocean, Raritan Bay, and Delaware Bay shorelines to measure the impacts from the record event. Wave and storm surge elevations generated extensive beach and dune erosion along New Jersey s Atlantic coast, with damages to developed areas that dramatically increased north of landfall. In general, communities that had wide beaches and high dunes were spared damages from storm surge and waves. The impacts to the NJBPN-measured locations are described in CRC (2012) storm reports and in Barone, McKenna, and Farrell (2014) (Figure 2). Table 1 provides a summary of the beach and dune volume (above 0.0 ft NAVD88) losses that were calculated from the rapid response assessments. These numbers did not count losses to the natural areas in Sandy Hook or Island Beach State Park, and did not include the sediment volumes that were transferred into nearshore storm deposits which provided a natural reserve for poststorm recovery. Changes in the natural areas were recorded during subsequent, regularly-scheduled surveys. Volumetric data were calculated from comparisons of two or more profiles and are presented in cubic yards per foot (cy/ft) of net change along the profile line. Without a doubt, Hurricane Sandy became one of New Jersey s most notable storms for wave and surge heights and sand volume losses to nearly all of the New Jersey Atlantic Ocean, Raritan Bay, and Delaware Bay shorelines. Of the NJBPN-measured locations, the greatest beach-dune volume losses occurred in Mantoloking in northern Ocean County at NJBPN Site 153 located within a few ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: New Jersey Atlantic shoreline, coastal erosion, shoreline change, beach-dune recovery, coastal sand dunes, beach nourishment, nearshore, overwash, New Jersey Beach Profile Network. Manuscript submitted 18 March 2016, revised and accepted 23 June 2016. hundred feet of the barrier breaches that made national headlines. The storm generated a dramatic transfer of beachdune sand volume out into the nearshore, creating sand bars all along the Atlantic coast. The amounts moved seaward from the beach-dune ranged from 35 to 70 cy/ ft and were deposited in eight to 22-foot water depths. Some beaches in Cape May County experienced accretion from the storm due to distance from landfall and shoreline orientation with respect to direction of wave approach (Figure 2). BEACH-DUNE RECOVERY Anthropogenic events In the months after the storm, the CRC documented shoreline and volume changes as cross-shore processes moved sand from the nearshore back onto the beach. Human intervention played a major part in shoreline recovery. In January 2013, Congress passed the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act of 2013 (Public Law 113-2) which provided the funding for restoring authorized federal shore protection projects to the original design template. These emergency storm protection efforts led by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Philadelphia and New York Districts) in Monmouth, Ocean (Long Beach Island), Atlantic, and Cape May counties produced extensive volume increases and large gains were documented between the spring 2013 and fall 2014 surveys when most of the emergency Shore & Beach Vol. 84, No. 3 Summer 2016 Page 5

Figure 1. New Jersey Beach Profile Network (NJBPN) locations along the Atlantic coast and sites of interest. projects were completed (Figure 3, Table 2). Sixty-three of the 105 NJBPN sites are located within active federal shore protection projects. Fifteen of those sites had received beach-dune sands in 2011-2012 prior to Hurricane Sandy in response to damages that were incurred from the 2009 Veteran s Day northeast storm and/or Hurricane Irene (2011), or were filled during routine maintenance schedules. Municipalities and the state also contributed to beach-dune recovery efforts. In areas outside federal project boundaries, the scraping of sand from the high water line to the dune became a common municipal practice, especially in northern Ocean County which is included in a federally authorized shore protection project but not yet constructed. In 2014, efforts to protect the coastal highway and emergency evacuation route were led by the New Jersey Department of Transportation which installed a 20,000+ foot long vertical steel bulkhead (top elevation 16 ft NAVD88) in former dune areas from Mantoloking to northern Brick Township. Areas outside of federal project boundaries were supplemented with sand in piggy-back contracts between municipalities and federal dredging contractors. At Avalon in Cape May County, for instance, the sand supplements were placed along a problematic section of shoreline adjacent to a tidal inlet. Also initiated in Avalon was a back-passing project that relocated approximately 50,000 cubic yards of sand from the municipality s accumulating beaches to eroding ones (CRC 2014a). Natural events In New Jersey, episodic shoreline changes can result from hurricanes, but are more likely to result from northeast storms where strong winds and high waves can last over several tidal cycles. A week after Hurricane Sandy generated high winds, high surf, and coastal flooding along all of the Atlantic Ocean beaches, a strong northeast storm created additional coastal stress by producing high winds and up to 10-foot waves Figure 2. Beach-dune volume changes from Hurricane Sandy (in cubic yards per foot and measured from above the 0.0 ft NAVD88 datum). Negative numbers represent volumetric losses per linear foot of profile line. The greatest losses occurred in northern Ocean County and Monmouth County, north of landfall. Page 6 Shore & Beach Vol. 84, No. 3 Summer 2016

