ت س ه ي ل الن ح و TASHEEL AL-NAHW based on Ilm al-nahw of Mawlana Mushtaq Ahmad Charthawali
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents List of Tables Introduction to the Text & Translation ا صط ل ح ات الاع ر ب ي ة Arabic Terms ا ا ل i vii ix xi CHAPTER 1 1 Arabic Grammar 1 ا لن ا ح و 1.1. م ة 1.2 The Word 2 اال كل Noun 2 ا ا سم Verb 2 ف ا عل Particle 3 ح ا رف 1.3 4 Types of Noun 4 م أ قاس ام ا ل ا س Types of Verb 4 أ قاس ام الا ف ا ع ل Types of Particle 4 أ قاس ام ا ال ا ر ف Sentences and Phrases 6 ا ا ل م ل و الام ر ك ب ات 1.4 أ قاس ام ا ا ل ا مل ة ا ا ل ب ي ة 1.4.1 6 خ ب ية اس ية Nominal Sentence 6 ج الة ا Verbal Sentence 7 ج الة ف ا عل ي ة خ ب ية أ قاس ام ا ا ل ا مل ة ا لنا شائ ي ة 1.4.2 8 ر ك ب الن اق ص 1.4.3 Types of Phrases 9 أ قاس ام الا م Descriptive Phrase 9 م ر كب ت ا و صا ي فى.1 ض اف.2 Possessive Phrase 9 م ر كب إ Demonstrative Phrase 10 م ر كب إ شا ى ر.3 ر كب ب ن ا يئ / ع د دى.4 Numerical Phrase 10 م Indeclinable Phrase 11 م ر كب مان ع ال ص ا ر ف.5 اس ية 1.4.4 Additional Notes About ج ا لة ا 13 Summary 14 i
1.5 15 Signs of a Noun 15 م ا س ع ل ما ت اا ل ع ل ما ت الا ف ا ع ع ل مة ا ال ا ر ل Signs of a Verb 15 ف Sign of a Particle 15 1.5.1 General Notes 16 ر 1.6 Personal Pronouns 17 ا ل ض مائ Prepositions 18 ا ال ر او ف ا ا ل ا ر ة 1.7 رو ف الا م شب هة ب الا ف ا ع ل 1.8 Those Particles That Resemble the Verb 20 ا ال Auxiliary (Defective) Verbs 22 ا الاف الن اق ة 1.9 ص عا ل CHAPTER 2 Declinable and Indeclinable Nouns المعرب و ا مبنىل 2.1 25 ار ار را ب Signs of I raab ع ل م ات اال اع 25 Conditions of Mu rab ح ا ل ت ا عر ب 25 ك ا سر فاتح ضم and ك ا س رة فات حة ض مة Difference Between 26 2.2 Indeclinable Noun اال م ا ب ن ى 27 ر ب 2.3 Declinable Noun 28 اال م ا ع Types of Indeclinable Nouns 29 أ قاس ام اال اس اء الا م ا بن ي ة 2.4 ر 2.4.1 Personal Pronouns 30 ا ل ض مائ - Relative Pronouns 36 ا ال اس اء صول ة 2.4.2 Demonstrative Pronouns 39 أ اس اء ش ار ة 2.4.3 Those Nouns Which Have the Meaning of Verbs 41 أ اس اء فاع ا ل 2.4.4 Those Nouns Which Denote a Sound 42 أ اس اء ا صو ا ت 2.4.5 Adverbs 43 أ اس اء ظ ر و ف 2.4.6 Adverb of Time 43 ظ ف ال ز م ان Adverb of Place 45 ظ ف الا م ك ا ن Those Nouns Which Indicate an Unspecified أ اس اء ك ن اي ا ت 2.4.7 47 Quantity Numerical phrase 47 ا لام ر ك ب ى الاب ن ائ ي 2.4.8 Types of Declinable Nouns 48 ا ال الا ة 2.5 اس اء ما عر ب 48 م انص ر ف 25 ii
غ ا ير م انص ر ف 48 أ ا سب اب م انع الص ار ف 48 I raab of the Various Types of Mu rab Nouns 52 إ اعر اب أ قاس ام اال اس اء الام ا عر ب ات 2.6 CHAPTER 3 Further Discussion of Nouns 55 م الا مانس ا و ب 3.1 ا س Relative Adjective 55 ا ا ل 3.2 م الا ت ا صغ ي ا س Diminutive Noun 57 ا ا ل Definite and Common Nouns 58 اال م ا ع ر ف ة و الن ك ر ة 3.3 م الام ذ ك ر و الام ؤ ن ث 3.4 ا س Masculine and Feminine Nouns 59 ا ا ل Singular, Dual and Plural 61 و اح د و ت ثان ي ة و ج اع 3.5 Types of Plural 62 أ قاس ام ا ا ل ا مع 3.6 Marfoo 66 - Words Which Are Always ر ف ما و ع ات 3.7 Subject/Doer 66 ف اع ل 3.7.1 69 68 ف اع ل Substitute of ف ا عل م ا ل ا ي س م ف اع ل ه / ن ائ ب الا ف اع ل 3.7.2 يس 3.7.3 Which Is Similar, ل and م ا The Noun of ا ا سم م ا و ل ا لام ش ب ه ت ا ي ب ل ا ل ا يس to Which Negates an Entire ل of That خ ب ر The خ ب ر ل ا ل ت ا ل ن اف ي ا ا ل ان س 3.7.4 (Class) جانس Words Which Are Always Mansoob 71 ن ما ص ا و بات 3.8 Object 71 م افع ا ول ب ه 3.8.1 69 م افع ا ول 3.8.2 73 ف ع ما ل ا جل ه / ماف ع ول ل ه 3.8.3 73 م افع ا ول م ع ه 3.8.4 73 ا لظ ا رف / م افع ا ول ف ي ه 3.8.4 74 State / Condition 76 ا ال ا ل 3.8.5 ا ي ز / ا لت م ا يز 3.8.6 ا لت ا م ي 79 Rules for د (Numerals) 80 أ اس اء الا ع د 84 ا لام ا ست ثان 3.8.7 ر ا و ر ا ت 3.9 Words Which Are Always Majroor 87 ا لا م ا ج 88 ع ا لت و اب 3.10 iii
Adjective 88 ا لص ف ة ا لن ا عت أاو 3.10.1 لت أاكا ي Emphasis 91 ا د 3.10.2 Substitute 94 اال ب د ل 3.10.3 الن س ق 3.10.4 Conjunction 95 ع طفا بارف/ عطا ف طا ف الاب ي ا ن 96 ع 3.10.5 CHAPTER 4 97 Governing Words ا ا لعومل Governing Particles 98 ا ر ا و ف الا عام ل ة 4.1 ال Particles Which Govern Nouns 98 ا عل م ض اع ر ف 98 Particles Which Govern ر ا و ف الن ا صب ة 4.1.1 Particles That Give Nasb ا ال 99 ر ا و ف ا ل ام م ة 4.1.2 Particles That Give Jazm ا ال 102 4.2 Governing Verbs ا الاف ع ا ل الا عام ل ة 104 عل الا مت ع دى 4.2.1 Transitive Verb 105 ا لاف ا فاع ال الام ق ا ر ب ة و الر ج اء و ال ىشر او ع 107 أ 4.2.2 Verbs of Praise and Blame 109 أ فاع ال الام ادح و الذ م 4.2.3 Verbs of Wonder 111 أ فاع ال الت ع ىجب 4.2.4 Governing Nouns 112 ا ال الا عام ل ة 4.3 اس اء Conditional Nouns 112 ا ال اس اء الش ا رط ي ة 4.3.1 117 114 ا ا سم الاف اع ل 4.3.2 116 ا ا سم الام افع ا ول 4.3.3 م That Adjective Which Is Similar to ا لص ف ة الام ش ب ه ة ب ا ا سم الاف اع ل 4.3.4 ا س ا الا فاع ل 118 ا ا سم الت افض ا يل 4.3.5 ا لام ا صد ر 4.3.6 120 120 ا لام ض اف 4.3.7 ا سم الت امى 4.3.8 ا ا ل 121 iv
أ اس اء الاك ن اي ة 4.3.9 122 ا ا سم الام ب ال غ ة 4.3.10 123 ر الاع ا مل ة ر ا و ف الاغاي Non-Governing Particles ال 124 ا 4.4 Particles of Notification 124 ح ر ا وف الت انب ا يه 1. Particles of Affirmation 124 ح ر ا وف اال ا ي ا ب 2. Particles of Clarification 125 ح ا ر ف ا الت افس اي 3. 125 ر ا وف الام ا صد ر ي ة ا ال.4 Particles of Exhortation 125 ح ر ا وف الت ا حض ا يض.5 Particle of Anticipation 126 ح ا رف الت و قى ع 6. Particles of Interrogation 126 ح ا رف ا اا ل ا ست افه ام 7. Particle of Rebuke 126 ح ا رف الر ادع 8. 9. 126 ا لت انو ي ان 127 ن ا ون الت أاك ا يد.10 ح ا رف ل.11 127 Extra Particles 127 ا ال ر ا وف الز ائ د ة.12 Conditional Particles 128 ح ا رف ا الش ا رط 13. 129 ل ا و ل.14 م ا م ا د ام.15 129 129 ح ر ا وف الاع طاف.16 Bibliography 131 v
LIST OF TABLES Table No Page No Personal Pronouns 17 ا ل ض م ائ ر 1.1 ل ر و ف ال ا ر Prepositions 18 ا ة 1.2 Those Particles That Resemble the Verb 20 ا ل رو ف ال م ش ب ه ة ب ال ف ع ل 1.3 Auxiliary (Defective) Verbs 22 ا ل ف ع ال الن اق ص ة 1.4 ) 31 ض م ي ر م ر ف و ع م ن ف ص ل (also called ح ال ة الر ف ع in ب ا رز ( ض م ي ر م ن ف ص ل 2.1 ( ) 32 ض م ي ر م ر ف و ع م تص ل (also called ح ال ة الر ف ع in ض م ي ر متص ل 2.2 ض م ي ر م ن ص و ب (also called ح ال ة الن ص ب in ض م ي ر متص ل and ض م ي ر م ن ف ص ل 2.3 33 ) ض م ي ر م ن ص و ب م تص ل and م ن ف ص ل ) 34 ض م ي ر م ر و ر م تص ل (also called ح ال ة ال ر in ض م ي ر م تص ل )ب ارز ) 2.4 ا ل س اء ال م و ص و ل ة )م ذ ك ر ) 2.5 36 ا ل س اء ال م و ص و ل ة )م ؤ نث ) 2.6 36 أ س اء ال ش ار ة ل م ذ ك ر 2.7 39 أ س اء ال ش ار ة ل م ؤ نث 2.8 39 41 ا ل ف ع ل ال م اض ي 2.9 Nouns in the Meaning of 41 ا ل م ر ال اض ر 2.10 Nouns in the Meaning of 53 إ ع ر اب أ ق س ام ال س اء ال م ع ر ب ات 2.11 أ و ز ان ج ع ق ة 3.1 63 أ و ز ان ج ع ك ث ر ة 3.2 63 64 أ م ث ال ج ع ال م ع 3.3 أ و ز ان م ن ت ه ى ال م و ع 3.4 64 66 ا س ت ع م ال ال ف ع ل ح س ب ال ف اع ل 3.5 3.6 Different Forms of the Noun of ل and Its I raab 69 72 م ن اد ى 3.7 Rules Governing the I raab of the 85 إ ع ر اب ال م س ت ث ن 3.8 ا ل رو ف الن اص ب ة 4.1 99 ا ل رو ف ال ازم ة 4.2 102 vii
