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Zootaxa 3753 (1): 010 024 www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Copyright 2014 Magnolia Press Article http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3753.1.2 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:fec1598d-a756-4786-a39f-d951f9d3ad8f ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) ZOOTAXA ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Revision of Chinese Dilaridae (Insecta: Neuroptera) (Part I): Species of the genus Dilar Rambur from northern China WEI ZHANG 1, XINGYUE LIU 1,5, HORST ASPÖCK 2 & ULRIKE ASPÖCK 3,4 1 Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China. E-mail: xingyue_liu@yahoo.com 2 Department of Medical Parasitology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1095 Vienna, Austria. E-mail: horst.aspoeck@meduniwien.ac.at 3 Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Zweite Zoologische Abteilung, Burgring 7, A-1010 Vienna, Austria. E-mail: ulrike.aspoeck@nhm-wien.ac.at 4 Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. E-mail: ulrike.aspoeck@univie.ac.at 5 Corresponding author. E-mail: xingyue_liu@yahoo.com Abstract The pleasing lacewing genus Dilar Rambur is a dominant group of the family Dilaridae in Asia and is diverse in China with 18 described species. Herein we record five species of Dilar. Three species, i.e. Dilar hastatus sp.nov., Dilar spectabilis sp.nov. and Dilar taibaishanus sp.nov. are described as new to science. Dilar sinicus Nakahara and Dilar septentrionalis Navás are also redescribed. A key to the species of Dilar from northern China is given. Key word: Dilaridae, Dilar, new species, China Introduction Dilaridae (pleasing lacewing) is one of the smallest families in the holometabolous order Neuroptera and can be readily recognized by the pectinate male antennae, the strongly elongate ovipositor, and the presence of three prominent tubercles on the vertex (Aspöck et al. 1980; New 1989; Oswald 1998). Hitherto, there are 78 valid species of Dilaridae in the world, sorted in five genera of two subfamilies, i.e. Dilarinae (only occur in the Old World) and Nallachiinae (mainly occur in the New World, with two species recorded from Vietnam and South Africa) (Engel 1999; Monserrat 1988, 1989, 2005; Oswald 1998, 2013). The genus Dilar Rambur, 1838 belongs to the subfamily Dilarinae and is a dominant group in Asia, Europe, and northern Africa, with 50 described species (Oswald 1998; Oswald & Schiff 2001; Yang 1992, 1999, 2001; Aspöck et al. 2001). The adults of Dilar are characterized by the male antennae with more than three distal segments without branches, MA vein arising prior to the separation between R and Rs in the forewing, and the narrow subcostal area having several crossveins. The fauna of Dilar is diverse in China with 18 described species (Nakahara 1957; Yang 1986, 1987, 1988, 1992, 1999, 2001). However, most Chinese species of Dilar were described based on external morphology but not genitalic characters which are very crucial to the specific identification. The Chinese insect fauna is generally divided into the northern and southern parts, which representatively belongs to the Palaearctic and Oriental realms, by the Qinling mountain range and Huai river (Zhang 1999). Recent studies on the taxonomy of Chinese Dilar were mainly focused on the species from southern China (Yang 1986, 1987, 1988, 1992, 1999, 2001), while the fauna of Dilar from northern China is little known with only two poorly described species (Nakahara 1957; Monserrat 1988). Herein we record five species of Dilar from northern China, including three new species. All five species are described or redescribed. A key to the species of Dilar from northern China is given. 10 Accepted by B. Price: 8 Nov. 2013; published: 3 Jan. 2014

Material and methods Specimens for the present study are deposited in the Entomological Museum of China Agricultural University (CAU), Beijing, and the H. & U. Aspöck collection, Vienna (HUAC). Genitalic preparations were made by clearing the apex of the abdomen in a cold, saturated KOH solution for 3 4 h. After rinsing the KOH with acetic acid and water, the apex of the abdomen was transferred to glycerin for further dissection and examination. Habitus photos of adults were taken by using Nikon D90 digital camera with Nikon MICRO NIKKOR 105 mm lens, and the genitalic figures were made by hand drawing under Motic SMZ168 stereo microscope. The terminology of the genitalia generally follows Aspöck and Aspöck (2008) and partly Oswald and Schiff (2001). Taxonomy Genus Dilar Rambur Dilar Rambur, 1838: 9. Type species: Dilar nevadensis Rambur, 1838 (monotypy). Cladocera Hagen, 1860: 56. Nomen nudum. Lidar Navás, 1909: 153. Type species: Dilar meridionalis Hagen, 1866: 295, original designation. Fuentenus Navás, 1909: 154. Type species: Dilar campestris Navás, 1903: 380, original designation. Rexavius Navás, 1909: 664. Type species: Dilar