along the shoreline (e.g. 7-8 November 2012; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2012). Intense low pressure systems can also cause high winds and coastal flooding, but although these systems were common during the winter of 2012-2013, they did not produce large changes along the shoreline. No Atlantic coast hurricanes and few northeast storms impacted the region between 2013 and 2015 until the 2-5 October 2015 northeast storm which caused high winds, tidal flooding, and beach erosion, and resulted in more than $32 million in storm damages (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2015). But it was the 22-25 January 2016 northeast storm event during a spring tide series that had the greatest impact on the New Jersey shoreline since Hurricane Sandy, producing extensive dune erosion and beach berm loss. This storm was followed three weeks later by a lesser storm also within a spring tide series. There were no dune breaches, but storm water did access points in areas where no dunes existed and where no temporary sand barrier had been erected. Several sections along the northeast part of the barrier islands where narrow beaches and minimal dunes existed suffered sand and ocean water in the streets. The 2014 vertical Figure 3. Locations of authorized and constructed federal shore protection projects (courtesy USACE Philadelphia District 2014). steel bulkhead between Mantoloking and Brick Township in northern Ocean County withstood the 2016 storms, but wave turbulence removed beach sand seaward and eliminated public access to the water s edge. Several Cape May County beach communities also suffered from back-bay flooding of the barriers, causing extensive damages to bayfront homes and businesses (U.S. Geological Survey 2016). Recovery at selected NJBPN locations The New Jersey Atlantic coast consists of four geomorphological regions representing different coastal environments including: spit complex at Sandy Shore & Beach Vol. 84, No. 3 Summer 2016 Page 7

A Figure 4. (A) Oblique aerial view and on-ground photos of the Deal profile location (Site #170). (B) Changes to the beach and nearshore profile from 2013. Distances presented at all cross sections are measured from a reference monument. B Hook; unconsolidated sedimentary bluff/ headland in Monmouth County; barrier spit in northern Ocean County; and waveand tide-dominated barrier islands/tidal inlets from southern Ocean County to Cape May County (Fisher 1967). These regions locally influence the amount of sediment that is available to the littoral system as well as the cross-shore dynamics and the rate of sediment transport. Bluff/Headland Roosevelt Avenue, Deal (NJBPN #170) The Roosevelt Avenue location in Monmouth County sits at the base of the sedimentary bluff protected with rock riprap seaward of a bulkhead (elevation 17.9 ft NAVD88) and between two rock groins. Throughout the location s 30-year monitoring history there has been rare exposure of a dry beach. Sediment supply from the headland bluff is typically blocked by the bulkhead/riprap structure that lines the section and alongshore transport is limited by the large groins. As Page 8 Shore & Beach Vol. 84, No. 3 Summer 2016

A a result, there have been few significant changes to shoreline position or sand volumes. This site was not included in the federal shore protection project until late 2015. Hurricane Sandy s waves overtopped the bulkhead/riprap and eroded the bluff carrying the sediments offshore. The January and June 2013 profiles show the semblance of a nearshore bar migrating landward (Figure 4). By October 2013, a dry beach was present and sand gains (9.8 yd 3 /ft) were recorded between fall 2014 and fall 2015. Since the storm, the profile has experienced net volume gain (3.4 yd 3 /ft, measured between January 2013 and December 2015) but most accumulations occur below the datum and are most likely the result of the sand infusion into the littoral system by the nearby federal shore protection project. Large volume sand placement is due here very soon as this final segment of the developed Monmouth County oceanfront is completed. Figure 5. (A) Oblique view to the west showing the Herbert Street Bridge to the mainland from Mantoloking and on-site photos at Site #153. (B) The profile cross-sections show changes post-hurricane Sandy to fall 2015. B Shore & Beach Vol. 84, No. 3 Summer 2016 Page 9