أ ف ع ال ال ق و ب 4.3 105 ا ل م ف ع و ل ب و 4.4 Verbs Requiring Three 106 أ ف ع ال ال م ق ار ب ة و الرج اء و الش رو ع 4.5 107 ا ل س اء الش ر طي ة 4.6 112 118 أ و ز ان ا س م الت ف ض ي ل 4.7 viii
بسم اهلل الرمحن الرحيم حنمده و نص ي ع ى رسولو الكرمي Introduction to the Text & Translation This book is a revised edition of Tasheel al-nahw, which in turn is a somewhat expanded translation of the Urdu language primer of Arabic grammar, Ilm al-nahw by Mawlana Mushtaq Ahmad Charthawali. Mawlana Charthawali s primers for Nahw (Arabic grammar) and Sarf (Arabic Morphology) are standard textbooks in Western madrasahs. The original English translation of Ilm al-nahw was prepared by scholars from Madrasah Islamiyyah, Benoni, South Africa. They put in a lot of hardwork and made the English translation much more beneficial than the Urdu original. May Allah reward them. At least two versions of this translation are available online. The first one had many errors and typing issues. The newer version has made some improvements but issues remain, especially with regards to language and clarity of the English and Arabic texts. We decided to bring out a revised edition of this translation to address these issues. During the course of our revision and editing, we consulted various grammar works including al-nahw al-wadih, Sharh ibn Aqeel, Mu jam al-qawa id al- Arabiyyah, and A Simplified Arabic Grammar of Mawlana Hasan Dockrat. We have completely revised some sections, as well as a number of definitions. The organization has been changed in a way that we feel will make it easier for the student to understand how each section fits in the overall picture. This is a beginner-to-intermediate level text; therefore, we have not transliterated Arabic words exactly, keeping in mind that most people at this stage will not be comfortable with Arabic transliteration schemes. Rather, we have used approximate equivalents that are easier to read for the untrained. Nevertheless, non-english words have been italicized. As for duals and plurals of Arabic words, we have not used the original Arabic duals and plurals; rather, their plurals have been created the English way by adding an s to the singular. Thus, two dammahs is used instead of dammahtain. The word still remains italicized so as to reflect its non-english origin. It should also be noted that the English equivalents of Arabic grammar terms are mere approximations. In some cases, they convey the exact meaning. In many cases, they do not. The student is, therefore, urged to focus on the original term in Arabic. To the best of our ability, we have tried to remove all errors. However, we are merely human. There are bound to be some mistakes in it. Your comments, constructive criticism, and suggestions are all welcome. You can contact us with your feedback at the email address given at the end. ix
We hope and pray that this revised translation will be of benefit to the students. We also pray that Allah, the Exalted, accepts this humble effort from all those who have contributed to it in any way, especially the typists; and gives us the power to continue with more. We also request the readers and all those who benefit from it in any way to remember us in their prayers. And He alone gives success. و ص ى اهلل ت ع ا ل ع ى خ ي خ قو س يد ن ا و م و ل ن ا م مد و ع ى ا لو و أ ص ح ابو أ ج ع ي Aamir Bashir Buffalo, NY 9 Sha ban, 1432 (8 July, 2011) E-mail: ainbay97@yahoo.com x
ا ي ا ا ل اصط ل ح ات الاع ر ب ي ة ARABIC TERMS Arabic Term Approximate Transliteration ism Noun ا س م fi l Verb ف ع ل harf Particle ح ر ف mudhakkar Masculine م ذ ك ر mu annath Feminine م ؤ نث waahid Singular و اح د tathniyah Dual ت ث ن ي ة jam Plural ج ع ـ dammah ض م ة ـ fathah ف ت ح ة ـ kasrah ك س ر ة ح ر ك ة ج ع : ح ر ك ات harakah plural: harakaat Equivalent English Term / Description of the meaning ـ kasrah,ـ fathah,ـ Short vowels, i.e., dammah و - i.e., huroof al- illah Long vowels حر و ف ال ع ة i raab إ ع ر اب These are the variations at the end of the word, which take place in accordance with the governing word. kasrahs two dammahs, two,ـ tanween two fathahs ت ن و ي ن ـ sukoon س ك و ن saakin a letter with sukoon س اك ن ـ tashdeed ت ش د ي د mushaddad A letter with tashdeed م ش د د faa il Subject i.e. the doer ف اع ل xi
م ف ع و ل ع ام ل maf ool aamil Object i.e. the person or thing upon whom or which the work is done. Governing word i.e. that word, which causes i raab change in the word(s) following it. ma mool The governed word i.e. that word in which the i raab م ع م و ل ف ع ل م ع ر و ف ف ع ل م ه و ل fi l ma roof fi l majhool fi l laazim ف ع ل ل زم change occurred. The active verb i.e. that verb whose doer is known/mentioned. The passive verb i.e. that verb whose doer is not known/mentioned. The intransitive verb i.e. that verb, which can be.م ف ع و ل understood without a fi l muta addi ا ل ف ع ل ال م ت ع د ى The transitive verb i.e. that verb, which cannot be.م ف ع و ل fully understood without a م ع رف و ن ك ر ة م ر ف و ع م ن ص و ب م ر و ر ma rifah nakirah marfoo mansoob majroor Definite noun. It is generally indicated by an.ال For example, ا ل ب ي ت the house (a particular/specific house). Common noun. It is generally indicated by a tanween. ب ي ت a house (any house). It is that word, which is in the state of,ر ف ع which is generally represented by a dammah on the last letter. It is that word, which is in the state of ب,ن ص which is generally represented by a fathah on the last letter. It is that word, which is in the state of ر,ج which is generally represented by a kasrah on the last letter. xii
