New experimental techniques: recent developments in particle detectors

New experimental techniques: recent developments in particle detectors Rita De Masi IPHC-Strasbourg Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 1

Outline of the course Interaction of particles with matter. Micro-pattern gas detectors. New generation semiconductor detectors. Transition radiation detectors. Cherenkov detectors and RICH. Nuclear emulsions. Calorimeters and bolometers. Two examples of detector systems: CMS @ LHC COMPASS @ SPS Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 2

Outline Interaction of particles with matter. Charged particles The special case of electrons and positrons Photons Neutrons Neutrinos What are detectors good for? Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 3

Interaction of particles with matter Why: particle detection radiation shielding effects on living organism Interactions: electromagnetic strong weak Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 4

Interaction of particles with matter Why: particle detection radiation shielding effects on living organism Interactions: electromagnetic all charged particles, photons (neutrons) strong hadrons (protons, neutrons, ) weak in particular neutrinos! Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 5

Charged particles (but electrons) collisions with e - ionisation of atoms loss of energy approximate mean rate energy loss by Bethe-Bloch formula ~1% accuracy for mips, otherwise corrections needed straggling β = v/c γ 2 = 1/ (1-β 2 ) MeV g -1 cm 2 -de = Kz 2 Z 1 1 ln 2m e c 2 β 2 γ 2 T max - β 2 - δ dx A β 2 2 I 2 2 Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 6

Mean energy loss From Particle Data Book Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 7

Fluctuations in energy loss Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 8

Material dependence From Particle Data Book Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 9

Energy loss at low energies Bragg peak 0 the heavier the projectile, the sharper the peak application in nuclear radiation therapy Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 10

Multiple scattering θ plane = 13.6 MeV z (x/x 0 ) [1 + 0.038 ln(x/x 0 )] β c p Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 11

Electrons and positrons From Particle Data Book Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 12

Photons I = I 0 e -σnx Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 13

Neutrons Indirect detection Nuclear reaction -> detection of secondary particles Scattering ->Scattered nucleus further ionises I = I 0 e -σnx Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 14

What s about neutrinos? Neutrinos interact only by weak interaction! Detection of the particles produced in its interaction. ν μ μ W e ν e Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 15

Bibliography Particle Data Book, http://pdg.lbl.gov/2009/reviews/rpp2009-rev-passage-particles-matter.pdf W. Leo, Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments, Springer-Verlag Typically any first chapter of text books on detectors Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 16

What are detectors good for? Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 17

What are detectors good for? Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 18

Micro-pattern gas detectors Rita De Masi IPHC-Strasbourg Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 1

Outline Problematic Working principle Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) Micro-Mesh Gaseous Structure (Micromegas) Applications Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 2

Gas detectors working principle charged particle Charges migrate to the electrodes signal ΔV - + - + + - + - - + - + Gas volume + - - + + - Depending on ΔV (and the type of the gas) the detector will work in ionisation mode, proportional mode, Geiger-Müller mode, breakdown. Wire chambers, drift tubes, resistive plate chambers, time proportional chambers, Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 3

Problematic First gas detector in 1908! Largely used in particle, nuclear and astro-particle physics, as well as for imaging, material science, security inspection. Advantages: Large surface (and limited price) Very low material budget Lot of know-how Disadvantages: Limited granularity (O(100μm)) Electrical discharges Aging Rate limitations Custom made (and very laborious) Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 4

Micro-pattern detectors Photolithography technology Multiplication stage in small region of space Independent of read-out pattern Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 5

Gas Electron Multiplier F. Sauli et al., NIM A386(1997) 531 50 μm thick kapton foil, copper clad on each side and perforated by high surface density (50-100/mm 2 ) of bi-conical channels. 31 x 31 cm 2 Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 6

Gas Electron Multiplier tiny proportional chamber Field lines Ε ~ 100 kv/cm ΔV ~ 500V Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 7

GEM detectors charged particle - + + - + - - + - + + - + - - + Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 8

Triple GEM Triple GEM reduced gain/foil negligible discharge probability Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 9

Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 10

Characteristics of GEM detectors spatial resolution 50 μm gain 10 5 single electron detection ion feedback suppression efficiency ~ 100% rate capability 1MHz/mm 2 minor dependence from drift field highly radiation tolerant flexible detector shapes and read-out patterns Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 11