Figure 6. Aerial view to the north of the Brick Township to Point Pleasant Beach shoreline showing the steel bulkhead which was constructed in 2014 for storm protection and includes the area breached by Hurricane Sandy (near Herbert Street Bridge). This photo was taken two days following the 24 January 2016 northeast storm that exposed the steel bulkhead (courtesy Ted Kingston, 2016). Table 1. Estimated volume losses above 0.0 ft datum at NJBPN locations following Hurricane Sandy. Monmouth County -3,340,000 Ocean County -7,600,000 Atlantic County -845,000 Cape May County -2,240,000 Total (cubic yards) -14,025,000 Rapid assessment volume changes, May or September 2012 to November 2012. Barrier Spit 117 Ocean Ave., Mantoloking (NJBPN #153) Figure 5 shows the location of the Mantoloking profile (in northern Ocean County) with respect to the Hurricane Sandy breach. In 2014, the New Jersey Department of Transportation installed a steel vertical bulkhead along the oceanfront in the communities of Mantoloking and south into sections of Brick Township. The bulkhead was initially buried in sands that were recovered from Hurricane Sandy overwash deposits on land and dredged from Barnegat Bay and was promoted as the final line of defense as efforts for constructing a federal shore protection project that was stalled due to complicated real estate issues. The minor winter storm on 9 December 2014 exposed the bulkhead for several hundreds of feet and up to 10 feet above the berm. As an additional measure for storm protection, the Borough of Mantoloking scraped sand from the lower beach to cover the bulkhead. In the two years that followed Hurricane Sandy the beach recovered 89% of the sediment losses, influenced by the deposition of the sand recovered from the local roadways and building lots plus the storm deposits that were dredged from Barnegat Bay. The shoreline (0.0 ft NAVD88) positions were between 20 feet to 52 feet landward of the September 2012 position as much of the sand that was placed on the beach was used for restoring the dune ridge above the bulkhead position. Volume gains of 7 cy/ft occurred between the post-sandy survey and one year later (fall 2013) as a result of the Borough/state efforts. The gains below the datum offset the abovedatum losses and were attributed to the seaward movement of sands from the berm. The 2014-2015 fall survey comparisons showed volume losses across the profile (-6 cy/ft). Since that time, natural cross-shore sediment transport from the nearshore to the berm has been limited as sand bars were not recorded during 2015. The early 2016 northeast storms exposed the steel bulkhead and the intense wave reflection moved sand further seaward and southward along the wall to the end (Figure 6). Without a significant beachdune replenishment project, local private and public infrastructure is at risk from future storms and public access to the beach will become problematic if the 10-foot vertical drop from the top of the bulkhead persists. Barrier Island (engineered beach) 73 rd Street, Harvey Cedars (NJBPN #143) This site on Long Beach Island in Harvey Cedars (southern Ocean County) is located within the northern limits of the Barnegat Inlet to Little Egg Inlet federal shore protection project which was completed in early 2010. The robust engineered beach and dune (built to 22 ft NAVD88) withstood the brunt of Hurricane Sandy s storm surge and waves. Post Hurricane Sandy emergency fill Page 10 Shore & Beach Vol. 84, No. 3 Summer 2016

A efforts were completed in August 2013 and were still evident in the September 2013 and November 2014 surveys that showed no change to the engineered dune since the emergency construction (Figure 7). Between September 2013 and September 2015, the dune remained in its design position and consistent in sand volume but the berm sands were transferred seaward into the nearshore and there was an overall volume loss (-44.8 yd 3 /ft) from the profile that was considered a normal adjustment of the federal project. The 2013 project used sand from an offshore (in federal waters) borrow source and added to the barrier island sediment budget that would never occur under natural conditions. Barrier Island (not nourished) Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge (NWR)-Holgate Unit (NJBPN #234) The Forsythe NWR site is located on the south side of the terminal groin at the southern end of Long Beach Island in southern Ocean County and is managed as a natural area. Because the terminal groin and others to the north limit the Figure 7. (A) Aerial view to the north of the northern section of Long Beach Island (Barnegat Inlet near the top) and the location of the Harvey Cedars profile. (B) The dune elevation (22 ft NAVD88) and the wide beach protected homes landward of the federal project during Hurricane Sandy. B Shore & Beach Vol. 84, No. 3 Summer 2016 Page 11