nietneri Hagen, 1858: 482, subsequent designation by Navás, 1914: 10. Didar Navás, 1913: 6. An incorrect subsequent spelling of Dilar. Lider Kuwayama, 1962: 376. An incorrect subsequent spelling of Lidar. Diagnosis. Male antennae pectinate, except 2 proximal and more than 3 distal simple ones, branch of 1st flagellomere short, with only one dentate process. Wings broad, generally with numerous dark markings; costal area broad with crossveins simple except several ones forked; subcostal area obviously narrower than costal area, having several crossveins; more than 5 crossveins between R and Rs, MA fused with R at wing base, proximally with no crossvein connecting to MP, and arising from R prior to separation between R and Rs; MP with 2 main branches; nygmata present; trichosors present along wing margin. Distribution. This genus ranges from northern Africa, through Europe, to Asia, and is recorded in the following countries: Afghanistan, Algeria, China, France, Greece, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Vietnam. Key to males of Dilar from northern China 1. Wings (Fig. 4) slightly darkened; forewing with dark markings expanded or fused with each other; male with ninth gonocoxite slightly longer than tenth gonocoxite..................................................... D. spectabilis sp.nov. - Wings transparent; forewing with dense small dark markings, which are mostly isolated with each other; male with ninth gonocoxite much shorter than tenth gonocoxite................................................................. 2 2. Mesoscutellum pale with anterior half brown; male with ninth gonocoxite moderately inflated......................... 3 - Mesoscutellum pale with posterior half brown; male with ninth gonocoxite strongly inflated..........................4 3. Male (Fig. 18) with ninth gonocoxite rather short and subtriangular...............................d. sinicus Nakahara - Male (Fig. 6) with ninth gonocoxite slenderly elongate......................................... D. hastatus sp.nov. 4. Male (Fig. 30) with ninth gonocoxite bifurcated posteriorly...................................d. taibaishanus sp.nov. - Male (Fig. 12) with ninth gonocoxite simply unguiform posteriorly............................ D. septentrionalis Navás Dilar hastatus sp.nov. (Figs. 1, 6 11) Diagnosis. The males of this species are characterized by the marking pattern of mesonotum with a brown marking on anterior half of scutellum and a pair of dark brown oblique stripes laterally, the forewings with dense small dark markings, and the male gonarcus/ninth gonocoxite complex with tenth gonocoxite slenderly elongate (nearly 2.0 DILAR FROM NORTHERN CHINA Zootaxa 3753 (1) 2014 Magnolia Press 11

times as long as ninth gonocoxite). The females of this species are characterized by basal part of bursa copulatrix with a transverse sclerotized area, which is slightly projected medially. Description. Male. Body length 5.3 6.2 mm; forewing length 11.9 12.3 mm, hindwing length 9.5 10.2 mm. Head (Fig. 1) pale yellowish brown, with pale yellow setose tubercles. Compound eyes blackish brown. Antenna with ca. 29 segments, pale yellowish brown, pedicel with brown annular stripes, flagellum unipectinate on most flagellomeres, medial branches much longer than those on both ends, longest branch nearly 4.0 times as long as relevant flagellomere, but branch of 1st flagellomere short and dentate, distal six flagellomeres simple. FIGURES 1 5. Adults of Dilar spp. 1. D. hastatus sp.nov., male holotype; 2. D. septentrionalis Navás, male; 3. D. sinicus Nakahara, male; 4. D. spectabilis sp.nov., male holotype; 5. D. taibaishanus sp.nov., male holotype. Scale bars: 1.0 mm. Prothorax (Fig. 1) pale yellow, pronotum pale brown, with anterior margin and posterolateral corners yellow, medially with a pair of ovoid markings; mesothorax pale yellowish brown, mesonotum dark brown on anterior and lateral margins, scutellum with anterior half brown, laterally with a pair of dark brown oblique stripes; metanotum pale yellowish brown, slight darker on lateral margins. Legs pale yellowish brown, femora blackish brown at tip. Wings (Fig. 1) hyaline, slightly smoky brown, with numerous dark spots. Forewing ~2.4 times as long as wide, densely spotted, proximal spots slightly darker, arranging as transversely arcuate pattern, an immaculate area present distal to median nygma; three nygmata present on proximal and median portion of forewing, median one much larger than rest two near wing base. Hindwing ~2.6 times as long as wide, slightly paler than forewing, with similar marking pattern; one nygma present at middle. Veins pale yellow, crossveins much paler than longitudinal veins. Forewing with trichosors present along wing margin between R and CuP; costal crossveins simple, but occasionally forked; Sc just touching R in pterostigmatic region, terminally leaving several weak veinlets; Rs with 12 Zootaxa 3753 (1) 2014 Magnolia Press ZHANG ET AL.