GEM applications Detectors for HEP (also in TPC and RICH detectors) Dark matter search Neutron detectors Plasma monitoring Photomultiplier Muon tomography Medical imaging Irradiation monitoring during cancer treatment Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 12

GEM applications Detectors for HEP (also in TPC and RICH detectors) Dark matter search Neutron detectors Plasma monitoring Photomultiplier Muon tomography Medical imaging Irradiation monitoring during cancer treatment Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 13

GEM applications Detectors for HEP (also in TPC and RICH detectors) Dark matter search Neutron detectors Plasma monitoring Photomultiplier Muon tomography Medical imaging Irradiation monitoring during cancer treatment Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 14

MICROMEsh GAseous Structure Y. Giomataris et al., NIM A376(1996) 29 Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 15

MicroMeGaS characteristics spatial resolution 12 μm ion feedback suppression efficiency ~ 100% rate capability 10 9 particles/mm 2 /s highly radiation tolerant flexible detector shapes and read-out patterns Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 16

A MicroMeGaS application: Gossip/GridPix low drift field (100-700 V/mm) High amplification field (~10kV/mm) to induce gas avalanche Micromegas holes centred on pads pixel chip Avalanche broadened by diffusion to 15-20 μm Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 17

Others MicroMeGaS applications High energy physics Neutron beam profile monitoring Potentially similar to GEM Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 18

The future? Electron emission foil with vacuum Micro-Channel Plate Minimum Ionising Particle (MIP) electron emission foil H. van der Graaf, VCI 2010 Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 19

Bibliography http://gdd.web.cern.ch/gdd/ GEM http://vci.hephy.at/2010 slides and proceedings http://mpgd.web.cern.ch micropattern gas detectors Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 20

Semiconductor detectors Rita De Masi IPHC-Strasbourg Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 1

Outline Working principle and radiation damage Hybrid detectors Monolithic detectors CCD DEPFET MAPS Integration techniques Bonding 3D 3D detectors APD Diamond Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 2

Semiconductor detectors working principle only 3.7 ev to create an e - -h pair (~30 ev for gas ) ~ 80 e - created in 1μm O(100 μm) charged particle - + + - + - - + - + semiconductor + - - + + - they may recombine with thermally generated free charge carriers Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 3

Semiconductor detectors working principle ΔV O(100 μm) n+ p+ - charged particle - + + - + - - + - + semiconductor + - - + + - + p-n junction inversely biased for detection free charge carriers are removed from sensitive volume signal is collected and processed Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 4

Semiconductors Silicon (Si) most commonly used Germanium (Ge) x-ray, infrared, but require cooling Compound (GaAs, CdTl, SiC, ) Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 5

Advantages of semiconductor detectors Semiconductor detectors crucial for charm discovery! High granularity (O(1μm)) High density thin (O(100μm)) High rate capability Rigidity Electronic can be integrated on the substrate Some disadvantage: Cost Material budget Radiation damage Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 6

Radiation damage charged particle ionising and non-ionising radiation surface and bulk damage Frenkel pair NIEL vacancy + interstitial Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 7

Impact on the detector performances New energetic levels in the forbidden gap Leakage current Charge recombination Collection time Conduction band decrease of signal-to-noise ratio Valence band can be improved with time, temperature, material engineering, sensor design, Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 8

Working principle ΔV O(100 μm) n+ p+ - charged particle - + + - + - - + - + semiconductor + - - + + - + Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 9

Strip and pixel detectors p/n side segmented position sensitive device 2n n 2 Strip less channels (2n) multiple hit ambiguity double sided segmentation possible, but complex material budget better suited for large areas Pixel more channels (n 2 ) no multiple hit ambiguity 1 sensor gives 2 spatial coordinates vertex detectors Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 10

Hybrid pixel detectors Used in almost all LHC experiments, X-rays imaging, space radiation detector, Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 11

An example: a Medipix2 detector MEDIPIX2 readout chip (series developed for mammography first, for LHC later ) 1.4 x 1.4 mm 2 active area 55 μm pitch counting rate 1MHz noise free coupled to photon sensitive devices (GaAs, ) for low dose imaging sensitivity to single photons MEDIPIX FILM http://medipix.web.cern.ch/medipix Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 12

Monolithic detectors Sensing volume and electronics on the same substrate Thickness, simpler, only one technology Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 13

Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Invented in the sixties Nobel price in 2009 Shift register High quantum efficiency (70%) Light detector (found in cameras) Application in astrophysics, medical imaging, Moderate speed Need trigger to determine position Sensitive to radiation damage Needs cooling Signal treatment Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 14

CCD in high energy physics: the SLD vertex detector completed in 1996 ~ 3 x 10 8 pixels 96 CCD 80 x 1.6 cm 2 sensitive area each liquid nitrogen cooling 20 μm pitch σ IP =14 μm for high energy particles enhancement of heavy quarks measurement performances J. Brau, Design and performances of the new CCD vertex detector at SLD and implications for the next linear collider, Nucl.Inst.Meth.A 418-1 (1998) 52 C.Damerell, Charge-coupled devices as particle tracking detectors, Rev.Sci.Intrum. 69 (1998) 1549 Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 15

DEPleted Field Effect Transistor (DEPFET) developed in 90s in-pixel detection and amplification depleted volume low capacitance -> low noise low power consumption collect-read-clear tracker and X-rays imager J. Kemmer and G. Lutz, Experimental confirmation of a new semiconductor detector principle, Nucl.Inst.Meth.A 288 (1990) 92 Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 16

Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (MAPS) CMOS technology alternative to CCD in commercial application (cameras, video recorder, ) in-pixel signal treatment Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 17

Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 18

MAPS sensing principle Signal collection Charges generated in epitaxial layer ~1000 e - for MIP. Charge carriers propagate thermally. In-pixel charge to signal conversion. Advantages High granularity (< 10 μm pitch). Thickness ( <50μm). Integrated signal processing. Standard process (cost, prototyping, ) Issues Undepleted volume limitations. radiation tolerance. intrinsic speed. Small signal O(100e - )/pixel. In-pixel μ-circuits with NMOS transistors only. Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 19

Basic performances Room temperature operation. Noise ~10-15e -. Signal to noise ratio ~ 15-30. Detection efficiency ~100% @ fake hit rate O(10-4 -10-5 ). Radiation tol. > 1MRad and 10 13 n eq /cm 2 with 10μm pitch (2x10 12 n eq /cm 2 with 20μm pitch). Spatial resolution 1-5 μm (pitch and charge-encoding dependent). Macroscopic sensors (Ex. MIMOSA-5: 1.7 x 1.7 mm 2, 10 6 pixels). Used in beam telescopes and VTX demonstrators. http://www.iphc.in2p3.fr/-cmos-ilc-.html Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 20

An example of sensor: Mimosa-26 Fast full scale sensors: ~10kFrame/s column parallel architecture + integrated zero-suppression 13.7 mm Pixel array: 576 x 1152, pitch: 18.4 µm Active area: ~10.6 x 21.2 mm 2 Active area ~2 cm 2. 0.35 μm technology. Binary output (3.5-4 μm spatial resolution). In-pixel CDS + preamp. Column level discrimination. 1152 column-level discriminators Zero suppression logic Memory IP blocks Power dissipated ~280 mw/cm 2 (rolling shutter). Integration time ~100μs. 21.5 mm Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 21

MIMOSA-26 beam test TAPI = IPHC-Strasbourg BT for MIMOSA development. Test @ CERN-SPS (120 GeV π - beam). 6 MIMOSA-26 sensors running simultaneously at 80 MHz. 3 x 10 6 triggers. y x z ε = 99.5 ± 0.1 (stat.) ± 0.3 (prel.) % @ fake hit rate O(10-4 ) Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 22

A vertex detector for the International Linear Collider Accelerator a (μm) b (μm GeV) LEP 25 70 SLD 8 33 LHC 12 70 RHIC-II 13 19 ILC < 5 < 10 σ IP = a b/psin 3/2 θ a depends on the intrinsic resolution and inner radius Sensor requirements Single point resolution ~ 3μm. Material budget 0.16/0.11% X 0 /layer. Integration time 25 100 μs. 16/15 mm inner radius. Radiation tolerance ~0.3MRad, few 10 11 n eq /cm 2. O(10 3 ) hit pixels/cm 2 /10 μs on the inner layer. Averaged power dissipated << 100 W. b depends on material budget Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 23

Other HEP applications STAR @ RHIC pixel detector CBM @ FAIR Micro vertex detector Beam telescopes, interest from ALICE @ slhc, Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 24