Figure 8. (A) The southern Long Beach Island natural area is impacted by a terminal rock groin at the southern limit of development in Holgate-Long Beach Township. A substantial landward offset in the shoreline had been established prior to Hurricane Sandy that grew larger with its passage. (B) Profiles that show the variability of the beach and nearshore. Page 12 B A flow of sand that would normally travel south, the area is sand starved. While the profile site had been relatively stable between 1995 and 2009, an erosional trend began in 2010 (Figure 8). Hurricane Irene (2011) moved sand in overwash deposits landward contributing to its westward migration over former back bay marshes. Hurricane Sandy created breaks through the dunes and created vast overwash plains throughout the entire length of the natural area, but no new barrier breaches were generated. Outcrops of the former marsh were exposed within the surf zone, and are evidence of the current marine transgression and the sediment starved system. This site s beach and nearshore profiles have displayed variability since the storm s passage, building up in elevation and width through natural processes by the March 2013 survey, but displaying nearshore changes probably due to increased longshore sediment transport toward Little Egg Inlet (CRC 2014b). The USACE shore protection effort for the southern section of Long Beach Island is currently under way north of Shore & Beach Vol. 84, No. 3 Summer 2016

A this location, and when complete to this terminal groin should provide a large influx of new sand that may promote the seaward accretion of the natural area s oceanfront shoreline. The longshore movement of this new sand was already apparent between October 2014 and December 2015 where the profile showed significant volume gains both above and below the datum (75.5 yd 3 /ft) and the shoreline moved 200 feet seaward. Barrier Island (south of landfall, not nourished) Benson Ave., Margate (NJBPN #127) The Benson Avenue profile is located on Absecon Island (Atlantic County) in a municipality which elected not to participate in the 2003 federal shore protection project that included Atlantic City and Ventnor City (Figure 9). Longshore sediment transport is to the southwest and the beaches have benefitted from the federal project located up-drift that supplied sand and expanded the beach to a point nearly 400 feet seaward of the municipal bulkhead (CRC 2011). Figure 9. (A) Aerial view to the south showing sections of the federal beach fill on Absecon Island in Atlantic City and Ventnor City and the Benson Avenue profile. (B) Cross-sections showing changes post-hurricane Sandy. Shore & Beach Vol. 84, No. 3 Summer 2016 Page 13 B

A Figure 10. (A) Aerial view to the northeast showing the City of Cape May and the Baltimore Avenue profile. (B) Cross-sections showing annual changes through 2015. B Hurricane Sandy s wave action deposited about two feet of sand west (landward) of the bulkhead and extended beyond the intersection of Atlantic Avenue and Benson Avenue. Both private and public properties were affected, but no serious structural damage occurred. Since the storm s passage, the beaches have gained in volume, mostly from the infusion of sand from the post-sandy 2013 emergency beach fill that occurred to the north. Margate town officials have resisted participation in the federal project because citizen groups see no value added by the proposed federal dune. Volume gains between December 2012 and November 2015 were 19 cy/ft and a result of sand placement in the up-drift communities. The nearshore bar is a persistent feature at this location, indicating benefits from cross-shore transport of sand from the bar to the berm. Barrier (south of landfall, engineered beach) Baltimore Ave., Cape May (NJBPN #107) Page 14 Shore & Beach Vol. 84, No. 3 Summer 2016