CHAPTER 1 Section 1.1 Arabic Grammar ا لن ح و Definition: Nahw is that science, which teaches us how to join a noun, verb and particle to form a correct sentence, as well as what the إ ع ر اب (condition) of the last letter of a word should be. Subject Matter: Its subject matter is ك ل م ة (word) and ك ل م (sentence). Objective: The immediate objective is to learn how to read, write and speak correct Arabic, and to avoid making mistakes in this. For example, ل,د ار,ز ي د,د خ and ف are four words. The science of Nahw teaches us how to put them together to form a correct sentence. The mid-term objective is to use our Arabic skills to understand the Qur an, Hadeeth, Fiqh and other Islamic sciences, so that we can act upon them. The ultimate objective through the above is to gain the pleasure of Allah, the Exalted. 1
Section 1.2 ا ل كل م The Word ة Any word uttered by humans is called a ظ.ل ف If it has a meaning, it is called م و ض و ع (meaningful); and if it does not have any meaning, it is called (meaningless). م ه م ل.م ر ك ب and م ف ر د types: (meaningful word) is of two ل ف ظ م و ض و ع.ك ل م ة Singular: It is that single word, which conveys one meaning. It is also called م ف ر د 1. In Arabic, Compound: It is a group of words. They may form a complete sentence or an م ر ك ب 2. ك ل م ة Types of incomplete one. :ك ل م ة There are three types of (noun) ا س م.1 (verb) ل ف ع.2 (particle) ر ف ح.3 Noun: ا س م It is that ك ل م ة whose meaning can be understood without the need to combine it with another word. It is the name of a person, place or thing. It does not have any tense. man ر ج ل house ا ل ب ي ت Note: A noun can never have a ت ن و ي ن (tanween) and an ال at the same time. Verb: ف ع ل It is that ك ل م ة whose meaning can be understood without the need to combine it with another word. It has one of the three tenses: past, present, or future. It denotes an action. ض ر ب He hit. helped. He ن ص ر Note: A.ال (tanween) or an ت ن و ي ن can never have a ف ع ل 2
Particle: ح ر ف It is that ك ل م ة whose meaning cannot be understood without joining a م ن (from) top) (on ع لى or a ا س م it. or both to ف ع ل EXERCISE ف ع ل ا س م 1. State with reason whether the following words are ح ر or. ف i. ج ل س (He sat.) ii. و (and) iii. (girl) ب ن ت iv. ك س ر (He broke.) 2. Find the meaning and the plural of the following nouns using a dictionary. i. ق ل م ii. ف ص ل iii. iv. ك ت اب س ب و ر ة 3
Section 1.3 Types of Noun أ ق س ام ال س م types: is of three ا س م Primary Noun: It is that ج ام د 1. which is neither derived from another word nor is any ا س م word derived from it. ف ر س horse ب ن ت girl Root Noun: It is that م ص د ر 2. derived. from which many words are ا س م ض ر ب to hit ن ص ر to help Derived Noun: It is that م ش ت ق 3. masdar. which is derived from a ا س م ض ار ب hitter م ن ص و ر the helped Types of Verb أ ق س ام ال ف ع ل types: is of four ف ع ل hit. He ض ر ب Past tense ا ل م اض ى 1. He is hitting or will ي ض ر ب Present and Future tense ا ل م ض ار ع 2. 3. Command/ Positive ا ل م ر Imperative hit. ا ض ر ب Hit! 4. ا ل ن ه Command/ Negative ى Prohibitive ل ت ض ر ب Don t hit! Types of Particle أ ق س ام ال ح ر ف types: is of two ح ر ف 1. it. change in the word after إ ع ر اب which causes,ح ر ف Causative Particle: It is that ع ام ل ز ي د ف ال م س ج د Zayd is in the mosque. ال ع ام ل.2 change in the إ ع ر اب which does not cause,ح ر ف Non Causative: It is that غ ي ر following word. ث then و and 4
EXERCISE 1. Correct the following words (stating a reason) and give its meaning. ا ل ب ي ت.i ii. ا ل ف ت ح iii. iv. ا ل و ر ق س ع 2. Find the meaning and the plural of the following nouns using a dictionary. ب س ت ان.i ii. ق م ر iii. iv. ب اب ك ل ب 5
Section 1.4 Sentences and Phrases ا ل ج م ل و ال م ر ك ب ات. م ر ك ب غ ي ر م ف ي د and م ر ك ب م ف ي د types: is of two م ر ك ب sentence.. This is a complete ك ل م ت ام and ج ل ة م ف ي د ة, م ر ك ب ت ام is also called م ر ك ب م ف ي د.ك ل م Often, it is just called i.e.,. This is a phrase, ك ل م ن اق ص and ج ل ة غ ي ر م ف ي د ة, م ر ك ب ن اق ص is also called م ر ك ب غ ي ر م ف ي د an incomplete sentence. From now onwards, when we use sentence, we will be referring to complete sentences; and when we use phrase, we will be referring to incomplete sentences. Types of Sentences There are two types of sentences: ج ل ة خ ب ي ة.A ج ل ة إ ن ش ائ ي ة.B Section 1.4.1 أ ق س ام ال ج م ل ة ال خ ب ر ية types: is of two ج ل ة خ ب ي ة : It is that sentence, which has the possibility of being true or false. : It is that sentence, which does not have the possibility of being true or false. Sentence: Nominal ج م ل ة ا س م ي ة خ ب ر ي ة 1. Definition: It is that sentence, which begins with a noun. The second part of the sentence can be a noun or a verb. The first part of the sentence is called م ب ت د أ (subject) or م س ن د إ ل ي و (the word about which information is being given). خ ب The second part of the sentence is called information). م ب ت د The ر ة generally خ ب ر and the م ع ر ف ة is generally أ. ن ك. م ر ف و ع ) are خ ب ر and أ م ب ت د ( parts Both Sentence Analysis م س ن (predicate) or ر clean. The house is ا لب ي ت ن ظ ي ف م ب ت د أ + خ ب ر = ج ل ة ا س ي ة خ ب ي ة (the word giving the د 6
. خ ب ر Note: A sentence may have more than one Sentence Analysis strong. The man is tall and ا لر ج ل ط و ي ل ق و ي م ب ت د أ + خ ب ر 1 + خ ب ر 2 = ج ل ة ا س ي ة خ ب ي ة Sentence: Verbal ج م ل ة ف ع ل ي ة خ ب ر ي ة.2 Definition: It is that sentence, which begins with a verb. The first part of the sentence is called The second part of the sentence is called Sentence Analysis. م س ن د or ف ع ل. م ر ف و ع and is always م س ن د إ ل ي و or ف اع ل sat. Zayd ج ل س ز ي د + ف اع ل = ج ل ة ف ع ل ي ة خ ب ي ة ف ع ل Note: In the above example, the verb is ا ل ف ع ل ال ل ز م i.e. it is a verb whose meaning can be Note: If the verb is a. م ف ع و ل understood without a ل ال م ت ع ا ل ف ع. م ن ص و ب will be added and will be م ف ع و ل, then a م ف ع و ل Sentence Analysis i.e. a verb whose meaning cannot be fully understood without دى sky. Allah created the خ ل ق الل الس م اء + ف اع ل + م ف ع و ل = ج ل ة ف ع ل ي ة خ ب ي ة ف ع ل EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i raab, and analyze the following sentences. فتح نمد الباب iii. البستان جيل ii. املعلم حاضر.i الرجل وقف vi. وقف الرجل.v املدرسة كبرية نظيفة iv. 2. What is the difference between (v) and (vi) above? 7