FIGURES 6 11. Dilar hastatus sp.nov. 6. Male genitalia, dorsal view; 7. Male genitalia, ventral view; 8. Male genitalia, lateral view; 9. Male ectoproct, caudal view; 10. Female genitalia, lateral view; 11. Female genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. DILAR FROM NORTHERN CHINA Zootaxa 3753 (1) 2014 Magnolia Press 13

four or five main branches; MA fused with R at wing base, proximally with no crossvein connecting to MP; MP with two main branches; two gradate crossveins present at middle, inconspicuous due to pale coloration. Hindwing with trichosors present along wing margin between R and CuA; Rs with four main branches. Abdomen yellow, pregenital segments dorsally pale yellowish brown. Ninth tergite (Fig. 6) in dorsal view with a nearly truncate or arcuate anterior incision and a deeply V-shaped posterior incision, leaving rather narrow median portion and a pair of subtriangular hemitergites, which are obtuse distally and densely haired; in lateral view broad, with straight ventral margin and arcuate posterior margin. Ninth sternite (Fig. 7) obviously shorter than ninth tergite, arcuately convex posteriad. Ectoproct (Figs. 6, 9) in dorsal view nearly trapezoidal, posterodorsally with a pair of short and flattened projections, which are serrate at tip, posteroventrally with a pair of bifid unguiform projections and a pair of short, feebly sclerotized, digitiform projections. Gonarcus/ninth gonocoxite complex (Fig. 6) comprising two pairs of long sclerites (i.e. ninth and tenth gonocoxites) and a transversely narrow sclerite (i.e. gonarcus = eleventh gonocixites); ninth gonocoxite slenderly elongate, with anterior half broadly spoon-shaped and with posterior half slightly incurved and unguiform at tip; tenth gonocoxite slenderly elongate, nearly 2.0 times as long as ninth gonocoxite, with slightly incurved and acutely pointed base and with spinous tip; gonarcus slenderly beam-shaped, laterally connecting to bases of ninth gonocoxites. Hypandrium internum (Fig. 7) narrowly trapezoidal, with lateral margins slightly arcuate. Female. Body length 5.7 6.6 mm; forewing length 11.5 12.6 mm, hindwing length 9.4 10.6 mm. Seventh sternite (Fig. 10) in lateral view nearly subquadrate, in ventral view subquadrate, with truncate posterior margin. Eighth abdominal segment without subgenitale. Bursa copulatrix (Fig. 10) with colleterial gland tubular, relatively short, with distal half slightly inflated; basal part of bursa copulatrix (Fig. 10 11) sac-like in lateral view but subtrapezoidal in ventral view, anterior portion broadened with a transverse sclerotized area, which is slightly projected medially. Ectoproct (Fig. 10) rather small, ovoid. Type materials. Holotype, CHINA: Hebei Province, Zhuolu, Yangjiaping [39 58'N, 115 23'E], 3.VII.2005, Xingyue Liu (CAU). Paratypes 3, CHINA: Beijing, Mentougou, Xiaolongmen [35 06'N, 115 09'E], 1300m, 12.VII.2005, Bingzhen Yan (CAU); 2 1, CHINA: Beijing, Mentougou, Xiaolongmen, 1250m, 9.VII.2011, Horst & Ulrike Aspöck (1 1 in HUAC and 1 in CAU); 5, CHINA: Beijing, Mentougou, Xiaolongmen, 1300m, 25.VI.2012, Xuankun Li (CAU); 4, CHINA: Beijing, Mentougou, Xiaolongmen, 1200m, 23.VI.2012, Xuankun Li (CAU); 1, CHINA: Hebei Province, Huailai [40 24'N, 115 30'E], 16.VI.1930 (CAU). Distribution. China (Beijing, Hebei). Etymology. The specific epithet hastatus (= spear carrier) refers to the slenderly elongate and terminally acute male tenth gonocoxites in the new species. It is a noun in the nominative case masculine singular being an apposition to the genus name. Remarks. The new species appears to be closely related with D. sinicus Nakahara in having similar marking pattern on mesonotum and male genitalia with elongate tenth gonocoxite, which is feebly curved anteriorly, but it can be distinguished from the latter species by the male gonarcus/ninth gonocoxite complex with tenth gonocoxite nearly 2.0 times as long as ninth gonocoxite. In D. sinicus Nakahara, the tenth gonocoxite is more than 3.0 times as long as ninth gonocoxite. Dilar septentrionalis Navás (Figs. 2, 12 17) Dilar septentrionalis Navás, 1912: 420. Type locality: Russia (Vladivostok). Diagnosis. The males of this species are characterized by the marking pattern of mesonotum with a brown marking on posterior half of scutellum, the forewings with dense small dark markings, and the male gonarcus/ninth gonocoxite complex with anteriorly strongly inflated ninth gonocoxite and elongate, anteriorly angulately curved tenth gonocoxite. The females of this species are characterized by the basal part of bursa copulatrix, which presents as a ventrally curved sac in lateral view and ovoid in ventral view, posteriorly slightly sclerotized on ventral portion. Description. Male. Body length 4.0 5.6 mm; forewing length 8.1 8.9 mm, hindwing length 6.9 7.8 mm. 14 Zootaxa 3753 (1) 2014 Magnolia Press ZHANG ET AL.