The Baltimore Avenue profile location, in Cape May City (Cape May County), lies within the federal shore protection project that began in 1989 and made a dramatic difference in the city s shoreline configuration. Cape May City suffered from shoreline erosion for almost 100 years due to the 1911 construction of two long rock jetties at Cold Springs Inlet which is located east of the profile. By 1989, the oceanfront was defended by a bulkhead with a massive rock revetment built in stages and increased robustness after each major storm. The 1962 Ash Wednesday northeast storm event triggered the construction of a concrete-grouted revetment that matched the bulkhead elevation. However, there was no sand exposed at the rock wall at low tide. The 1989 shoreline was at the seaward base of the rocks making up the SEA WALL noted in the Figure 10 cross section. The present beach has been maintained about eight times since 1989 with decreasing sand volumes over the initial volume placed. Most beach fill placement occurred to the east of Baltimore Avenue or at the Coast Guard base beach near the inlet jetties. The borrow source for the projects lies offshore, part of the ancestral Delaware River Pleistocene-aged terrace deposits that are now submerged. The Baltimore Avenue site was one of seven Cape May County locations that gained sand volume from Hurricane Sandy (Barone et al 2014). Since that time, annual volume gains have been recorded (4.56 cy/ft between 2013-2014 fall surveys and 22.2 cy/ft between 2014-2015 fall surveys). Volumetric changes Figure 11 shows the volumetric changes at the NJBPN sites in Monmouth County between fall 2012 and fall 2015. All of the county s NJBPN sites are located within the federal shore protection project and the volume gains are attributed to the post-storm restoration which placed over 9.0 million cubic yards of sand along Monmouth County s ocean beaches in three phases, with the last scheduled for completion in 2016. By the time of the fall 2015 survey, the greatest gains occurred in Long Branch and in Deal (NJBPN sites #173 and #169) in 2013-2015. The last phase includes the shoreline from Allenhurst to Elberon (NJBPN sites #168-171). For comparison, Figure 12 shows the annual volumetric changes for the NJBPN sites in Ocean County. All sites between #156 Figure 11. Three annual comparisons of profile volume changes at the Atlantic Ocean NJBPN sites in Monmouth County following Hurricane Sandy. The positive spikes are all due to the placement of offshore sand supplies during the USACE restoration effort. Sites 171 and 170 did not receive the initial infusion of sand from the final phase of Monmouth County shore protection project by the Fall 2015 survey. Figure 12. Three annual comparisons of profile volume changes at the Atlantic Ocean NJBPN sites in Ocean County following Hurricane Sandy. Spikes of positive sand volume change over 50 yd 3 /ft are related to post- Hurricane Sandy federal efforts. and #146 are located on the barrier spit in the northern section of the county where no federal shore protection projects have commenced. Sites #245 to #234 are found on Long Beach Island and the beaches from Site #143 to Site #135 have either received or will receive sand via federal beachfill. The Forsythe NWR Site #234 has shown volumetric gains since project commencement and provides evidence of sand transport south from the federal project into the natural area. Coast-wide, the average beach profile gained 16.14 cy/ft between spring 2014 and fall 2015 while the average shoreline position advanced 25.3 feet seaward. This magnitude continues to be influenced by the federally funded effort along the New Jersey coast, but even the reaches where only natural changes occurred (northern Ocean County) the beach/dune system gained 5.02 cy/ft while the shoreline retreated 4.5 feet. On Long Beach Island where almost half of the shoreline is un- Shore & Beach Vol. 84, No. 3 Summer 2016 Page 15