Section 1.4.2 types: is of ten ج م ل ة إ ن ة شائ ي 1. Hit! ا ض ر ب Positive Command ا ل م ر 2. Hit! Don t ل ت ض ر ب Negative Command ا ل ن ه ى hit? Did Zayd ى ل ض ر ب ز ي د Interrogative ا ل س ت ف ه ام.3 I wish youth would ل ي ت الش ب اب ع ائ د! Desire ا ل ت م ن 4. return. Note: ل ي ت is generally used for something unattainable. ر جى.5 Hope ا ل ت Hopefully, the ل ع ل ا ل م ت ح ان س ه ل Note: ل ع ل is generally used for something attainable. ي ا الل! Exclamation ا ل ن د اء.6 O Allah! أ ل ت ا ت ي ن ف ا ع ط ي ك د ي ن ار ا Request/Offer ا ل ع ر ض.7 Note: ا ل ع ر ض is a mere request; no answer is anticipated. 8. ا ل ق س م Oath و الل.9 ا ل ت ع ج ب Amazement م ا أ ح س ن ز ي د ا examination will be easy.! Will you not come to me so that I may give you a dinar?! By Allah!! How good Zayd is! book. I sold this ب ع ت ى ذ ا ال ك ت اب Transaction The seller says ا ل ع ق و د 10. خ ب ي ة appear to be ا ل ع ق و د Note: The sentences for use of past tense verbal sentences to convey the meaning of classified as and the buyer says ا ش ت ر ي ت و I bought it.. However, in Islamic law, contracts require the ج ل ة إ ن ش ائ ي ة. إ ن ش ائ ي ة Sentence Analysis: hit? Did Zayd ى ل ض ر ب ز ي د + ف اع ل = ج ل ة إ ن ش ائ ي ة ح ر ف ا ل س ت ف ه ام + ف ع ل EXERCISE 1. State what type of ج ل ة إ ن ش ائ ي ة are the following sentences. ي ا ا ب ر اى ي م.i ك ي ف ح ال ك iii. ا س ع ii. ل ت د خ ل iv.. Hence, these will be 8
Section 1.4.3 ام ال م ر ك ب الن اق ص - Types of Phrases أ ق س Phrases are of five types: other. Descriptive Phrase: It is a phrase in which one word describes the م ر ك ب ت و ص ي ف ى 1..ص ف ة The describing word is called The object being described is called The. م و ص و ف things: must correspond in four ص ف ة and م و ص و ف 1. I raab. 2. Gender i.e. being masculine or feminine. 3. Number i.e. being singular, dual or plural. 4. Being ma rifah or nakirah. For example, الص ال ح و ن ا لر ج ال the righteous men ص ف ة م و ص و ف ص ال ح ان ر ج ل ن two righteous men ص ف ة م و ص و ف ال ع اق ل ة ا ل ب ن ت the intelligent/wise girl ص ف ة م و ص و ف م ر ك ب إ ض اف ى.2 Possessive Phrase: It is a phrase in which the first word (م ض اف ) is attributed to the second one ( م ض اف إ ل ي و ). In some cases, this means that the second word owns or possesses the first. م ض The.ت ن و ي ن or a ال never gets an اف. م رو ر is always م ض اف إ ل ي و The م ض The i raab of the اف will be according to the ع ام Zayd s book ك ت اب ز ي د م ض اف إ ل ي و م ض اف example, governing it. For ل 9
Notes: م ض اف / م ض اف.1 Sometimes many example, are found in one single phrase. For إ ل ي و الر ج ل ب ي ت ب اب the door of the man s house م ض اف إ ل ي و م ض اف إ ل ي و و م ض اف م ض اف ال with an م ض اف إ ل ي و is brought, it should come immediately after the م ض اف of the ص ف ة If a 2. and should have the same i raab as that of the ض اف.م For example, the new door of the house ب اب ال ب ي ت ال ج د ي د ص ف ة ال م ض اف م ض اف إ ل ي و م ض اف م ض اف إ ل ي و ( it is brought, it should come immediately after م ض اف إ ل ي و of the ص ف ة If a 3. م ض اف إ ل ي و ( it should correspond to ), and it ) i.e. in the four aspects mentioned earlier. For example, ال ج د ي د ال ب ي ت ب اب ال house. The door of the new ب اب ال ص ف ة م و ص و ف م ض اف إ ل ي و م ض اف ك ب إ ش ار ى.3 Phrase: Demonstrative م ر towards another noun ( The.( م ش ار إ ل ي و.ال must have an م ش ار إ ل ي و It is a phrase in which one noun (ا س م ال ش ار ة ) points ى ذ ا الر ج ل This man Note: If the م ش ار إ ل ي و م ال ش ار ة ا س sentence. it would be a complete,ال does not have an م ش ار إ ل ي و ى ذ ا ر ج ل This is a man. م ب ت د أ + خ ب ر = ج ل ة ا س ي ة ك ب ب ن ائ ي / ع د د ى.4 Numerical Phrase: It is a phrase in which two numerals are joined to م ر form a single word (number). A ح ر ف originally linked the two. This phrase is found only in numbers 11-19. Both parts of this phrase will be.(ا ث ن ا ع ش ر ) except the number 12 م ف ت و ح (eleven) أ ح د ع ش ر. أ ح د و ع ش ر It was originally 10
( ا in place of the ي will be given a ا ث ن ا ع ش ر Note: The first part of the number ا ث ن ع ش ر. ح ال ة ال ر and ح ال ة الن ص ب ك ب م ن ع الص ر ف 5. a single word. ) ح ال ة ال ر ( م ر ر ت ب ا ث ن ع ش ر ر ج ل ) ح ال ة الن ص ب ( ر أ ي ت ا ث ن ع ش ر ر ج ل I saw twelve men. I passed by twelve men. Indeclinable Phrase: It is a phrase in which two words are joined to form م ر. م ف ت و ح The first part of this phrase is always. ع ام ل ح ض ر م و ت ( ح ض ر م و ت ح ض ر + م و ( ح ض ر م و ت The second part changes according to the Yemen. ) A region in ت ح ض م و is a verb, which means he/it became present and ر means death. ب ع ل ب ك ب ع ( ) in is a noun, which ت ل + ب ك ) A city in Lebanon. king. was the name of a ب ك was the name of an idol and ب ع ل Note: The above mentioned various types of phrases/incomplete sentences form part of a complete sentence. الت اج ر ال م ي ن Example 1 The trustworthy/honest trader ر ب ح gained profit. ص ف ة م و ص و ف + ف اع ل = ج ل ة ف ع ل ي ة خ ب ي ة + ف ع ل ك ل ف اع ل م ر ف و ع Example 2 Every faa il is marfoo و ك ل م ف ع و ل م ن ص و ب م ض اف + م ض اف إ ل ي و and every maf ool is mansoob. م ب ت د أ + خ ب ر = ج ل ة ا س ي ة خ ب ي ة 11
ا ش ت ر ي ت ى ذ ا ال ك ت اب Example 3 I bought this book. م ال ش ار ة + م ش ار إ ل ي و ا س م ف ع ول = ج ل ة ف ع ل ي ة خ ب ي ة ف ع ل م ع ف اع ل و + ف اع ل = ج ل ة ف ع ل ي ة خ ب ي ة ج اء أ ر ب ع ع ش ر ر ج ل Example 4 ف ع ل + Fourteen men came. ى ذ ه ب ع ل ب ك Example 5 This is Ba labakk. م ب ت د أ + خ ب ر = ج ل ة ا س ي ة خ ب ي ة EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i raab and analyze the following phrases. سيارة الرجل.i ii. iii. iv. أ ربع عشر باب فصل املدرسة قلم الرجل الطويل vi. vii. viii. الوردة الميلة.v قلم رخيص معديكرب ذلك الكتاب 2. What is the difference between the following sentences? i. غ ل م ع اق ل and غ ل م ع اق ل ii. ىذه تفاحة and ىذه التفاحة iii. نافذة السيارة الكبرية and نافذة السيارة الكبرية iv. الثوب نظيف and الثوب النظيف 3. Correct the following and state the reason(s). و ل د القبي ح.i ii. املعلم املدرسة iii. مثانية ع ش ر iv. الرج لن الطويل 4. Translate, fill in the i raab and analyze the following. باب فضل قيام ليلة القدر.i 12
Section 1.4.4 ج م ل ة ا س م ي ة Additional Notes About 1.(م ق د ر ) is not mentioned, in which case it will be regarded as hidden خ ب ر 1. Sometimes, the mosque. The Imam is in the ا ل م ام ف ال م س ج د ا ل م ام ]ح اض ر [ ف ي ال م س ج د رو ر ح ر ف ج ر + م م ب ت د أ + خ ب ر م ق د ر + م ت ع ل ق با ل ب = ج ل ة ا س ي ة خ ب ي ة 2. The خ ب ر can be a complete sentence. Example 1: ز ي د أ ب و ه ع ال Zayd s father is knowledgable. ز ي د أ ب و ه ع ال م م ض اف + م ض اف إ ل ي و م ب ت د أ + خ ب ر = ج ل ة ا س ي ة خ ب ي ة م ب ت د أ + خ ب ر = ج ل ة ا س ي ة خ ب ي ة Example 2: ز ي د أ ك ل الط ع ام Zayd ate the food. ز ي د أ ك ل الط ع ام ف ع ل م ع ف اع ل و + م ف ع و ل = ج ل ة ف ع ل ي ة خ ب ي ة م ب ت د أ + خ ب ر = ج ل ة ا س ي ة خ ب ي ة EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i raab, and analyze the following sentences. الثور حي رث ا لرض ii. القلم ىف الفصل.i 1 خ ب ر is taken to be م ت ع ل ق However, generally, to simplify matters, the Simplified Arabic Grammar, (Azaadvillle: Madrasa Arabia Islamia, 2003 ), 37.. See Hasan Dockrat, A 13
