HIGHER PE (National 6) TACTICS Pupil Workbook

STRATHAVEN ACADEMY HIGHER PE (National 6) TACTICS Pupil Workbook PHYSICAL FACTORS (Tactics) and MENTAL FACTORS Impacting on Performance Name: Class: Teacher s Name: 1

What is a Tactic? SECTION 1 A tactic is a plan of action an individual or a team may take on to achieve a specific goal. In any performance, you must always have a plan for how you can best achieve your goal of winning or performing at your best. Your tactic is usually planned in advance but there are situations that during a game may force you to alter your tactics. Can you think of some examples? 1. 2. 3. Considerations When Designing Tactics A coach and/or performer must take several things into consideration when designing a tactic. These include: - Personal Strengths and Weaknesses (as an individual or team) These are the mental, emotional, social and physical attributes of an individual or team that may be deemed as an area of strength or weakness within their performance. - Opponent s Strengths and Weaknesses (as an individual or team) The opposition in basketball are in direct competition with you and these are the areas that may be deemed as an area of strength or weakness within their performance. - Role Demands Your role is the part you play in an activity. This can be a playing role such as, point guard, forward or centre. It can also be a non-playing role such as coach, referee etc. The role demands are the qualities required to fulfil each role effectively. You must have the ability to carry out your role effectively in order for the tactic to be successful. If you are aware of your own strengths and weaknesses, you will be able to pre-plan to use your strengths to your advantage and to counteract any weaknesses. You can also plan to exploit your opponent s weaknesses while trying to stifle their strengths. 2

Principles of Play When preparing for and carrying out your tactic you should consider how applying the principles of play can have an impact on your performance. These are some of the principles of play in attack and defence: WIDTH This is having a spread of players across the playing area. This creates space that you can exploit. DEPTH This involves having a player further back than the others and can be utilised in either defence or attack. In basketball it is the guard who creates depth in both attack and defence. In attack, the guard should be further away from the basket than all other players. This gives team mates a safe passing option should the team need to re-organise. It also provides a safety net should the other team fast-break. In defence, the guard would press the opposition s ball carrier thus slowing down their attack. MOBILITY This involves movement of an individual or the team as a whole. If you are able to move easily, using different speed of runs, this enables you to draw your opponents out of position and gives you more attacking options. SUPPORT This is similar to depth as it is about providing options to teammates in attack or providing cover to teammates in defence. Support can come from players making runs and getting in to space to become available to receive the ball. PENETRATION This is the ability to move into space, break through and get in behind the line of defence. A back door cut is a good example of this. DELAY This involves slowing the opposition down and holding up their attack. This is usually down to give your teammates times to get back into position and support the defence. Using delay in defence should limit your opponent s options and make it difficult for them. 3

Basketball Roles and Responsibilities Before looking at specific tactics within basketball, we must have an understanding of the roles and responsibilities within a football team. PLAYING POSITIONS Each player will have an identified position that they must play within the tactic: Player Qualities GUARDS Vision to see passes Accuracy so players receive passes and possession is not lost Control in the dribble to transfer the ball up the court at pace A fast change of pace to beat defenders FORWARDS Speed to get up the court ahead of the ball Awareness to know where the opposition are Good decision making to choose the correct option Accuracy in shooting to ensure a high success rate CENTRES Height to beat opposing players to rebounds Strength to hold off opponents under the basket Determination to win rebounds Speed to chase the ball up the court Roles and Responsibilities In every team it is important to understand what your individual responsibilities are within the team and how your role relates to your team mates. You should understand not only your role, but that of others also. Attacking Responsibilities in Basketball Order of Guards Forwards Centres importance 1. 2. 3. 4. Dribbling Passing Shooting Rebounding Shooting Rebounding Passing Dribbling Rebounding Shooting Passing Dribbling 4

Role Demands In each role, players need to have certain qualities in order to carry out their role effectively. For each role below, list the Physical, Mental, Emotional and Social Qualities you think are most important in that role: POINT GUARD Physical Quality Mental Quality Emotional Quality Social Quality SHOOTING GUARD Physical Quality Mental Quality Emotional Quality Social Quality SMALL FORWARD Physical Quality Mental Quality Emotional Quality Social Quality POWER FORWARD Physical Quality Mental Quality Emotional Quality Social Quality 5

CENTRE Physical Quality Mental Quality Emotional Quality Social Quality QUESTION Select a basketball position. In detail, explain the responsibilities of this position and explain what qualities you would need in order to carry out that role effectively. Position: Answer: 6

