Glossary of Oil and Gas Terms

Abandon Abatement Acceptance criteria Actuator Glossary of Oil and Gas Terms (1) The proper plugging and abandoning of a well in compliance with all applicable regulations, and the cleaning up of the wellsite to the satisfaction of any governmental body having jurisdiction with respect thereto and to the reasonable satisfaction of the operator.(2) To cease efforts to find or produce from a well or field.(3) To plug a well completion and salvage material and equipment. (1) The act or process of reducing the intensity of pollution.(2) The use of some method of abating pollution. defined limits placed on characteristics of materials, products or services mechanism for the remote or automatic operation of a valve or choke Adapter American Petroleum Institute (API) Annulus API Appraisal Well ASTM Axial Loading Bback-pressure valve Barrel bbl bcf bcm Blind flange Blow-down Blow-out Blow-out preventers (BOPs) BOP Borehole Buckle detection: Bundles: Calibration pressure-containing piece of equipment having end connections of different nominal sizes used to connect other pieced of equipment of different sizes The American Petroleum Institute is the primary trade association representing the oil and natural gas industry in the United States. The space between: (1) The casing and the wall of the borehole.(2) Two strings of casing.(3) Tubing and casing. American Petroleum Institute A well drilled as part of an appraisal drilling program which is carried out to determine the physical extent, reserves and likely production rate of a field. The designation of a standard developed by ASTM International. Until 2001, ASTM was an acronym for the American Society for Testing and Materials, but the organization changed its name to ASTM International to reflect its global scope as a forum for development of international voluntary consensus standards The force acting along the axis of an object. In wellbore tubulars, axial loading is typically expressed as tension or compression and may result from applied conditions such as set-down-weight, or be induced by operating conditions or variations such as changes in temperature that cause expansion or contraction of components. unidirectional or bidirectional check valve that is installed through the christmas tree, into the tubing hanger, and prevents well fluids from flowing out of the well A unit of volume measurement used for petroleum and its products (7.3 barrels = 1 ton: 6.29 barrels = 1 cubic meter). One barrel of oil; 1 barrel = 35 Imperial gallons (approx.), or 159 liters (approx.); 7.5 barrels = 1 ton (approx.); 6.29 barrels = 1 cubic meter. Billion cubic feet; 1 bcf = 0.83 million tons of oil equivalent. Billion cubic meters (1 cubic meter = 35.31 cubic feet). flange with no centre bore, used to close off completely a flanged end or outlet connection Condensate and gas is produced simultaneously from the outset of production. When well pressure exceeds the ability of the wellhead valves to control it. Oil and gas "blow wild" at the surface. It is an uncontrolled flow of reservoir fluids into the wellbore, and sometimes flows catastrophically to the surface. Are high pressure wellhead valves, designed to shut off the uncontrolled flow of hydrocarbons. See blow-out preventers The hole as drilled by the drill bit. System that utilises electromagnetic waves during pipelaying to signal collapse of or deformations to pipeline laid. Bundles of cables. comparison and adjustment to a standard of known accuracy 1

Casing Check valve Chemical analysis Choke Christmas tree Commercial field Commissioning: Completion Concrete coating: Condensate Conductivity Conformance Conventional waters: Coring Crane barge Crown valve Crude Oil Deck: Decommissioning: Deep waters: Derrick Development phase Deviated drilling Drill bit Drill Drilling fluid Pipe cemented in the well to seal off formation fluids or keep the hole from caving in. valve that permits fluid to flow freely in one direction and contains a mechanism to automatically prevent flow in the other direction determination of the chemical composition of material equipment used to restrict and control the flow of fluids assembly of equipment, including tubing head adapters, valves, tees, crosses, top connectors and chokes attached to the uppermost connection of the tubing head, used to control well production and production rate of oil. An oil and/or gas field judged to be capable of producing enough net income to make it worth developing. Series of processes and procedures undertaken in order to start operations of a gas pipeline, associated plants and equipment. The installation of permanent wellhead equipment for the production of oil and gas. Subsea pipelines are coated with reinforced concrete so as to ballast and protect them from damage and corrosion. Hydrocarbons which are in the gaseous state under reservoir conditions and which become liquid when temperature or pressure is reduced. A mixture of pentanes and higher hydrocarbons. The ability of a material to conduct electricity. It is the inverse of resistivity and is measured in siemens per meter (S/m) or mho/m. compliance with specified requirements Depth of up