Summary ل ف ظ م و ض و ع م ه م ل م ر ك ب م ف ر د ج ل ة غ ي ر م ف ي د ة ج ل ة م ف ي د ة ح ر ف ف ع ل ا س م م ر ك ب ت و ص ي ف ي ع ام ل م اض ج ام د م ر ك ب إ ض اف غ ي ر ال ع ام ل م ض ار ع م ص د ر م ش ت ق م ر ك ب إ ش ار ي أ م ر ج ل ة خ ب ي ة ج ل ة إ ن ش ائ ي ة م ر ك ب ب ن ائ ي ن ه ي م ر ك ب م ن ع الص ر ف ج ل ة ا س ي ة ج ل ة ف ع ل ي ة أ م ر ا س ت ف ه ام ت ر ج ى ع ر ض ت ع ج ب ن ه ي ت ن ن د اء ق س م ع ق و د 14
Section 1.5 Noun: Signs of a ع ل م ات ال س م 1. It is preceded by an.ال ا لر ج ل the man. ح ر ف ج ر 2. It is preceded by a ب ال ق ل 3. There is tanween on the last letter. a man ر ج ل with the pen م 4. It ends with a round.ة ك ل م ة a word 5. It is a dual ) (. ت ث ن ي ة ر ج ل ن two men 6. It is a plural ) ج ع (. ر ج ال men.7 It is a م ب ت د أ ( م س ن د إ ل ي و or ( ف اع ل ا لر ج ل ق و ى ج ل س ز ي د Zayd sat. The man is strong. 8. It is ض اف.م ك ت اب ز ي د book of Zayd ر ج ل ط و ي.م و ص و ف.9 It is tall man ل 10. It is م ن اد ى. ي ا ر ج ل O man! 11. It is غ ر.م ص a little man ر ج ي ل.12 It is ن س و ب.م م ك ى a Makkan Verb: Signs of a ع ل م ات ال ف ع ل 1. It is preceded by.ق د ق د خ ر ج He has gone out. 2. It is preceded by.س س ي خ ر ج He will soon go out. 3. It is preceded by و ف.س س و ف ي ر ج He will go out after a while. 4. It is preceded by ر ف ج ز م.ح ل ي ر ج He did not go out. 5. It is preceded by ح ر ف ن ص ب. ل ن ي ر ج He will never go out. 6. It has a hidden م ي ر.ض خ ر ج He went out. 7. It is an imperative ) أ) م ر. ا خ ر ج Go out. 8. It is a prohibitive ( Particle: Sign of a ع ل م ة ال ح ر ف ) out. Do not go ل ت ر ج. ن ه ى That word which has no sign of a noun or verb is a particle (a particle has no sign of its own). 2 Verbs are said to be dual and plural with respect to their doers ) ف اع ل (. The action is one. Thus, duality and plurality are signs of a noun and not a verb. 15
Section 1.5.1 General Notes ن ك ر ( is indicated by a tanween. Such a noun is called ا س ) noun 1. The indefiniteness of a ب ي ت a house (any house) م. م ع ر ف ة Such a noun is called.ال 2. The definiteness of a noun is indicated by an ا ل ب ي ت the house (a specific house) 3. A noun can never have a tanween and an ال at the same time. ا ل ب ي ت is incorrect. ة. 4. When the last letter of a word and the first letter of the following word have sukoon,(ـ ) it is called ا ج ت م اع الس اك ن ي (the meeting of two sukoons). In this case, the first sukoon will be changed to a kasrah. ض ر ب ت ال ب ن ت will become ر ب ت ال ب ن ت.ض The ه ز ة ال و ص ل before the ل will not be pronounced. روف الش م س ي appears before a noun, which begins with a letter from ال 5. When an ا ل (sun ة letters) then the ل of ال must not be pronounced. The ل of ال will not get a sukoon. Instead the ح ر ف ش س ي will get a tashdeed. ا لش ج ر ة ت ث د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ل ن = ا ل روف الش م س ي ة روف ال ق م ر ي ة will get ال of ل (moon letters). In these, the ل tashdeed. will not get a ح ر ف ق م ر ي ا 6. The remaining letters are known as a sukoon and will be pronounced. The ا ل ق ل م the pen ( ا لت اء ال م ر ب وط ة ة 7. Generally, a noun ending with a round م ؤ ن ث ) is a feminine ) ( noun. س ب و ر ة blackboard م ال ش ار ة ص ف ة 8. The م ال م و ص ول ف ع ل ا س ر ال ع اق etc. of a خ ب ر ا ل س غ ي. و اح د م ؤ ن ث (non-human) plural will be ل benefit. The idols do not ا ل ص ن ام ل ت ن ف ع many idols أ ص ن ام ك ث ي ر ة sitting. The guard dogs are ا ل ك ل ب ال ار س ة ج ال س ة idols. These ى ذ ه ال ص ن ام many. The houses were ك ان ت ال ب ي و ت ك ث ي ر ة 9. When writing a noun ending with two fathahs,(ـ ) an alif ) ) ا must be added at the end. ز ي د ا 16
Section 1.6 Personal Pronouns ا لض مائ ر Definition: (singular: ض م ائ ر ( م ت ك ل م are those words, which refer to the speaker (ض م ري (. غ ائ ب ) person ( or the third ح اض ر ) person second ( م ن فص ل Unattached Form Table 1.1 Personal Pronouns ر م ت ص ل ا لض مائ ) Attached Form ) ( و اح د م ذ ك ر غ ائ ب his, its, him ه He (one male), it ى و ت ث ن ي ة م ذ ك ر غ ائ ب their, them ه ا males) They (two ه ا ج ع م ذ ك ر غ ائ ب their, them ى م males) They (many ى م و اح د م ؤ ن ث غ ائ ب her, its ى ا She (one female), it ى ي ت ث ن ي ة م ؤ ن ث غ ائ ب their, them ه ا females) They (two ه ا females) They (many ى ن ى ن their, them ج ع م ؤ ن ث غ ائ ب male) You (one أ ن ت ك your و اح د م ذ ك ر ح اض ر ت ث ن ي ة م ذ ك ر ح اض ر your ك م ا males) You (two أ ن ت م ا males) You (many أ ن ت م ك م your ج ع م ذ ك ر ح اض ر female) You (one أ ن ت ك your و اح د م ؤ ن ث ح اض ر ت ث ن ي ة م ؤ ن ث ح اض ر your ك م ا females) You (two أ ن ت م ا ج ع م ؤ ن ث ح اض ر your ك ن females) You (many أ ن ت و اح د م ت ك ل م )م ذ ك ر و م ؤ ن ث ) my ى female) I (one male or أ ن ا We (many males or ن ن ت ث ن ي ة و ج ع م ت ك ل م our ن ا females) )م ذ ك ر و م ؤ ن ث ) ) or the ى و ز ي د He is Zayd. ق ل م ك your pen her. I helped ن ص ر ت ه ا student. I am a أ ن ا ط ال ب 17
Section 1.7 Prepositions ا لح روف ال جا ر ة ر ور to the noun it enters upon, which is then known as ج ر gives a ح ر ف ج ر Effect: A. م Table 1.2 Prepositions ا ل ح روف ال ة جا ر Meaning Example ح ر ف ج ر pen. I wrote with the ك ت ب ت ب ال ق ل م with ب 1. Allah! By ت الل oath) by (for ت 2. ز ي د ك ال س د like ك.3 Zayd is like a lion. ا ل م د ل لو for ل.4 All praise is for Allah. Allah! By و الل (oath) by و 5. week. I have not seen him since a م ا ر أ ي ت و م ن ذ أ س ب و ع since م ن ذ 6. days. I did not see him for four م ا ر أ ي ت و م ذ أ ر ب ع ة أ ي ام since/for م ذ 7. Zayd. The people came except ج اء الن اس خ ل ز ي د besides, except خ ل 8. a many ر ب 9. ر ب ع ال ي ع م ل ب ع ل م و Many a learned person acts on his knowledge. Zayd. The people came except ج اء الن اس ح اش ا ز ي د besides, except ح اش ا.10 journey. I returned from the ر ج ع ت م ن الس ف ر from م ن.11 Zayd. The people came except ج اء الن اس ع د ا ز ي د besides, except ع د ا 12. house. Zayd is in the ز ي د ف ال ب ي ت in, regarding ف 13. patient. The doctor asked about the س أ ل الط ب ي ب ع ن ال م ر ي ض from, regarding ع ن 14. ع لى ال ك ر س on ع لى.15 ا لث و ب dawn. I slept till ن ت ح ت الص ب ح up to, until ح ت 16. إ.17 chair. The cloth/clothes is/are on the ي Madinah. I travelled to س اف ر ت إ ل ال م د ي ن ة up to, towards ل Example 1: food. Grammar in speech is like salt in ا لن ح و ىف ال ك ل م ك ال م ل ح ىف الط ع ام 18