FIGURES 12 17. Dilar septentrionalis Navás. 12. Male genitalia, dorsal view; 13. Male genitalia, ventral view; 14. Male genitalia, lateral view; 15. Male ectoproct, caudal view; 16. Female genitalia, lateral view; 17. Female genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. DILAR FROM NORTHERN CHINA Zootaxa 3753 (1) 2014 Magnolia Press 15

Head (Fig. 2) pale yellowish brown, with pale yellow setose tubercles, median tubercle subtriangular and margined brown. Compound eyes blackish brown. Antenna with ca. 27 segments, pale yellowish brown, flagellum unipectinate on most flagellomeres, medial branches much longer than those on both ends, longest branch nearly 5.0 times as long as relevant flagellomere, but branch of 1st flagellomere short and dentate, last six flagellomeres simple. Thorax (Fig. 2) pale yellow; mesonotum dark brown on anterior and lateral margins, scutellum with posterior half brown; metanotum slightly darker on lateral margins, scutellum with posterior half brown. Legs pale yellowish brown, femora blackish brown at tip. Wings (Fig. 2) hyaline, slightly smoky brown, with numerous dark spots. Forewing ~2.0 times as long as wide, densely spotted, proximal spots slightly darker, arranging as transversely arcuate pattern, a immaculate area present distal to median nygma; two nygmata present on proximal and median portion of forewing, median one much larger than that near wing base. Hindwing ~2.0 times as long as wide, slightly paler than forewing, with similar marking pattern; one nygma present at middle. Veins pale yellow, crossveins much paler than longitudinal veins. Forewing with trichosors present along wing margin between R and CuP; costal crossveins simple, but occasionally forked; Sc terminally leaving several weak veinlets; Rs with four main branches; MA fused with R at wing base, proximally with no crossvein connecting to MP; MP with two main branches; two gradate crossveins present at middle, inconspicuous due to pale coloration. Hindwing with trichosors present along wing margin between R and CuP; Rs with five main branches. Abdomen yellow, pregenital segments dorsally pale yellowish brown. Ninth tergite (Fig. 12) in dorsal view with a V-shaped anterior incision and an arched posterior incision, leaving a pair of subtrapezoidal hemitergites, which are obtuse distally and densely haired; in lateral view broad, with truncate ventral margin and arcuately convex posterior margin. Ninth sternite (Fig. 13) much shorter than ninth tergite, slightly arcuately convex posteriad. Ectoproct in dorsal view (Figs. 12, 15) suboblong, posterodorsally with a pair of short and flattened projections, posteroventrally with a pair of bifid unguiform projections, a pair of short, feebly sclerotized, digitiform projections, and a strong sclerotized median projection, which is curved posteroventrally and bifid at tip. Gonarcus/ninth gonocoxite complex (Fig. 12) comprising two pairs of long sclerites (i.e. ninth and tenth gonocoxites) and a transversely narrow sclerite (i.e. gonarcus = eleventh gonocoxites); ninth gonocoxite in dorsal view broad on proximal half, with distal half strongly narrowed and curved posteroventrally, with unguiform tip; tenth gonocoxite slenderly elongate, much longer than ninth gonocoxite, angulately curved anteriorly, connecting to gonarcus, with spinous tip; gonarcus slenderly beam-shaped, which is V-shaped, with bifid tip connecting to base of ninth gonocoxites. Hypandrium internum (Fig. 13) subtriangular, with lateral margins slightly arcuate. Female. Body length 5.4 6.2 mm; forewing length 10.9 12.3 mm, hindwing length 9.1 10.5 mm. Seventh sternite (Fig. 16) in lateral view subtrapezoidal, in ventral view subquadrate, with truncate posterior margin. Eighth abdominal segment with subgenitale absent. Bursa copulatrix (Fig. 16) with colleterial gland tubular and elongate, strongly curved distally; basal part of bursa copulatrix (Fig. 16 17) presents as a ventrally curved sac in lateral view and ovoid in ventral view, posteriorly slightly sclerotized on ventral portion; bursal accessory gland not observed. Ectoproct (Fig. 16) rather small, ovoid. Materials examined. 1 1, CHINA: Liaoning Province, Xinbin [41 14 N, 124 15 E], 714m, 5.VIII.2009, Maoling Sheng (CAU); 1, CHINA: Liaoning Province, Huanren [41 15 N, 125 21 E], 24.VII.2009; 3, CHINA: Liaoning Province, Kuandian Mt.tianhuashan [40 43 N, 124 46 E], 380m, 12.VII.2009, Junchao Wang (CAU); 1, CHINA: Jilin Province, Jiaohe, Mt. Lafashan [43 42 N, 127 12 E], 20.VII.1990, Chikun Yang (CAU). Distribution. China (Jilin, Liaoning); Korea; Russia Far East. Remarks. See Remarks under D. taibaishanus sp.nov. Dilar sinicus Nakahara (Figs. 3, 18 23) Dilar sinicus Nakahara, 1957: 31. Type locality: China (Shanxi: Henglingkuan and Wangmaochen). Diagnosis. The males of this species are characterized by the marking pattern of mesonotum with a brown marking on anterior half of scutellum and a pair of dark brown oblique stripes laterally, the forewings with dense small dark markings, and the male gonarcus/ninth gonocoxite complex with rather short ninth gonocoxites (shorter than 1/3 length of tenth gonocoxite) and slenderly elongate tenth gonocoxites. The females of this species are characterized by the basal part of bursa copulatrix with a transverse sclerotized area, which is slightly projected medially. 16 Zootaxa 3753 (1) 2014 Magnolia Press ZHANG ET AL.

