MOFAD The State of in Ghana Science and Management Najih Lazar Senior Advisor
USAID/Sustainable Management Project (2015-2019) GOAL: To rebuild marine fisheries stocks and increase production through effective fisheries management strategies and adoption of responsible fishing practices To contribute to the Government of Ghana s fisheries policies and development objectives, and USAID Feed the Future Initiative Build research and education capacity of University of Cape Coast
IMPLEMENTATION: The Coastal Resources Center (CRC) Graduate School of Oceanography University of Rhode Island leads a team of partners in Ghana (HM, FoN, SNV, CW, DAA, SS, DQ, SSG)
Africa has some of the highest per capita consumption of fish in the World In Africa, highest in West Africa Animal Source Food (ASF) from fish Source: http://www.fishingfuture.org/ Briefing paper 6
Animal Source Food (ASF) from fish Source: http://www.fishingfuture.org/ Briefing paper 6
Table 1. The nutrient content of fish and other foods (per 100g)* Scientific name /common name (local Total saturated fat Nutritional Value of Small Total lipid Pelagic Total PUFA Fishes Group name/common name) Protein (g) (fat; g) (g) Fat (g) EPA (g) DHA (g) Ca (mg) Fe (mg) Zn (mg) Vitamin A (RAE) Notes (per 100g) Table Large 1. The nutrient Carp content of fish and other 17.83 foods (per 5.60 100g)* 1.08 1.431 0.238 0.114 41 1.24 1.48 9 Raw, edible freshwater fish Catfish 15.60 7.59 1.77 1.568 Fat 0.067 0.207 9 0.50 0.74 15 Farmed, raw, edible and prawn Tilapia 20.80 1.70 0.77 0.476 0.007 0.113 10 0.56 0.33 0 Raw, edible Table Marine 1. fish The nutrient Scientific Anchovy content name Total of fish and other 20.35 foods (per 4.84 100g)* 1.28 1.637 0.538 0.911 147 3.25 1.72 15 Raw, edible, European /common name (local Total lipid saturated fat Total PUFA Vitamin A Group Herring 16.39 9.04 2.04 2.423 Fat 0.969 0.689 83 1.12 0.99 32 Raw, edible, Pacific name/common name) Protein (g) (fat; g) (g) (g) EPA (g) DHA (g) Ca (mg) Fe (mg) Zn (mg) (RAE) Notes (per 100g) Scientific Mackerel name 18.60 13.89 Total 3.26 3.350 0.898 1.401 12 1.63 0.63 50 Raw, edible Large /common Carp Milkfish name (local 17.83 20.53 Total 5.60 6.73 lipid saturated 1.08 1.67 fat Total 1.431 1.840 PUFA 0.238 0.114 41 51 1.24 0.32 1.48 0.82 Vitamin 30 9 A Raw, edible, Group freshwater fish name/common Catfish name) Protein 15.60 (g) (fat; 7.59 g) (g) 1.77 1.568 (g) EPA 0.067 (g) DHA 0.207 (g) Ca (mg) 9 Fe 0.50 (mg) Zn 0.74 (mg) (RAE) 15 Farmed, Philippines Notes raw, (per edible 100g) and prawn Tilapia Sardine 20.80 24.60 11.45 1.70 0.77 1.53 0.476 5.148 0.007 0.470 0.113 0.509 382 10 0.56 2.92 0.33 1.31 33 0 Raw, Canned edible in oil, drained Large Marine fish Carp Anchovy 17.83 20.35 5.60 4.84 1.08 1.28 1.431 1.637 0.238 0.538 0.114 0.911 147 41 1.24 3.25 1.48 1.72 15 9 Raw, Raw, solids edible, with bone European freshwater Other animalsourced fish Catfish Herring Beef ground 15.60 16.39 14.30 30.00 7.59 9.04 11.29 1.77 2.04 1.568 2.423 0.696 0.067 0.969 0.207 0.689 83 24 9 0.50 1.12 1.64 0.74 0.99 3.57 15 320 Farmed, Raw, edible, ground, raw, Pacific edible 70% lean and prawn foods Tilapia Mackerel 20.80 18.60 13.89 1.70 0.77 3.26 0.476 3.350 0.007 0.898 0.113 1.401 10 12 0.56 1.63 0.33 0.63 50 0 Raw, Raw, meat edible edible 30% fat Marine fish Anchovy Milkfish Chicken breast 20.35 20.53 14.70 15.75 4.84 6.73 1.28 1.67 3.26 1.637 1.840 3.340 0.538 0.911 147 51 19 3.25 0.32 1.11 1.72 0.82 0.78 15 300 Raw, Breast edible, tender, European Herring 16.39 9.04 2.04 2.423 0.969 0.689 83 1.12 0.99 32 Raw, Philippines uncooked edible, raw Pacific Mackerel 18.60 13.89 3.26 3.350 0.898 1.401 12 1.63 0.63 50 Raw, edible Table Plant-sourced 1. The nutrient Sardine Cassava content of fish and other 24.60 1.40 foods (per 11.45 0.28 100g)* 1.53 0.28 5.148 0.048 0.470 0.509 382 16 2.92 0.27 1.31 0.34 331 Canned Raw in oil, drained foods Milkfish 20.53 6.73 1.67 1.840 51 0.32 0.82 30 Raw, edible, Rice 2.69 0.28 0.28 0.323 Fat 10 1.20 0.49 0 solids White, with long-grained, bone Other animalsourced foods 1.53 5.148 0.470 0.509 382 2.92 1.31 33 Canned in oil, drained