Example 2 with Sentence Analysis: pen. I wrote with the ك ت ب ت ب ال ق ل م ر ور ح ر ف ج ر + م م ت ع ل ق ب ال ف ع ل = ج ل ة ف ع ل ي ة خ ب ي ة + ف ع ل + ف اع ل ر ور and ح ر ف ج ر ج ل ة ا س ي in خ ب ر (connected) of the م ت ع ل ق are known as م. ج ل ة ف ع ل ي ة in ف ع ل Note: Together, the of the and ة EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i raab and analyze the following sentences. املسجد قريب من بيت زيد.i الكتب على املنضدة iii. نزل املطر من السماء ii. زينب جالسة على الكرسى ىف الجرة iv. 19
و Section 1.8 Those Particles That Resemble the Verb ا لح ر وف ال م شب هة ب ال ف ع ل ا روف ال م ش ب ه ة ب ال ف ع These are called ل ا ل ف ع ل ال م ت ع دى because like ل ( and أ ر وف These م ب ت د appear before a ح. ج ل ة ا س ي ة ( خ ب ر ا س م إ which is then known as م ب ت د أ to the ن ص ب Effect: Such a particle gives a on) and a ر ف ع to the خ ب ر which is then known as خ ب ر إ ن (or خ ب ر أ ن and so on). ا ل ح ر وف ال م شب هة ب ال ف ع Table 1.3 Those Particles That Resemble the Verb ل Meaning, they also govern two words. Example and so ا س م أ ن (or ن إ ن الل ع ل ي م certainly, verily, indeed إ ن.1 Verily Allah is All Knowing. I knew that the examination ت أ ن ا ل م ت ح ان ق ر ي ب certainly, verily; that أ ن.2 ع ل م was near. new. It is as if the house is ك أ ن ال ب ي ت ج د ي د as if ك أ ن 3. ل.4 but, however ك ن The house is new but the ي ت ج د ي د ل ك ن ال ث اث ق د ي ا ل ب furniture is old. return. I wish youth would ل ي ت الش ب اب ع ائ د if only, I wish ل ي ت 5. hopefully, maybe, ل ع ل 6. perhaps Hopefully, the examination ل ع ل ا ل م ت ح ان س ه ل will be easy. Sentence Analysis: ع ل ي م الل ع ل ي إ ن All-Knowing. Indeed, Allah is خ ب ر إ ن ا س م إ ن ا ل Notes: : أ ن and ن إ 1. Difference between a. إ ن is generally used at the beginning of a sentence. sentence. is generally used in the middle of a أ ن b. Sometimes, إ ن appears in the middle of a sentence. This happens when it is used after ل.ق ي ق و ل إ ن ه ا ب ق ر ة ص ف ر اء cow. He says, it is a yellow a word with root letters 20
2. The خ ب ر can be a complete sentence. Example 1: pious. Indeed, Zayd s mother is إ ن ز ي د ا أ م و ص ال ة إ ن ز ي د ا أ م و ص ال ح ة م ض اف + م ض اف إ ل يو م ب ت د أ + خ ب ر = ) ج ل ة ا س ي ة خ ب ي ة ) خ ب ر إ ن ا ل ر ف ال م ش ب ه ة ب ال ف ع ل ا س م إ ن Example 2: food. Indeed, Zayd ate the إ ن ز ي د ا أ ك ل الط ع ام إ ن ز ي د ا أ ك ل الط ع ام ف ع ل م ع ف اع ل و + م ف ع ول = ) ج ل ة ف ع ل ي ة خ ب ي ة ) خ ب ر إ ن ا س م إ ن ا ل ر ف ال م ش ب ه ة ب ال ف ع ل 3. If there is a ح ر ف ج ر before the ب ر,خ then the خ ب ر will appear first and the second. ا س م return. Indeed, to us is their إ ن إ ل ين ا إ ي اب ه م إ ي اب ه م إ ل ين ا إ ن م ض اف + م ض اف إ ل يو ج ار و م ر ور ا س م إ ن )م ؤ خ ر ) خ ب ر إ ن )م ق د م ) ا ل ر ف ال م ش ب ه ة ب ال ف ع ل ر وف is joined to any of these م ا ال ك اف ة 4. When ح إ ن ا إ ل ك م إ ل و و اح god. Your god is only one د, their effect will be cancelled. EXCERISE 1. Translate, fill in the i raab, and analyze the following sentences. لعل املريض نائم.i اعلم أن زيدا عاقل ii. iii. كأن القمر مصباح iv. ليت القمر طالع.v إن علينا بيانو vi. إن رج ل دخل البيت 21
Section 1.9 Auxiliary (Defective) Verbs ا ل ف عال الن اق ص ة ف ع ل ل ز م (incomplete) because even though it is a ن اق ص Such a verb is called.م ع م ول The sentence remains incomplete with one.(م ع م ول ي ) ma mools ك ان ز ي د Zayd was (the sentence remains incomplete). م ب ت د These verbs enter on a ( a and أ. ج ل ة ا س ي ة ( خ ب ر ص ار (or ا س م ك ان, which becomes known as م ب ت د أ to the ر ف ع Effect: They give ا س م on). and so خ ب ر ص ار (or خ ب ر ك ان which becomes known as,خ ب ر to the ن ص ب Table 1.4 Meaning Example ف ع ل ن اق ص clean. The house was ك ان ا ل ب ي ت ن ظ ي ف ا was ك ان.1, it needs two and so on) and wealthy. The man became ص ار الر ج ل غ ن ي ا became ص ار.2 happen in the morning أ ص ب ح 3. OR became evening, happen in the أ م سى 4. became mid-morning, happen at أ ض حى 5. became day, happen during the ظ ل 6. became happen during the ب ات 7. night, became Zayd became ill in the أ ص ب ح ز ي د م ر ي ض ا morning. rich. Zayd became أ ص ب ح ز ي د غ ن ي ا The worker became tired in أ م س ى ال ع ام ل م ت ع ب ا the evening. The clouds became dense at أ ض ح ى ال غ م ام ك ث ي ف ا mid morning. ظ ل ال م ط ر ن از ل ب ات ز ي د ن ائ م ا It rained the whole day. Zayd passed the night sleeping. sitting. Sit as long as Zayd is ا ج ل س م ا د ام ز ي د ج ال س ا as long as م ا د ام 8. م always, continuously ا ز ال.9 sick. Zayd was continuously ا ز ال ز ي د م ر ي ض ا م fasting. Zayd was always م ا ب ر ح ز ي د ص ائ م ا always, continuously م ا ب ر ح.10 م always, continuously ا ف ت ئ.11 active. Zayd was always ا ف ت ئ ز ي د ن ش ي ط ا م The businessman was always م ا ان ف ك الت اج ر ص اد ق ا always, continuously م ا ان ف ك.12 truthful. strong. The servant is not ل ي س ال اد م ق و ي ا no, not ل ي س 13. 22
Sentence Analysis: clean. The house was ك ان ال ب ي ت ن ظ ي ف ا خ ب ر ك ان ف ع ل ن اق ص ا س م ك ان Notes: 1. When ك ان is used with م ض ار ع, it gives the meaning of past continuous. ك ان ز ي د ي ك ت ب Zayd was writing/zayd used to write. well. as أ م ر and ع. ج ل ة ف ع ل ي ة Note: Here, the خ ب ر of ك ان is a م ض ار can be used in ب ات ظ ل أ ض ح ى أ م س ى أ ص ب ح ص ار ك ان.2. م ر أ but not in ع.( م ر م ض ار can be used in م ا ان ف ك م ا ف ت ئ م ا ب ر ح م ا ز ال.3 م ض ار have a past tense only (no ل ي س and م ا د ام 4. أ or ع sentence. must be preceded by another م ا د ام 5..ب is sometimes prefixed with a ل ي س of خ ب ر 6. The rulers? Is Allah not the greatest of أ ل ي س الل ب أ ح ك م ال اك م ي م ب ت د will appear first and the خ ب ر, then the خ ب ر before the ح ر ف ج ر 7. If there is a second. أ ك ان ف ي الس م اء س ح اب There were clouds in the sky. ا س م ك ان )م ؤ خ ر ) خ ب ر ك ان )م ق د م ) ف ع ل ن اق ص EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i raab, and analyze the following sentences. ليس العامل نشيطا.i كان منامو مناما صادقا أمسى الغ ن فقريا نويت ا لعتكاف ما دمت ف املسجد ii. iii. iv. صار الكبش سينا.v ل يزال لسانك رطبا من ذكر الل يصبح املداد جافا vi. vii. 23