Description. Male. Body length 4.1 6.2 mm; forewing length 8.4 11.1 mm, hindwing length 7.2 9.5 mm. Head (Fig. 3) yellowish brown, with pale yellow setose tubercles. Compound eyes black. Antenna with ca. 27 segments, pale yellowish brown; flagellum unipectinate on most flagellomeres, medial branches much longer than those on both ends, longest branch nearly 3.0 times as long as relevant flagellomere, but branch of 1st flagellomere short and dentate, last seven flagellomeres simple. Thorax (Fig. 3) pale yellowish brown; pronotum nearly hexagonal, with anterior margin and posterolateral corners yellow, medially with a pair of ovoid markings; mesonotum dark brown on anterior and lateral margins, with a brown marking on anterior half of scutellum, and with a pair of dark brown oblique stripes lateral to scutellum; metanotum slight darker on lateral margins. Legs pale yellowish brown, with femora blackish brown at tip. Wings (Fig. 3) pale yellow, nearly hyaline, with numerous dark spots. Forewing ~2.2 times as long as wide, densely spotted, proximal spots slightly darker, arranging as transversely arcuate pattern, a immaculate area present distal to median nygma; three nygmata present on proximal and median portion, median one much larger than rest two near wing base. Hindwing ~2.0 times as long as wide, slightly paler than forewing, with similar marking pattern; one nygma present at middle. Veins pale yellow, crossveins much paler than longitudinal veins. Forewing with trichosors present along wing margin between R and CuA; costal crossveins simple, but occasionally forked; Sc terminally leaving several weak veinlets; Rs with four or five main branches; MA fused with R at wing base, proximally with no crossvein connecting to MP; MP with two main branches; two gradate crossveins present at middle, inconspicuous due to pale coloration. Hindwing with trichosors present along wing margin between R and CuA; Rs with three to five main branches. Abdomen yellow, pregenital segments dorsally pale yellowish brown. Ninth tergite (Fig. 18) in dorsal view shallowly incised anteriorly and posteriorly with a deeply V-shaped incision, leaving a pair of subtriangular hemitergites, which are obtuse distally and densely haired; in lateral view broad, with nearly truncate ventral margin and arcuately convex posterior margin. Ninth sternite (Fig. 19) much shorter than ninth tergite, arcuately convex posteriad in ventral view. Ectoproct (Figs. 18, 21) in dorsal view nearly trapezoidal, with slightly arcuate anterolateral margins, posterodorsally with a pair of short and flattened projections, posteroventrally with a pair of bifid unguiform projections and a pair of short, feebly sclerotized, digitiform projections. Gonarcus/ninth gonocoxite complex (Fig. 18) comprising two pairs of sclerites (i.e. ninth and tenth gonocoxites) and a transversely narrow sclerite (i.e. gonarcus = eleventh gonocoxites); ninth gonocoxite rather short, proximally broad, with acutely pointed tip; tenth gonocoxite slenderly elongate, more than 3.0 times as long as ninth gonocoxite, with slightly incurved and acutely pointed base, and with spinous tip; gonarcus slenderly beam-shaped, and feebly arcuate, laterally connecting to bases of ninth gonocoxites. Hypandrium internum (Fig. 19) subtriangular. Female. Body length 4.0 mm; forewing length 8.9 mm, hindwing length 8.2 mm. Seventh sternite (Fig. 22) in lateral view subquadrate, in ventral view with truncate posterior margin. Eighth abdominal segment with subgenitale absent. Bursa copulatrix (Fig. 22) with colleterial gland tubular and elongate, strongly curved and distinctly inflated distally; basal part of bursa copulatrix (Fig. 23) subtrapezoidal in ventral view, anterodorsal portion with a transverse sclerotized area, which is slightly projected medially; bursal accessory gland (Fig. 23) paired, slenderly tubular, distinctly incurved, with acutely pointed tip. Ectoproct (Fig. 22) rather small, ovoid. Materials examined. 1, CHINA: Hebei Province, Yuxian, Mt. Xiaowutaishan, Jinhekou [39 50'N, 114 47'E], 1.VII.2004, Xingyue Liu (CAU); 1, CHINA: Gansu Province, Dangchang [33 46'N, 104 01'E], 23.VII.1980, Renjian Luo (CAU); 1,CHINA: Neimenggu Autonomous Region, Mt. Helanshan, Shuimogou [38 54'N, 105 58'E], 5.VIII.2012, Yanlin Tian (CAU); 1,CHINA: Shaanxi Province, Ganquan, Qingquangou [36 28'N, 109 35'E], 25.V.1971, Chikun Yang (CAU); 1,CHINA: Shaanxi Province, Mt. Huashan, Qingkeping [34 49'N, 110 09'E], 19.VI.1956, Chikun Yang (CAU); 1, CHINA: Shaanxi Province, Yan-an [35 21 N, 107 41 E], 27.VI.1973, Jinghui Luo (CAU); 1, CHINA: Shaanxi Province, Dingbian [36 49'N, 107 15'E], 10.VIII.1976, Chou Tian (CAU); 1, CHINA: Shanxi Province, Xixian [36 30 N, 110 55'E], 23.VI.1916 (CAU); 1, CHINA: Shanxi Province, Daning [36 16 N, 110 27 E], 10.VI.1916 (CAU). Distribution. China (Gansu, Hebei, Neimenggu, Shaanxi, Shanxi). Remarks. See Remarks under D. hastatus sp.nov. DILAR FROM NORTHERN CHINA Zootaxa 3753 (1) 2014 Magnolia Press 17

FIGURES 18 23. Dilar sinicus Nakahara. 18. Male genitalia, dorsal view; 19. Male genitalia, ventral view; 20. Male genitalia, lateral view; 21. Male ectoproct, caudal view; 22. Female genitalia, lateral view; 23. Female genitalia, ventral view. ag: bursal accessory gland; cg: colleterial gland; e: ectoproct; g: gonarcus = eleventh gonocoxites; gx9: ninth gonocoxite; gx10: tenth gonocoxite; hi: hypandrium internum; sb: sclerite at the basal part of the bursa copulatrix; S7 9: sternite 7 9; T7 9: tergite 7 9. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. 18 Zootaxa 3753 (1) 2014 Magnolia Press ZHANG ET AL.