to 500 metres. Taking rock samples from a well by means of a special tool -- a "core barrel". A large barge, capable of lifting heavy equipment onto offshore platforms. Also known as a "derrick barge". uppermost valve on the vertical bore of the christmas tree above the flowline outlet Liquid petroleum as it comes out of the ground as distinguished from refined oils manufactured out of it. Area of a vessel or platform where work equipment is located: process plant and equipment, accommodation modules and drilling units. Undertaken in order to end operations of a gas pipeline, associated plants and equipment. It may occur at the end of the life of the plant, following an accident, for technical or financial reasons, and/or on environmental or safety grounds. Depths of over 500 metres. The tower-like structure that houses most of the drilling controls. The phase in which a proven oil or gas field is brought into production by drilling production (development) wells. The intentional deviation of a wellbore from the path it would naturally take. Directional drilling is common in shale reservoirs because it allows drillers to place the borehole in contact with the most productive reservoir rock. The tool used to crush or cut rock. (1)To bore a hole, Also see Drilling(2)An implement with cutting edges used to bore holes. Any of a number of liquid and gaseous fluids and mixtures of fluids and solids (as solid suspensions, mixtures and emulsions of liquids, gases and solids) used in operations to drill boreholes into the earth. Synonymous with "drilling mud". 2

Drilling rig Drilling Dry Gas Dry hole Dynamically Positioned Heavy Lift Vessel: E&A E&P EPC (Engineering, Procurement, Construction): Exploration drilling Exploration phase Exploration well Facilities: Field Fishing Flare: Floatover: FPSO vessel: Full-bore valve Gas field Gas injection The machine used to drill a wellbore. In onshore operations, the rig includes virtually everything except living quarters. Major components of the rig include the mud tanks, the mud pumps, the derrick or mast, the drawworks, the rotary table or topdrive, the drillstring, the power generation equipment and auxiliary equipment. Offshore, the rig includes the same components as onshore, but not those of the vessel or drilling platform itself. The rig is sometimes referred to as the drilling package, particularly offshore. The using of a rig and crew for the drilling, suspension, completion, production testing, capping, plugging and abandoning, deepening, plugging back, sidetracking, redrilling or reconditioning of a well (except routine cleanout and pump or rod pulling operations) or the converting of a well to a source, injection, observation, or producing well, and including stratigraphic tests. Also includes any related environmental studies. Associated costs include completion costs but do not include equipping costs. Natural gas composed mainly of methane with only minor amounts of ethane, propane and butane and little or no heavier hydrocarbons in the gasoline range. A well which has proved to be non-productive. Vessel equipped with a heavy-lift crane, capable of holding a precise position through the use of thrusters, thereby counteracting the force of the wind, sea, current, etc. Abbreviation for exploration and appraisal. Abbreviation for exploration and production. A type of contract typical of the offshore construction sector, which relates to the realisation of a complex project where the global or main contractor (usually a construction company or a consortium) provides the engineering services, procurement of materials, construction of the system and its infrastructure, transport to site, installation and commissioning/preparatory activities to the start up of operations. Drilling carried out to determine whether hydrocarbons are present in a particular area or structure. The phase of operations which covers the search for oil or gas by carrying out detailed geological and geophysical surveys followed up where appropriate by exploratory drilling. A well drilled in an unproven area. Also known as a "wildcat well". Auxiliary services, structures and installations required to support the main systems. A geographical area under which an oil or gas reservoir lies. Retrieving objects from the borehole, such as a broken drillstring, or tools. Tall metal structure used to burn off gas produced by the oil/gas separation in oil fields, when it is not possible to utilise it onsite or ship it elsewhere. Type of module installation onto offshore platforms that does not require lifting operations. A specialised vessel transporting the module uses a ballast system to position itself directly above the location where the module is to be installed; it then proceeds to de-ballast and lower the module into place. Once this has been completed the vessel backs off and the module is secured to the support structure. Floating Production, Storage and Offloading system comprising a large tanker equipped with a high-capacity production facility. This system, moored at the bow to maintain a geo-stationary position, is effectively a temporarily fixed platform that uses risers to connect the subsea wellheads to the on-board processing, storage and offloading systems. valve whose closure mechanism has the same bore dimension as the valve body A field containing natural gas but no oil. The process whereby separated associated gas is pumped back into a reservoir for conservation purposes or to maintain the reservoir pressure. 3