Beef ground 14.30 30.00 11.29 0.696 24 1.64 3.57 0 Philippines Raw, Sardine Scientific name 24.60 11.45 Total regular, ground, cooked 70% lean Kidney beans 8.67 /common name (local Total 0.09 lipid saturated 0.09 fat Total 0.278 PUFA 35 2.22 0.86 Vitamin 0 meat A Mature, 30% cooked fat Chicken solids with bone Other Group animal- Beef name/common High ground content breast name) Protein >15.00 14.70 15.75 3.26 14.30 (g) (fat; 30.00 g) 11.29 (g) >2.000 3.340 0.696 (g) EPA >0.400 (g) DHA >0.400 (g) Ca >100 19 (mg) 24 Fe >3.00 1.11 1.64 (mg) Zn >3.50 0.78 3.57 (mg) (RAE) >500 0 Breast tender, 0 Raw, Notes ground, (per 70% 100g) uncooked raw lean RAE, retinol Large foods activity equivalents. Plant-sourced Carp Cassava 17.83 1.40 5.60 0.28 1.08 0.28 1.431 0.048 0.238 0.114 41 16 1.24 0.27 1.48 0.34 91 meat Raw, edible 30% fat Bold indicates high freshwater fish Chicken content Catfish breast values foods 14.70 15.60 15.75 7.59 3.26 1.77 3.340 1.568 0.067 0.207 199 1.11 0.50 0.78 0.74 15 Breast Farmed, tender, Rice 2.69 0.28 0.28 0.323 10 1.20 0.49 0 White, long-grained, raw, edible and prawn Tilapia 20.80 1.70 0.77 0.476 0.007 0.113 10 0.56 0.33 0 uncooked Raw, edible raw regular, cooked Plant-sourced Marine fish Cassava Anchovy 20.35 1.40 0.28 4.84 0.28 1.28 0.048 1.637 0.538 0.911 147 16 0.27 3.25 0.34 1.72 151 Kidney beans 8.67 0.09 0.09 0.278 35 2.22 0.86 0 Raw, Mature, edible, cooked European foods Adapted Rice Herring 16.39 2.69 0.28 9.04 0.28 2.04 2.423 0.323 0.969 0.689 10 83 1.20 1.12 0.49 0.99 320 White, Raw, edible, long-grained, High from: content Kawarazuka >15.00 and Béné, 2011. >2.000 Public >0.400 health nutrition, >0.400 >100 14(11), >3.00 1927-1938. >3.50 >500 Pacific Mackerel 18.60 13.89 3.26 3.350 0.898 1.401 12 1.63 0.63 50 regular, Raw, edible cooked RAE, retinol activity equivalents. Kidney Milkfish beans 20.53 8.67 0.09 6.73 0.09 1.67 0.278 1.840 35 51 2.22 0.32 0.86 0.82 300 Mature, Raw, edible, cooked Bold indicates high content values High content >15.00 >2.000 >0.400 >0.400 >100 >3.00 >3.50 >500 Philippines RAE, retinol activity Sardine equivalents. 24.60 11.45 1.53 5.148 0.470 0.509 382 2.92 1.31 33 Canned in oil, drained
MARINE FISHERIES PROFILE OF GHANA MOFAD The marine fisheries sector is the most important source of local fish production, delivering more than 80% of the total supply Over 300 different species of commercially important fish are caught from marine sources in Ghana Most marine fish supply is from artisanal fishery and the most important marine resources are small pelagics (sardinella, anchovy and mackerel) Gross value is over $300 million/year and the total revenues over $1 billion Export value over $100 million/year Direct jobs >200,000 and indirect jobs over 2 million Average consumption 23-26 kgs/capita A way of life for coastal communities
MOFAD 350000 300000 Artisanal Semi-Industrial Trawlers Tuna 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
CPUE (Kgs/Day) CPUE (Kgs/Day) CPUE (Kgs/Day) CPUE (Kgs/Day) Resource Indicator (CPUE) MOFAD Catch per unit of effort (CPUE) Artisanal Catch per unit of effort (CPUE) Trawlers 40 35 30 25 600 500 400 20 15 10 5 300 200 100 0 0 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 1996 1994 1992 1990 1988 1986 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 1996 1994 1992 1990 1988 1986 YEAR YEAR Catch per unit of effort (CPUE) Semi-Industrial Catch per unit of effort (CPUE) Tuna 50 2500 40 2000 30 1500 20 1000 10 500 0 0 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 1996 1994 1992 1990 1988 1986 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 1996 1994 1992 1990 1988 1986 YEAR YEAR
MOFAD State of the fish stocks in Ghana (FAO) The Marine fisheries resources of Ghana over the last decade have been fluctuating showing general decline in catches, revenues and mean size of fish. This is an indication of heavy exploitation at all fisheries (F/Fmsy=1.46 and B/Bmsy=0.72) Some targeted stocks are severely overfished (Sardinella, Sea breams, Groupers/Snappers and Cephalopods) Others are at full exploitation level (chub mackerel, skipjacks and carrangids F/Fmsy=1.0) There are no stocks that are under-exploited