CHAPTER 2 Declinable and Indeclinable Nouns ا لم ع رب و ال مب ن ى Words are of two types with respect to changes, which may or may not take place at their ends. If the end of a word remains the same in all conditions, it is called ; and that word whose end changes is called Section 2.1 1 ب ن ي م ر ب. م ع م ب ن ي which remain unchanged at the end of,(ح ال ت ) conditions Those :أ ن و اع ال ب ن اء ن و اع ال ب ن اء. These are called س ك و ن and ك س ر,ف ت ح,ض يم. أ words are four:,ن ص ب,ر ف ع four: words are م ع ر ب which occur at the end of,(ح ال ت ) Those conditions :أ ن و اع اإل ع راب ن و اع اإل ع راب, and. These are called ج ير ر ( أ ا إل ع ر ب the end of a word). (governing ع ام ل word in accordance with the requirement of the م ع Signs of I raab ع ل م ات اإل ع ر اب for short). These changes are brought about at اب ر اب I raab can be shown in two ways. These are called i raab). (signs of ع ل م ات اإل ع ر ك ة.1 اب ب ال ر : These are the basic signs and are the most common. I raab is shown by means ا إل ع ر ة or ف ت ح ة or ض م ة i.e. ح ر ك ة of a.( ح ر ك ة (which is the absence of a س ك و ن, or ك س ر ج ل ر ج ل ر ج ل ل ي ض ر ب ر اب ب ال ر وف.2 روف ع ل ة : Sometimes, the i raab is shown by means of any of the ا إل ع or ا or و i.e. ح.ي أ ب وك أ ب اك أ ب يك Conditions of Mu rab ح ال ت ال م ع ر ب As mentioned above, the conditions that occur at the end of look at them in more detail. words are four. Below, we ب ر م ع 1 This section is based upon the discussion in al-nahw al-wadih. See Ali al-jaarim & Mustafa Ameen, al-nahw al-wadih li al-madaris al-ibdtida iyyah, (Cairo: Dar al-ma arif, n.d.), 2:7-17. 25
و) ( ح ر ف ع ل or its corresponding ض م ة is that when a ح ال ة الر ف ع.1 Such a word is said to be. م ر ف وع أ خ أ خ وك ا).2 or its corresponding ف ت ح ة is that when a ح ال ة الن ص ب ( ح ر ف ع ل. م ن ص وب Such a word is said to be أ خ ا أ خ اك ح ال ة ال.3 ر ة is that when a ج ر ي) ( ح ر ف ع ل or its corresponding ك س ر ور Such a word is said to be. م أ خ أ خ ي ك ح ال ة ال.4 word. appears at the end of a ة word. appears at the end of a ة word. appears at the end of a ة. م ز وم appears at the end of a word. Such a word is said to be س ك و ن is that when a ج ز م ل ي ض ر ب ك س ر ف ت ح ض م and ك س ر ة ف ت ح ة ض م ة Difference Between ك س ر ة ف ت The words حة ض م ة ر ب are used to describe the conditions at the end of a, م ع. م ر ف وع at the end, which is a sign of its being ض م ة has a ا ل رج ل ر ب, م ب ن ي are used to describe the conditions at the end of a س ر ف ت ح ض يم ض. م ب ن ي ع ل ل ال ت ح at the end. It is ف ت ح has a ر ب when it appears in a ض م ة when ض مي and is م ع.(ـ ) and (ـ ). The same is true of ب ن ي ك The words In other words, (ـ ) is the same but the name is it appears in a م 26
Section 2.2 Indeclinable Noun ا ل مب ن ى As mentioned earlier, a م ب ن ي is that word whose end remains unchanged in all conditions i.e. irrespective of the requirement of the ع ام ل governing it. ج اء ى ذ ا ر أ ي ت ى ذ ا م ر ر ت ب ه ذ ا This came. I saw this. I passed by this. Note: The ح ر ك ة at the end of ى ذ ا remained constant and did not change according to the requirement. ع ام ل :م ب ن ي Types of روف ح 1. All Particles ) ( *. ن ي م ب (, the following are ا ل ف عال ) verbs 2. Amongst the * ا ل ع ل ا ل م اض ل (1 رو ف (2 ر ا ل م ع ر ا ل اض * ا ل م. ف ع ل م ض ار ع ) of خ ي ة and ث ق ي ل ة ( ن و ن الت أك ي د ) and the ح اض ر and غ ائ ب ( ج ع م ؤن ث (3 The 3. Amongst nouns ) ا ل س اء (, there are some nouns whose ends remain constant. They are م ب ن ي i.e. nouns, which do not give place to changes. These nouns are غ ي ر ال م ت م ك ن known as and are recognized by their resemblance with any one of the three types of al-mabny alasl words ( ). This resemblance can be in any one رو ف رو ف or ا ل ع ل ا ل ماض ل or ح ا ل م ع ا ل اض ر ا ل م ر of the following ways: a. Resemblance in meaning. For example, the noun ر و ي د (give grace/respite) resembles the word same meaning. رو, which is أ م ه ل ا ل مع ا ل اض ر ا ل م ر (one of the al-mabny al-asl) and has the ف b. Resemblance in dependency. For example, the noun (, which is dependent on a اإل شار ة ( ى ذ ا ا س م ح ر to give meaning, resembles a م شار إ ل ي و al- (one of the al-mabny ف asl), which is also dependent on another word to give meaning. c. Resemblance in having less than three letters. For example, the noun ن,م which is less than three letters, resembles letters. ح ر d. Resemblance in having had a which is also generally less than three,(و ( ح ر ف originally. For example, the noun ف أ ح د ع ش ر. أ ح د و ع ش ر ( ح ر ف resembles a ف in the sense that originally it contained a ( ح ر *These three are known as. ا ل م ب ن ال ص ل 27
Section 2.3 Declinable Noun ا ل م ع ر ب As mentioned above, a م ع ر ب is that word whose end accepts any of the i raab according to the requirement of the ع ام ل governing it. ج اء ر ج ل ر أ ي ت ر ج ل م ر ر ت ب ر ج ل A man came. I saw a man. I passed by a man..ع ام ل kept on changing according to the requirement of the رجل Note: The i raab of :م ع ر ب Types of ن و ن ) and the ح اض ر and غ ائ ب ) ج ع م ؤن ث besides the ف ع ل م ض ار ع,) all of ا ل ف عال ) verbs.1 Amongst ر ب ) are خ ي ة and ث ق ي ل ة ( الت أك ي د. م ع ر ب (, those nouns, which accept i raab changes are ا ل س اء ) nouns 2. Amongst. They are م ع known as م ت م ك ن i.e. nouns which give place to i raab changes. Note: These nouns will be sentence, such a word will be. ض يم have a when they are used in a sentence. If not used in a ب ر م ع example,. For م ب ن ي ا ل ب EXERCISE ر ب or م ب ن ي 1. State with reason whether the following words are. م ع i. س ع م ن ذ ii. ي ن ص ر iii. on its own, out of a sentence, will يت ي ك س ر ن.v ي ض ر ب ن iv. ل ك ن vi. ذ ل ك vii. viii. ا س ع ي 28
Section 2.4 Types of Indeclinable Nouns أ ق س ام ال س ماء ال مب ن ي ة The types of ا ل س اء ال م ب ن ي ة are as follows: 1. pronouns) (personal ا ل ض م ائ ر pronouns) (relative ا ل س اء ال مو ص و ل ة.2 pronouns) (demonstrative أ س اء اإل شار ة.3 verbs) (those nouns which have the meaning of أ س اء ال ف ع ال 4. sound) (those nouns which denote a أ س اء ال ص و ات 5. (adverbs) أ س اء الظ ر ف.6 quantity) (those nouns which indicate an unspecified أ س اء ال ك ن اي ات 7. ر ك ب ال ب ن ائ.8 ا ل م phrase) (numerical ل In the following pages, we will look at each of these in detail. 29