Dilar spectabilis sp.nov. (Figs. 4, 24 29) Diagnosis. The males of this species are characterized by the forewings with dark markings mostly expanded and fused with each other and the male gonarcus/ninth gonocoxite complex with strongly incurved ninth gonocoxites and slender, short tenth gonocoxites. The females of this species are characterized by the basal part of bursa copulatrix ovoid, anteriorly strongly narrowed, with posterior half laterally prominent angulately and possessing a pair of sclerotized strips. Description. Male. Body length 5.0 6.1 mm; forewing length 7.6 8.2 mm, hindwing length 6.6 7.3 mm. Head (Fig. 4) dark yellowish brown; with pale yellow setose tubercles, median tubercle slightly larger than posterolateral ones. Compound eyes blackish brown. Antenna with ca. 24 segments, pale yellow, blackish brown on base of each flagellomere, pedicel with brown annular stripes, flagellum unipectinate on most flagellomeres, medial branches much longer than those on both ends, longest branch nearly 3.0 times as long as relevant flagellomere; branch on 1st flagellomere short and dentate, distal seven flagellomeres simple. Thorax (Fig. 4) yellowish brown; pronotum with anterior margin and posterolateral corners pale yellow, medially with a pair of yellowish ovoid markings; mesonotum mostly dark brown, medially with a pair of oblique yellow stripes, scutellum with posterior half much darker; metanotum similarly patterned with mesonotum, but slightly paler. Legs pale yellowish brown, femora blackish brown at tip. Wings (Fig. 4) dark smoky brown, with numerous broad dark markings. Forewing ~2.3 times as long as wide, densely spotted, with markings on costal area and proximal half much darker; most markings expanded and fused with each other, generally arranging into several arcuate transverse bands, a broad marking present on median nygmata and an immaculate area present distal to median nygmata; 2 4 nygmata present on proximal and median portions, median ones much larger than proximal ones. Hindwing ~2.4 times as long as wide, slightly paler than forewing, with similar marking pattern; one nygma present at middle. Veins pale yellow, crossveins much paler than longitudinal veins. Forewing with trichosors present along wing margin between R and CuA; costal crossveins simple, but occasionally forked; Sc terminally leaving several weak veinlets; Rs with 4 5 main branches; MA fused with R at wing base, proximally with a crossvein connecting to MP; MP with two main branches. Hindwing with trichosors present along wing margin between R and CuA; Rs with 4 5 main branches. Abdomen pale yellow, pregenital segments dorsally pale yellowish brown. Ninth tergite (Fig. 24) in dorsal view with a shallowly arcuate anterior incision and a deeply V-shaped posterior incision, leaving a pair of subtriangular hemitergites, which are obtuse distally and densely haired; in lateral view broad, with sinuate ventral margin and arcuate posterior margin. Ninth sternite (Fig. 25) obviously shorter than ninth tergite, arcuately convex posteriad. Ectoproct (Figs. 24, 27) in dorsal view nearly trapezoidal, medially with a pair of unguiform projections on dorsal surface, posteroventrally membranous, slightly incised distad, with a pair of bifid unguiform projections and a pair of short, feebly sclerotized, digitiform projections. Gonarcus/ninth gonocoxite complex (Fig. 24) comprising two pairs of long sclerites (i.e. ninth and tenth gonocoxites) and a transversely narrow sclerite (i.e. gonarcus = eleventh gonocoxites); ninth gonocoxite strongly inflated on proximal half, but rather narrowed and incurved posteroventrad, with unguiform tip; tenth gonocoxite slenderly elongate, but slightly shorter than ninth gonocoxite, with spinous tip, proximally connecting to gonarcus, subdistally with a subtriangular lobe connecting to ninth gonocoxite; gonarcus slenderly beam-shaped, laterally connecting to bases of ninth gonocoxites. Hypandrium internum (Fig. 25) narrowly trapezoidal. Female. Body length 6.0 6.7 mm; forewing length 10.6 11.8 mm, hindwing length 9.2 10.7 mm. Seventh sternite (Fig. 28) in lateral view subquadrate, in ventral view subquadrate, with nearly truncate posterior margin. Eighth abdominal segment ventrally without subgenitale. Bursa copulatrix (Fig. 28) with colleterial gland tubular and elongate, strongly sinuate medially; basal