Table 2. Sand amounts placed within the federal Atlantic Coast storm damage reduction projects in Monmouth, Ocean, Atlantic, and Cape May Counties, 2013-2016 (USACE 2016). Project Amount Date length placed Shore protection project County completed (miles) (cubic yards) Sandy Hook to Barnegat Inlet Sea Bright Monmouth November 2013 6 2,133,584 and Monmouth Beach Sandy Hook to Barnegat Inlet Long Branch Monmouth August 2014 3 3,125,694 Sandy Hook to Barnegat Inlet Monmouth August 2015 3 1,380,000 Elberon to Loch Arbor Sandy Hook to Barnegat Inlet Monmouth April 2014 3 1,048,000 Asbury Park to Avon Sandy Hook to Barnegat Inlet Monmouth April 2014 6 1,332,463 Belmar to Manasquan Manasquan Inlet to Barnegat Inlet Ocean TBD 14 0 Barnegat Inlet to Little Egg Long Beach Island Ocean August 2013 17 2,400,000 (Harvey Cedars, Surf City, Brant Beach) Barnegat Inlet to Little Egg Long Beach Island Ocean Summer 2016 17 3,900,000 (Ship Bottom, Beach Haven, Long Beach Twp) Barnegat Inlet to Great Egg Harbor Inlet Atlantic February 2013 2 927,000 Brigantine Island Barnegat Inlet to Great Egg Harbor Inlet Atlantic December 2013 5 1,500,000 Absecon Island Great Egg Harbor Inlet to Peck Beach Ocean City Cape May May 2013 and 5 2,700,000 December 2016 Great Egg Harbor Inlet to Townsends Inlet Cape May May 2016 16 6,600,000 Townsends Inlet to Cape May Inlet Cape May July 2013 12 650,000 (Avalon, Stone Harbor) Cape May Inlet to Lower Township Cape May January 2014 3.6 585,000 der federal management the values were 36.89 cy/ft in sand volume gain and 72.8 ft shoreline advance. CONCLUSIONS Following Hurricane Sandy, beachdune recovery was predominately human influenced as there were swift efforts to protect infrastructure and homes from future storms. These efforts were supported through federal funding provided by Public Law 113-2 (at 100% federal expense for all authorized shore protection projects) and the presence of existing permits and available sand sources. In total, approximately 28,281,741 cubic yards of sand were used to rebuild the beaches and dunes to the original US- ACE shore protection project templates. Sixty-three NJBPN profile locations fall within the federal project boundaries and showed significant volumetric gains. The infusion of sand from offshore sources to the beach-dune-littoral system also benefitted natural recovery as migrating nearshore sand bars, seaward moving shorelines, and positive volumetric changes were recorded in the biannual surveys at many NJBPN sites located outside of the federal project limits. However, the volumes generated through natural recovery did not approach the volumes that were placed via human efforts. In the three years following the storm, many northern Ocean County locations not included in federal restoration experienced narrow berm widths, and dune elevations have been maintained through consistent municipal management practices. Cross-shore transport of sand from the nearshore bar deposits enabled the recovery of berm elevations, but natural dune growth from transport of wind-driven sands has been limited to the sites where sand fencing was installed along the seaward dune toe. Coast-wide, the data indicate that natural processes alone are insufficient in restoring the protective capacity of the coast in the time period that humans anticipate. The frequency of intense low pressure systems and northeast storm events in 2014, October 2015, and again in early 2016 reduced the post-sandy natural beach-dune recovery by redistributing volumetric gains. For the short term (November 2012-December 2015), it appears that coastal depositional history had little control on beach-dune recovery, and was overshadowed by the immense human effort to restore the shoreline. The amount of sand within the littoral system contributed to recovery as many NJBPN sites show consistent nearshore bars and evidence of cross-shore transport and deposition regardless of human influences. Human efforts dominated the recovery at more than half of the NJBPN locations and this intervention was critical in reducing future flood risks to homes, businesses, and infrastructure along the Atlantic shoreline. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was supported by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Coastal Engineering. The authors thank B. Smith, S. Hafner, H. Pippinelli, N. VanWattingen, C. Robine, J. Borcellino, A. Ferencz, M. Gruver, N. DiCosmo, C. Tracey, M. Page 16 Shore & Beach Vol. 84, No. 3 Summer 2016

Suran, and the undergraduate research assistants for collecting the biannual topographic/bathymetric survey datasets. Monmouth County sand quantities courtesy of D. Cresitello, USACE-NAD. Some figures were produced by A. Ferencz and N. DiCosmo. All aerial photos are courtesy of Ted Kingston and taken for the CRC. The authors greatly appreciate the comments from three anonymous reviewers that improved the content. REFERENCES Barone, D.A., K.K. McKenna, and S.C. Farrell, long-beach-islan.aspx 2014. Hurricane Sandy: Beach-dune performance at New Jersey Beach Profile Network Inlet to Great Egg Harbor Inlet Absecon U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2016. Brigantine sites. Shore & Beach, 82(4), 13-22. Island, NJ Coastal Storm Risk Management Coastal Research Center, 2011. New Jersey Beach and Erosion Control Project. 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