Section 2.4.1 Personal Pronouns ا لض م ائ ر We have discussed Definition: second person ( detail. before. Now, we will look at them in greater ض م ائ ر ض م ي (singular: ض م ائ ر (. غ ائ ب ) person or the third ح اض ر ) ) are those words, which refer to the speaker ) ( or the ر م ت كل م There are two types of dameers: ال ب ار ز.1 Visible or Independent Pronoun: It is that dameer, which is visible and has a ا لض م ي ر distinct form. It appears on its own, unattached to another word (known as ن ص ل (م or.(م ت ص ل attached to another word (known as ال م س ت ت 2. Hidden or Implied Pronoun: It is that dameer, which is not visible but is ا لض م ي ر implied. Note: A hidden dameer can only appear in ح ال ة الر ف ع. (refer to Table 2.2) Below are tables showing different forms that the dameers will assume in the various conditions (haalaat). 30
Table 2.1 ) ض م ي ر م ر ف وع م ن ف ص ل (also called ح ال ة الر ف ع in )ب ار ز ( ض م ي ر م ن ف ص ل و اح د م ذ ك ر غ ائ ب ت ث ن ي ة م ذ ك ر غ ائ ب ج ع م ذ ك ر غ ائ ب ى و ه ا ى م ى ي و اح د م ؤن ث غ ائ ب ه ا ت ث ن ي ة م ؤن ث غ ائ ب ى ن ج ع م ؤن ث غ ائ ب أ ن ت و اح د م ذ ك ر ح اض ر أ ن ت م ا ت ث ن ي ة م ذ ك ر ح اض ر أ ن ت م ج ع م ذ ك ر ح اض ر أ ن ت و اح د م ؤن ث ح اض ر أ ن ت م ا ت ث ن ي ة م ؤن ث ح اض ر أ ن ت ج ع م ؤن ث ح اض ر أ ن ا و اح د م ت كل م )م ذ ك ر و م ؤن ث ) ن ن ت ث ن ي ة و ج ع م ت كل م )م ذ ك ر و م ؤن ث ) ى و ر ج ل م ب ت دأ )ح ال ة الر ف ع ) خ ب ر 31
ن) ن) و) و) ا) ا) ا) ا) ن) ا) و) ا) Table 2.2 ) ض م ي ر م ر ف وع م ت ص ل (also called ح ال ة الر ف ع in ض م ي ر م ت ص ل ب ار ز م س ت ت ر ض ر ب )ى و ) ي ض ر ب )ى و ) و اح د م ذ ك ر غ ائ ب ض ر ب ا ) ي ض ر ب ان ) ت ث ن ي ة م ذ ك ر غ ائ ب ض ر ب و ا ) ي ض ر ب و ن ) ج ع م ذ ك ر غ ائ ب ) ض ر ب ت )ى ي ) ت ض ر ب )ى ي و اح د م ؤن ث غ ائ ب ض ر ب ت ا ) ت ض ر ب ان ) ت ث ن ي ة م ؤن ث غ ائ ب ض ر ب ن ) ي ض ر ب ن ) ج ع م ؤن ث غ ائ ب ض ر ب ت )ت ) ت ض ر ب )أ ن ت ) و اح د م ذ ك ر ح اض ر ض ر ب ت م ا ) ت ا ) ت ض ر ب ان ) ت ث ن ي ة م ذ ك ر ح اض ر ض ر ب ت م )ت ) ت ض ر ب و ن ) ج ع م ذ ك ر ح اض ر ض ر ب ت )ت ) ت ض ر ب ي ي) ) و اح د م ؤن ث ح اض ر ض ر ب ت م ا ) ت ا ) ت ض ر ب ان ) ت ث ن ي ة م ؤن ث ح اض ر ض ر ب ت )ت ن ) ت ض ر ب ن ) ج ع م ؤن ث ح اض ر ض ر ب ت )ت ) أ ض ر ب )أ نا( و اح د م ت كل م )م ذ ك ر و م ؤن ث ) ض ر ب ن ا )ن ا ) ن ض ر ب ) ن ن ) ت ث ن ي ة و ج ع م ت كل م )م ذ ك ر و م ؤن ث ) 32
Table 2.3 ) ض م ير م ن ص وب م ت ص ل and ض م ير م ن ص وب م ن ف ص ل (also called ح ال ة الن ص ب in ض م ير م ت ص ل and ض م ير م ن ف ص ل ض م ي م ن ص وب م ن ص ل )ب ار ز ) ض م ي م ن ص وب م ت ص ل )ب ار ز ) إ ياه و اح د م ذ ك ر غ ائ ب ه ض ر ب و إ يا ه ا ت ث ن ي ة م ذ ك ر غ ائ ب ها ض ر ب ه م ا إ يا ى م ج ع م ذ ك ر غ ائ ب ىم ض ر ب ه م إ يا ى ا و اح د م ؤن ث غ ائ ب ىا ض ر ب ه ا إ يا ه ا ت ث ن ي ة م ؤن ث غ ائ ب ها ض ر ب ه م ا إ يا ى ن ض ر ب ه ن ج ع م ؤن ث غ ائ ب ىن إ يا ك و اح د م ذ ك ر ح اض ر ك ض ر ب ك إ ي ا ك م ا ت ث ن ي ة م ذ ك ر ح اض ر كما ض ر ب ك م ا إ ي ا ك م ج ع م ذ ك ر ح اض ر كم ض ر ب ك م إ يا ك و اح د م ؤن ث ح اض ر ك ض ر ب ك إ ي ا ك م ا ض ر ب ك م ا ت ث ن ي ة م ؤن ث ح اض ر كما إ ي ا ك ن ج ع م ؤن ث ح اض ر كن ض ر ب ك ن إ يا ي و اح د م ت كل م )م ذ ك ر و م ؤن ث ) ي ض ر ب ن 2 إ يا ن ا ت ث ن ي ة و ج ع م ت كل م )م ذ ك ر و م ؤن ث ) نا ض ر ب ن ا إ ياك ن ع ب د You alone we worship. ف ع ل م ع ف اع ل و م ع ول م قد م )ح ال ة الن ص ب ) 2 Sometimes, a ن ون ال و ق اي ة ( ن ( is added before the ي اء ض م ي ر to protect an i raab as in,ض ر ب ن which would otherwise be.( م ب ن ي ع ل ل ال ت ح is ا ل ع ل ال م اض ل of ل م ال ك ل م ة (the ض ر ب incorrectly read as 33
ح ال ة ال ر appears in ض م ي ر م ت ص ل )ب ار ز ) There are two ways in which a ر ف ج ر ;ح and the other is when some other word is م ض اف to it.. One is when it is preceded by Table 2.4 ) ض م ي ر م ج ر ور م ت ص ل (also called ح ال ة ال ج ر in ض م ي ر م ت ص ل )ب ار ز ) ب ح رف ال ج ر ضاف ة ب اإل ل و د ار ه و اح د م ذ ك ر غ ائ ب ت ث ن ي ة م ذ ك ر غ ائ ب د ار ه ا ل م ا ج ع م ذ ك ر غ ائ ب د ار ى م ل م و اح د م ؤن ث غ ائ ب د ار ى ا ل ا ت ث ن ي ة م ؤن ث غ ائ ب د ار ه ا ل م ا ج ع م ؤن ث غ ائ ب د ار ى ن ل ن و اح د م ذ ك ر ح اض ر د ار ك ل ك ت ث ن ي ة م ذ ك ر ح اض ر د ار ك م ا ل ك م ا ج ع م ذ ك ر ح اض ر د ار ك م ل ك م و اح د م ؤن ث ح اض ر د ار ك ل ك ت ث ن ي ة م ؤن ث ح اض ر د ار ك م ا ل ك م ا ج ع م ؤن ث ح اض ر د ار ك ن ل ك ن ل د ار ي و اح د م ت كل م )م ذ ك ر و م ؤن ث ) ل ن ا د ار ن ا ت ث ن ي ة و ج ع م ت كل م )م ذ ك ر و م ؤن ث ) د ار ه ل و His house is his. ح ر ف ج ر + م ر ور م ض اف + م ض اف إ ل يو )ض م ي م ت ص ل م ر ور ب )ض م ي م ت ص ل م ر ور ب اإل ضاف ة ).م ت ص ل will always be ح ال ة ال ر Note: The dameer baariz in 34
:ض م ي ر الش أ ن ض م ي ر غ ائ ب م ذ ك ر It is that. ض م ي ر (an earlier word that it refers to). The sentence after it clarifies such a م ر ج ع إ نو ز ي د ق ائ م Indeed, the matter is that Zayd is standing., which sometimes appears at the beginning of a sentence without a :ض م ي ر ال ق ص ة ض م ي ر غ ائ ب م ؤ نث It is that. ض م ي ر (an earlier word that it refers to). The sentence after it clarifies such a م ر ج ع standing. Indeed, the matter is that Fatimah is إ ن ه ا ف اط م ة ق ائ م ة, which sometimes appears at the beginning of a sentence without a :ض م ي ر ال ف ص ل It is that ض م ي ر, which appears between a م ب ت د أ and a خ ب ر for emphasis. successful. It is they who are أ ول ئ ك ى م ال م ل ح و ن EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i raab and analyze the following sentences, pointing out all the dameers, as well as their type and haalaat. القطار قدم ىف وقتو.i نن نرزقك ii. ن ص ر ن ا iii. اهلل يرزقها و إياكم iv. 35
Section 2.4.2 - Relative Pronouns ا ل س م اء ال م و ص و ل ة Definition: An ا س م م و ص و ل is a ا س م م ع ر ف ة whose purpose is understood through the sentence,.ص ل ة which comes after it, which is called ص ل ة cannot form a complete part of a sentence on its own. It must have a ا س م م وص ول An which relates (refers back) to it. The ص ل ة is a hidden) referring to the ض م ي ر, which must have a ج ل ة خ ة ب ي. ا س م م وص ول (visible or Table 2.5 ا ل س ماء ال م وص ول ة )م ذ ك ر ) و اح د who, that, which ا ل ذ ي ت ث ن ي ة ح ال ة الر ف ع those two who, that, which ا لل ذ ان ت ث ن ي ة ح ال ة الن ص ب و ال ر those two, who, that, which ا لل ذ ي ن ج ع those who, that, which ا ل ذ ي ن Table 2.6 ا ل س ماء ال م وص ول ة )م ؤ نث ) و اح د who, that, which ا ل ت ت ث ن ي ة ح ال ة الر ف ع those two who, that, which ال ل ت ان ت ث ن ي ة ح ال ة الن ص ب و ال ر those two, who, that, which ال ل ت ي ج ع ا ل ل ج ع ا لل those who, that, which ت ل those who, that, which و ات ل came. The man who helped you, اء ال ذ ي ر ك ج ن ص you. I saw those two men who hit ر أ ي ت الل ذ ي ن ض ر ب اك me. I love those men who taught أ ح ب ال ذ ي ن ع ل م و ن 36