Gas/oil ratio Gate valve Hydrocarbon Hydrotesting: Injection well Jacket: Jack-up: Kick Lay barge Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Master valve mboe Mechanical Integrity Test (MIT) Metric ton Midstream: mmcfd Mooring buoy: Mud Natural gas O&G Offshore/Onshore: Oil field Oil Operator Permeability Petroleum Pig: Pile: Pipe-in-pipe: Platform Plug valve Porosity The volume of gas at atmospheric pressure produced per unit of oil produced. valve assembly with a gate operating to effect a closure A compound containing only the elements hydrogen and carbon. May exist as a solid, a liquid or a gas. The term is mainly used in a catch-all sense for oil, gas and condensate. Operation involving high pressure (higher than operational pressure) water being pumped into a pipeline to ensure that it is devoid of defects. A well used for pumping water or gas into the reservoir. Platform underside structure fixed to the seabed using piles. Mobile self-lifting unit comprising a hull and retractable legs, used for offshore drilling operations. A well is said to "kick" if the formation pressure exceeds the pressure exerted by the mud column. A barge that is specially equipped to lay submarine pipelines. Oilfield or naturally occurring gas, chiefly methane, liquefied for transportation. Light hydrocarbon material, gaseous at atmospheric temperature and pressure, held in the liquid state by pressure to facilitate storage, transport and handling. Commercial liquefied gas consists essentially of either propane or butane, or mixtures thereof. lowermost valve on the vertical bore of the christmas tree Million Barrels Oil Equivalent. The act of setting a packer or retrievable bridge plug above the perforations in a wellbore and applying pressure to the annulus in order to ensure soundness of the casing. Equivalent to 1000 kilos, 2204.61 lbs.; 7.5 barrels. Sector comprising all those activities relating to the construction and management of the oil transport infrastructure. Millions of cubic feet per day (of gas). Offshore mooring system. A mixture of base substance and additives used to lubricate the drill bit and to counteract the natural pressure of the formation. Gas, occurring naturally, and often found in association with crude petroleum. Oil and Gas. The term offshore indicates a portion of open sea and, by induction, the activities carried out in such area, while onshore refers to land operations. A geographic area under which an oil reservoir lies. A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons of different molecular weights. The company that has legal authority to drill wells and undertake the production of hydrocarbons that are found. The Operator is often part of a consortium and acts on behalf of this consortium. The property of a formation which quantifies the flow of a fluid through the pore spaces and into the wellbore. A generic name for hydrocarbons, including crude oil, natural gas liquids, natural gas and their products. Piece of equipment used to internally clean, scrape and survey a pipeline. Long and heavy steel pylon driven into the seabed; a system of piles is used as foundation for anchoring a fixed platform or other offshore structures. Subsea pipeline system comprising two coaxial pipes, used to transport hot fluids (oil & gas). The inner pipe transports the fluid whereas the outer pipe carries the insulating material necessary to reduce heat loss to the sea. The outer pipe also protects the pipeline from the water pressure. An offshore structure that is permanently fixed to the seabed. It is used to completely shut in the well. The percentage of void in a porous rock compared to the solid formation. 4

Those reserves which at present cannot be regarded as probable but are Possible reserves estimated to have a significant but less than 50% chance of being technically and economically producible. Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT)any heat treatment subsequent to welding, including stress relief Pre-drilling template: Support structure for a drilling platform. Those reserves which are not yet proven but which are estimated to have a Probable reserves better than 50% chance of being technically and economically producible. Proven field Proven reserves Pulling: An oil and/or gas field whose physical extent and estimated reserves have been determined. Those reserves which on the available evidence are virtually certain to be technically and economically producible (i.e. having a better than 90% chance of being produced). Minor operations on oil wells due to maintenance or marginal replacements. Rated working pressure Records Recoverable reserves Reenter Reservoir Rig: Riser (drilling) Riser (production) ROV (Remotely operated vehicle): Shut In Well Shutdown Sidetrack Sidetracking S-laying: Slug catcher: Spar: Spool: Spud-in Stress relief Stress-corrosion cracking