Other (non HEP) applications ebcmos: IPHC-IPNL-PHOTONIS. Single (visible) photon detection. Fluorescence microscopes. X-rays : Direct illumination below 10 kev Converter above 10keV (Columnar CsI crystals from Hammamatsu) Dosimetry, surgery camera, telescope for hadron therapy, Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 25

Integration techniques: bonding Connect the sensor to its readout electronics wire bonding bump bonding Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 26

Further developments: 3D IT Benefits: Increase integrated processing. 100% sensitive area. Select best process per layer task. To be assessed: Material budget? Power dissipation? Example Tier1: charge collection. Tier2: analog signal processing. Tier3: digital signal processing. Tier4: data transfer. R. Yarema, ILC Vertex 2008, Menaggio (IT) Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 27

3D sensors Increase tolerance to non-ionising radiation lower depletion voltage thicker detectors fast signal smaller trapping probability higher capacitance more complicated fabrication Parker, Nucl.Instr.Meth. A, 395(1997) 328 Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 28

Avalanche Photo Diodes (APD) ΔV O(100 μm) n+ p+ - charged particle - + + - + - - + - + semiconductor + - - + + - + ΔV ~ 100 V ~ 1000 V charge multiplication only e - create secondary charge single photon detection proportional mode sensitive to voltage and temperature changes amplification needed low single photon efficiency Geiger mode high efficiency low fluxes Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 29

Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) matrix of APDs on a common substrate output proportional to the number of photons compact and robust high quantum efficiency large gain fast can be operated in a magnetic field calorimeters, medical applications, air-shower Cherenkov telescopes Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 30

Diamond detectors no doping low signal low leakage current low capacitance high thermal conductivity very fast radiation hard expensive RD42 collaboration ATLAS Beam Conditions Monitor Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 31

More bibliography General G. Lutz, Semiconductor radiation detector, Springer (1999) H.G. Moser, Silicon detector systems in high energy physics, Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics 63 (2009) 186-237 Radiation Damage M. Moll, Radiation damage in silicon particle detectors, PhD Thesis (1999) and several talk at the VCI 2010 conference Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 32

Cherenkov and transition radiation detectors Rita De Masi IPHC-Strasbourg Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 1

Outline Cherenkov and transition radiation Working principle Applications Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 2

Cherenkov light discovered in 1934 (Nobel prize in 1958) charged particle in medium radiates if v > c/n cos ( θ ) = 1/(βn) β = v/c threshold effect no energy loss θ Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 3

Where do you see Cherenkov light nuclear reactors cosmic rays air-shower Cherenkov telescopes labelled bio-molecules Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 4

Cherenkov detectors exploit the Cherenkov effect to identify particles v > c/n two particles with same momentum but different mass will have different velocity Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 5

Ring Imaging CHerenkov (RICH) detectors separate particles as function of θ Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 6

Where are the RICHes? nuclear and particles experiments astroparticles neutrino physics SuperKamiokande 50000 tons of water Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 7

Transition radiation predicted by Ginsburg and Frank in 1945 (J.Phys. 9 (1945) 353) particle traversing a boundary of two media with different dielectric properties no energy loss ultra-relativistic particles emit TR in the X-band radiated energy is proportional to the particle s energy particle identification at high energy average number of photons emitted at boundary ~ 1/137 Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 8

ATLAS Transition Radiation Tracker (TRT) LHC experiment aimed at Higgs boson discovery and physics beyond the Standard Model straw tubes in radiator 420000 channels Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 9

ATLAS Transition Radiation Tracker (TRT) LHC experiment aimed at Higgs boson discovery and physics beyond the Standard Model straw tubes in radiator 420000 channels Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 10

ATLAS Transition Radiation Tracker (TRT) LHC experiment aimed at Higgs boson discovery and physics beyond the Standard Model straw tubes in radiator 420000 channels Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 11

ALICE TRD LHC experiment quark-gluon plasma Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 12

TRACER direct measurements of heavy cosmic ray nuclei (O to Fe) @ 10 13-10 14 ev 4 plastic fibre radiators + double layer of proportional tubes balloon experiment http://tracer.uchicago.edu Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 13

Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) search for dark matter and anti-matter to be launched end of 2010 towards ISS http://www.ams02.org Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 14

Bolometers Rita De Masi IPHC-Strasbourg Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 1

Definition Measurement of electromagnetic radiation via temperature changes Absorber + heat sink Optimal for sub-millimetre astronomy (200μm 1 mm) Need to be cooled down (tens hundreds of mk) Slow No particle discrimination Excellent energy resolution (~ 10 ev @ few KeV) ΔT Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 2