part of bursa copulatrix (Figs. 28 29) ovoid in lateral view, with apex strongly narrowed, which is obvious in ventral view, posterior half laterally prominent angulately, and with a pair of sclerotized strips; bursal accessory gland not observed. Ectoproct (Fig. 28) rather small, ovoid. Type materials. Holotype, CHINA: Ningxia Autonomous Region, Mt. Liupanshan, Xiaonanchuan [35 29 N, 106 20 E], 2040m, 27.VII.2012, Yang Zhao (CAU). Paratypes 1, CHINA: Ningxia Autonomous Region, Mt. Liupanshan, Erlonghe [35 29 N, 106 20 E], 29.VII.2012, Yang Zhao (CAU); 1, CHINA: Gansu Province, Pingliang, Mt. Kongdongshan [34 54'N, 108 30'E], 29.VII.1992, Fasheng Li (CAU); 1, CHINA: Gansu DILAR FROM NORTHERN CHINA Zootaxa 3753 (1) 2014 Magnolia Press 19

FIGURES 24 29. Dilar spectabilis sp.nov. 24. Male genitalia, dorsal view; 25. Male genitalia, ventral view; 26. Male genitalia, lateral view; 27. Male ectoproct, caudal view. 28. Female genitalia, lateral view; 29. Female genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. 20 Zootaxa 3753 (1) 2014 Magnolia Press ZHANG ET AL.

Province, Dangchang, [34 02'N, 104 23'E], 15.VII.1980, Renjian Luo (CAU); 1, CHINA: Shaanxi Province, Mt. Taibaishan, Dadian [33 59 N, 107 39 E], 26.VII.1956, Yao Zhou (CAU); 1, CHINA: Shaanxi Province, Mt. Taibaishan, Haopingsi [33 59 N, 107 39 E], 20.VII.1956, Yao Zhou (CAU); 1, CHINA: Shaanxi Province, Mt. Taibaishan, Zhongshansi [33 59 N, 107 39 E], 1500m, 17.VII.1982, Jingruo Zhou & Lan Liu (CAU); 1, CHINA: Shaanxi Province, Foping, Longcaoping [33 16 N, 109 41 E], 16.VII.1985, Fasheng Li (CAU); 1, CHINA: Henan Province, Luanchuan, Longyuwan [33 47 N, 111 36 E], 12.VII.1996, Ji-en Xu (CAU). Distribution. China (Gansu, Henan, Ningxia, Shaanxi). Etymology. The specific epithet spectabilis refers to the remarkable appearance (i.e. dark wings with largely expanded brown markings) of the new species. It is an adjective in the nominative masculine singular. Remarks. This species can be distinguished from the other Dilar species from northern China by the dark wings with largely expanded markings on the forewings and by the male gonarcus/ninth gonocoxite complex with ninth gonocoxite longer than tenth gonocoxite. In the other four Dilar species from northern China, the wings are transparent with rather small and isolated dark markings, and the male gonarcus/ninth gonocoxite complex has the ninth gonocoxite shorter than tenth gonocoxite. Dilar taibaishanus sp.nov. (Figs. 5, 30 33) Diagnosis. This species is characterized by the marking pattern of mesonotum with a brown marking on posterior half of scutellum, the forewings with dense small dark markings, and the male gonarcus/ninth gonocoxite complex with ninth gonocoxite much shorter than tenth gonocoxite and bifurcated distad. Description. Male. Body length 4.1 mm; forewing length 8.2 mm, hindwing length 6.9 mm. Head (Fig. 5) yellowish brown, with pale yellow setose tubercles. Compound eyes blackish brown. Antenna (partly damamged in holotype) pale yellowish brown, flagellum unipectinate on most flagellomeres, medial branches much longer than those on both ends, longest branch nearly 4.0 times as long as relevant flagellomere, but branch of 1st flagellomere short and dentate. Thorax (Fig. 5) yellowish brown; pronotum dark brown, medially with a pair of ovoid markings; mesonotum dark brown on anterior and lateral margins; metanotum slightly darker on lateral margins. Legs pale yellowish brown, femora blackish brown at tip. Wings (Fig. 5) hyaline, slightly pale yellowish brown, with numerous brownish spots. Forewing ~3.0 times as long as wide, densely spotted, proximal spots slightly darker, arranging as transversely arcuate pattern, an immaculate area present distal to median nygma; three nygmata present on proximal and median portions, median one much larger than rest two near wing base. Hindwing ~2.4 times as long as wide, slightly paler than forewing, with similar marking pattern; one nygma present at middle. Veins pale yellow, crossveins much paler than longitudinal veins. Forewing with trichosors present along wing margin between R and CuP; costal crossveins simple, but occasionally forked; Sc terminally leaving several weak veinlets; Rs with four main branches; MA fused with R at wing base, proximally with no crossvein connecting to MP; MP with two main branches; two gradate crossveins present at