Suspended well maximum internal pressure that the equipment is designed to contain and/or control NOTE Working pressure is not to be confused with test pressure. retrievable information That proportion of the oil and/gas in a reservoir that can be removed using currently available techniques. To enter a previously abandoned well. The underground formation where oil and gas has accumulated. It consists of a porous rock to hold the oil or gas, and a cap rock that prevents its escape. Drilling installation comprising the derrick, the drill deck, which supports the derrick, and ancillary installations that enable the descent, ascent and rotation of the drill unit as well as mud extraction. A pipe between a seabed BOP and a floating drilling rig. The section of pipework that joins a seabed wellhead to the Christmas tree. Unmanned vehicle, piloted and powered via umbilical, used for subsea surveys and operations. A well which is capable of producing but is not presently producing. Reasons for a well being shut in may be lack of equipment, market or other. A production hiatus during which the platform ceases to produce while essential maintenance work is undertaken. A wellbore segment extending from a wellbore intersection along a wellbore path to a different wellbore bottomhole from any previously existing wellbore bottomholes. The well activity of drilling a new wellbore segment from a wellbore intersection to a new wellbore bottomhole or target. Method of pipelaying that utilises the elastic properties afforded by steel, making the pipe configuration resemble an S, with one end on the seabed and the other under tension onboard the ship. This configuration is suited to medium to shallow-water laying. Equipment for the purification of gas. Floating production system, anchored to the seabed through a semi-rigid mooring system, comprising a vertical cylindrical hull supporting the platform structure. Connection between a subsea pipeline and the platform riser, or between the terminations of two pipelines. The operation of drilling the first part of a new well. controlled heating of material to a predetermined temperature for the purpose of reducing any residual stresses after welding cracking which results from a combination of corrosion and stress A well that has been capped off temporarily. 5

Template: Temporarily Abandoned Tendons: Tension leg platform (TLP): Test tool Tie-in: Toolpusher Topside: Trenching: Trunkline: Tubing Umbilical: Underwater safety valve Upstream/Downstream: Visual examination Welding neck flange Well log Wellhead: Wildcat well Workover Yield strength Rigid and modular subsea structure where the oilfield well-heads are located. The act of isolating the completed interval or intervals within a wellbore from the surface by means of a cement retainer, cast iron bridge plug, cement plug, tubing and packer with tubing plug, or any combination thereof. Pulling cables used on tension leg platforms used to ensure platform stability during operations. Fixed-type floating platform held in position by a system of tendons and anchored to ballast caissons located on the seabed. These platforms are used in ultra-deep waters. tool used to perform a pressure test Connection between a production line and a subsea wellhead or simply a connection between two pipeline sections. Second-in-command of a drilling crew under the drilling superintendent. Responsible for the day-to-day running of the rig and for ensuring that all the necessary equipment is available. Portion of platform above the jacket. Burying of offshore or onshore pipelines. Oil pipeline connecting large storage facilities to the production facilities, refineries and/or onshore terminals. pipe placed within a well to conduct fluid from the well's producing formation into the christmas tree or to conduct kill or treatment fluids in a well Flexible connecting sheath, containing flexible pipes and cables. automatic valve assembly (installed at an underwater wellhead location) which will close upon loss of power supply The term upstream relates to exploration and production operations. The term downstream relates to all those operations that follow exploration and production operations in the oil sector. examination of parts and equipment for visible defects in material and workmanship flange with a neck on the side opposite the sealing face prepared with a bevel to weld to corresponding pipe or A record of geological formation penetrated during drilling, including technical details of the operation. Fixed structure separating the well from the outside environment A well drilled in an unproven area. Also known as an "exploration well". [The term comes from exploration wells in West Texas in the 1920s. Wildcats were abundant in the locality, and those unlucky enough to be shot were hung from oil derricks.] Remedial work to the equipment within a well, the well pipework, or relating to attempts to increase the rate of flow. stress level, measured at room temperature, at which material plastically deforms and will not return to its original dimensions when the load is released Compiled by : G.Segurini - Expert Consultant, Kasetsart University - Sri Racha Campus. 2012 6