Bolometers in nuclear and particle physics low energy rare events (a few KeV) WIMP search low energy neutrino interactions (double β-decay) very rare nuclear decays Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 3

Scintillating bolometers in WIMP searches: CRESST scintillating material @ low temperature light vs. heat discrimination technique CaWO 4 feeble scintillating nuclear recoil (WIMP) electron recoil (large β and γ background) Gran Sasso laboratories (under ~ 1400 Km rock) 10 Kg detector (33 modules) Tungsten superconducting thermometers http://www.cresst.de Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 4

A semiconductor bolometer: EDELWEISS Germanium crystals @ low temperature ionisation vs. heat discrimination technique Laboratories @ Modane (under Frejus mountain) 30 Kg detector http://www.edelweiss2.in2p3.fr Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 5

Nuclear emulsions Rita De Masi IPHC-Strasbourg Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 1

Working principle emulsion of silver salts (AgBr) + - + - -+ + - -+ ionising particle exposing developing observing Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 2

Applications discovery of cosmic rays (1910) discovery of pions (1947) astrophysics medical radiography photography Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 3

Characteristics 3-D spatial information high granularity ~ 300 hits/mm high spatial resolution <1μm short lived particles continuously sensitive offline analysis low cross section experiments neutrino physics micro-autoradiography Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 4

OPERA experiment ν μ ν τ oscillations neutrino beam from CERN to Gran Sasso (O(1000 Km)) emulsion cloud chamber (ECC) http://operaweb.lngs.it Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 5

Scanning 2 cm 2 /h 20 cm 2 /h http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/41/1/023/pdf/jpconf6_41_023.pdf Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 6

The COMPASS experiment Rita De Masi IPHC-Strasbourg Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 1

Physics goals nucleon spin structure gluon polarisation helicity and transverse parton distribution functions generalised parton distributions hadron spectroscopy pion/kaon polarisability glueballs hybrids double charmed baryons Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 2

Jura mountains COMPASS Lac Léman N LHC SPS 3 Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 3

The experiment fixed (polarised) target experiment polarised muon/hadron beams (~ 160 GeV) ~ 10 8 particles/s taking data since 2001 μ filter SM1 RICH μ filter ECal & HCal SM2 Straws MWPC 50 m 6 LiD or NH 3 Target 160 GeV μ SciFi Silicon Micromegas GEMs Drift chambers Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 4

The beam reconstruction μ filter SM1 RICH μ filter ECal & HCal SM2 Straws MWPC 50 m 6 LiD or NH 3 Target 160 GeV μ SciFi Silicon Micromegas GEMs Drift chambers 14 μm spatial resolution 350 ps time resolution Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 5

The target 3 He 4 He dilution refrigerator (T~50mK) 6 LiD or NH 3 50/90% polarization 40/16% dilution factor μ solenoid 2.5T dipole magnet 0.5T acceptance ± 180 mrad Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 6

The tracking system 50 m SM2 SM1 MWPC Straws GEMs Drift chambers Micromegas Stage 1 (Large Angle Spectrometer) 1Tm Δp/p ~ 1% 5-50GeV Stage 2 (Small Angle Spectrometer) 5.2 Tm Δp/p ~1% 30-100GeV Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 7

The particle identification μ μ filter π, K, p separation RICH e, γ ECAl hadrons HCal μ filter ECal & HCal RICH μ filter Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 8

The data acquisition system (DAQ) 200000 detector channels up to 100kHz trigger rate 40kByte/event up to 4000MByte/s SPS duty cycle 4.8s 12 s Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 9

Event reconstruction tracking vertexing PID complete event Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 10

Data analysis Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 11

The CMS experiment Rita De Masi IPHC-Strasbourg Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 1

Main physics goals Higgs boson Extradimensions Dark matter SUSY Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 2

Jura mountains Lac Léman N CMS LHC SPS 3 Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 3

The detector proton-proton collider (7+7 TeV) Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 4

The detector Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 5

One typical event Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 6

The GRID 5 5 petabytes/year of data (10 15!!!!) similar to the WEB, but also sharing computing power and storage capacity presently 200 sites (20000 computers) simulation of drugs against avian flu and malaria Ecole Doctorale de Physique et Chimie Physique - Mai 2010 7