middle. Hindwing with trichosors present along wing margin between R and CuP; Rs with three main branches. Abdomen yellow, pregenital segments dorsally pale yellowish brown. Ninth tergite (Fig. 30) in dorsal view with an arcuate anterior incision and a deeply V-shaped posterior incision, leaving rather narrow median portion and a pair of subtriangular hemitergites, which are obtuse distally and densely haired; in lateral view broad, with straight ventral margin and arcuate posterior margin. Ninth sternite (Fig. 31) obviously shorter than ninth tergite, arcuately convex posteriad. Ectoproct (Figs. 30, 33) in dorsal view nearly semicircular, posterodorsally with a pair of short and flattened projections, which are serrate at tip, posteroventrally with a pair of bifid unguiform projections and a pair of short, feebly sclerotized, digitiform projections. Gonarcus/ninth gonocoxite complex (Fig. 30) comprising two pairs of long sclerites (i.e. ninth and tenth gonocoxites) and a transversely narrow sclerite (i.e. gonarcus = eleventh gonocoxites); ninth gonocoxite strongly inflated on proximal half and distinctly narrowed and bifurcated on distal half; tenth gonocoxite slenderly elongate, much longer than ninth gonocoxite, inflated anteriorly, with hook-like tip; gonarcus beam-shaped, expanded on both ends, laterally connecting to bases of ninth gonocoxites. Hypandrium internum (Fig. 31) trapezoidal, with lateral margins slightly arcuate. DILAR FROM NORTHERN CHINA Zootaxa 3753 (1) 2014 Magnolia Press 21

FIGURES 30 33. Dilar taibaishanus sp.nov. 30. Male genitalia, dorsal view; 31. Male genitalia, ventral view; 32. Male genitalia, lateral view; 33. Male ectoproct, caudal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. Female. Unknown. Type material. Holotype, CHINA: Shaanxi Province, Mt. Taibaishan, Haopingsi [33 59 N, 107 39 E], 18.VII.1982, Jingruo Zhou & Lan Liu (CAU). Distribution. China (Shaanxi). Etymology. The specific epithet taibaishanus refers to the type locality, i.e. Mt. Taibaishan, Shaanxi Province, China, of the new species. It is an adjective in the nominative masculine singular. Remarks. The new species appears to be closely related with D. septentrionalis Navás in having similar wing marking patterns and male genitalia with elongate tenth gonocoxite, which is angulately curved anteriorly, and with ninth gonocoxite inflated on proximal half, but it can be distinguished from the latter species by the male gonarcus/ ninth gonocoxite complex with ninth gonocoxite bifurcated posteriorly. In D. taibaishanus sp.nov. the ninth gonocoxite is simply unguiform posteriorly. 22 Zootaxa 3753 (1) 2014 Magnolia Press ZHANG ET AL.

FIGURE 34. Geographic distribution of the species of Dilar group. : D. hastatus sp.nov.; : Dilar septentrionalis Navás; : Dilar sinicus Nakahara; : D. spectabilis sp.nov.; ʔ : D. taibaishanus sp.nov. Acknowledgements We thank all colleagues who collected the valuable specimens studied in this paper. This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31322051 and 31320103902), the National Key Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (No. 2013CB127601), and the Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of PR China (No. 201178). References Aspöck, H., Aspöck, U. & Hölzel, H. (unter Mitarbeit von H. Rausch) (1980) Die Neuropteren Europas. Goecke und Evers, Krefeld, 495 pp & 355 pp. Aspöck, H., Hölzel, H. & Aspöck, U. (2001) Kommentierter Katalog der Neuropterida (Insecta: Raphidioptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera) der Westpaläarktis. Denisia, 2, 1 606. Aspöck, U. & Aspöck, H. (2008) Phylogenetic relevance of the genital sclerites of Neuropterida (Insecta: Holometabola). Systematic Entomology, 33, 97 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2007.00396.x Engel, M.S. (1999) The first fossil of a pleasing lacewing (Neuroptera: Dilaridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 101, 822 826. Monserrat, V.J. (1988) Revisión de la obra de L. Navás, I: EL genero Dilar Rambur, 1842 (Neuropteroidea, Planipennia: Dilaridae). Neuroptera International, 5, 13 23. Monserrat, V.J. (1988) Revisión de los diláridos ibéricos (Neuropteroidea, Planipennia: Dilaridae). EOS: Revista Espanola de Entomologia, 64, 175 205. DILAR FROM NORTHERN CHINA Zootaxa 3753 (1) 2014 Magnolia Press 23

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