MOFAD Status of small pelagics stocks STWG Sardinella aurita (Eban, Kankama) Sardinella maderensis (Antebo, Adruku) Engraulis encrasicolus (Amoni, Abobi) Scomber japonicas (Saman, Awokongula)
Sardinellas Biology and Stock distribution: MOFAD Can be fished from Morocco to South Africa on the Atlantic Ocean of Africa. Strong seasonal migratory species Move in schools of fish from inshore to edge of shelf. Prefers clear saline water with a minimum temperature below 24 C. Juveniles tend to stay in nursery areas inshore. They join adult stocks offshore when they mature. Feeds mainly on zooplankton, especially copepods
Landings trends MOFAD
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Number of Canoes Effort trends 16,000 Number of Canoes in the artisanal fishery MOFAD 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 -
Small pelagic fishery is seasonal MOFAD
Biomass trends (tons) MOFAD
Fishing efficiency (rate of fishing F) MOFAD
Total weight of fish in the ocean Were are we? Rebuilding targets Fishery status showing overfishing and stocks overfished 1980 1997 2014 Fishing mortality rate
MOFAD Status of the stock (SFMP) Stock of small pelagic resources in Ghana are severely overfished. Fishing mortality rate (removal rate) remains in excess of the sustainable level. If this trend continues, the stock will collapse and so will the fishery.
Causes of overexploitation MOFAD MAN MADE ACTIVITIES OPEN ACCESS CAUSED OVERCAPACITY (5000 12,000 canoes in 20 years) and OVEREFISHING (average net increased and input of large foreign trawlers) LACK OF ADEQUATE ENFORCEMENT CAUSED USE OF ILLEGAL METHODS AND GEARS (small mesh, light fishing, Seiko, dynamite, chemicals etc) LACK OF ADEQUATE INFRASTUCTURE CAUSED WASTEFUL FISHING PRACTICES LEADING TO POST HARVEST LOSSES ENVIRONMNETAL FACTORS UPWELLINGS AND UNEXPECPTED INTERACTIONS CLIMATE CHANGE
CONSEQUENCES MOFAD - Loss of revenues and jobs - Increased Poverty - Loss of food security - Loss of healthy ecosystem
MOFAD We can reverse this trend by implementing the National Management Plan (MoFAD 2015-2019) The implementation should be guided by: Maximum Sustainable Yield Effort control Legislation Improved fisheries information Improved law enforcement
MOFAD What is the Maximum Sustainable Yield? Under no harvest a wild population will grow exponentially then slow down until it reaches an equilibrium Maximum growth rate
Yield ( x 1000 tons) MOFAD 1000 900 Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) An International management target MSY 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Emsy 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Fishing Effort (Exp: Number of vessels or number of days fished...etc)
Artisanal Canoe of Ghana (Open Access) Revenues 9095 MSY Cost Subsidy 12930 Current fishing effort Fishing Effort f MSY
MOFAD - Implement the laws governing licensing provisions of the Act - Moratorium on new licenses for artisanal fisheries (no more canoes) - Reduce fishing effort for industrial trawlers by 50% Effort control - Improve fisheries data collection system - Implement closed season for all fisheries
MOFAD Legislation that Influence Act 625 (2002) Regulations L.I. 1968 (2010) Amendment Act 880 (2014) National Environmental Act 490 (1994) Endangered species Act (Wildlife & Forestry 571)
MOFAD Improved information system Scientific and Technical Working Group needs to be formalized Scientific and Survey Division needs more staff and more capacity Decentralize flow of fisheries information Training and capacity building
MOFAD Improved Law enforcement Training and capacity building Logistical support Coordination with FEU Improve transparency
SUMMARY sector is a significant socio-economic driver Many fish stocks are overfished NFMP (2015-2019) was approved and needs full force implementation Science-based fisheries management needs to guide implementation Improve legal framework and strengthen science and monitoring institutions Invest in post-harvest techniques, infrastructure and market strategies
Thank you MOFAD