Tactics in basketball Basketball is a fast paced game which involves lots of movement in both attack and defence. In order to be successful each player must have an understanding of where both themselves, and their team mates should move to. Because of this, teams will decide and practise their tactics beforehand. Usually this involves a main strategy, an alternative strategy and various plays. Reasons a tactic may change are: Winning the match Losing the match Time remaining Opponent s exploiting you and creating several chances Not creating goal scoring opportunities Player sent off Player injured Two examples of tactics from basketball are: 1. 3 man fast-break 2. Triangular attack. Both strategies allow the use of width and depth and rely on penetration and mobility. What do we mean by Fast Break? The basic principle of a fast break is to beat your opponents up the court on offence so as to create an overload situation in which you have more attackers than defenders. What are the aims of the Fast Break? To win the ball in defence Transfer ball up the court as quickly as possible Support the player with the ball Score before the defence has time to set up What are the success criteria for a Fast Break? Pressure defence and win rebound Quick outlet pass to side Dribble up middle of court Fill the lanes, supporting the ball handler Decision making (who to pass to in opponent s key) Take the high percentage shots (take a lay- up where possible as you have more chance of scoring with this) 7

What are the 3 stages of a Fast Break? INITIATION STAGE Win the ball First pass out wide TRANSITION STAGE Dribble ball up middle of court Two players fill the wide lanes and run up court ahead of guard SHOOTING STAGE Decision making what is the best option available? Player Roles and Responsibilities in the Fast Break: Guards Break to the side of the court to provide width and therefore space for the outlet pass. Look to transfer the ball up the court as quickly as possible by dribbling down the middle of the court until a passing option becomes available. If no passing option is available then the guard may have to take the shot. Forwards Break up the court ahead of the ball providing width and depth to the attack. Provide support to the guard on either side of the court giving the opportunity for a pass. Shoot the ball with a lay-up if possible. Centres Block out when defending in order to win rebound. Initiate the attack by winning rebound and delivering a quick outlet pass to the side of the court. Follow the ball up the court as a trail player, providing support to the attack and providing the opportunity of a pass and possibly a shot. All 3 players have a different role to play in order to work effectively as a team. The success of the strategy depends on how well the team operates as a unit. 8

Triangular Attack This simply refers to keeping a triangle shape between 3 players when in attack. This creates a clear passing channel between all 3 players and moves the defence around continuously. The idea is to continue to pass the ball until the opportunity to shoot arises. The 2 main types of triangles we would set up are: Forward Guard Centre This triangle would be set up in a 3 v 3 scenario of a cross court game. The forward and centre would be at the side of the basket. Forward Centre Guard This triangle would be set up full court game towards one side of the court. The centre would be closest to the basket. The guard would play outside the top of the key and the forward would play out wide on either side. 9

TASK: In your opinion, list the advantages and disadvantages of the two formations outlined on the previous page. Advantages of the 3 man fast-break: Disadvantages of the 3 man fast break: Advantages of a triangular attack: Disadvantages of a triangular attack: What is a Mental Factor? 10

Mental Factors are associated with a cognitive process within the brain. This means there is some sort of deliberate thinking involved. The three features of mental factors that we are going to concentrate on during this block are: 1. Concentration 2. Motivation 3. Decision Making CONCENTRATION Concentration is the ability to stay on task. It is the ability to completely focus your attention on something for a period of time. It is the ability to pay particular attention to the task in hand. To concentrate in basketball, you must be fully aware of what is going on around you and stay focussed at all times. MOTIVATION Motivation is a combination of the drive within us to achieve our aims and the outside factors which affect it. With this in mind, motivation has two forms: 1. Intrinsic Motivation comes from within and is driven by your own need to succeed. 2. Extrinsic Motivation prizes, status, acclaim, praise, money. DECISION-MAKING Decision-making is an action or process of choosing a preferred option or course of action from a set of alternatives. Being able to make decisions early, we learn to read a situation, establish which things are important and which aren t. This helps us anticipate what might happen and we can make the correct decision based on that information. How do these Mental Factors Impact on Performance? Positive Impact of Concentration: Negative Impact of Concentration: 11

Positive Impact of Motivation: Negative Impact of Motivation: Positive Impact of Decision-making: Negative Impact of Decision-making: 12

How do these Mental Features Impact on Basketball Tactics? Concentration: In the 3 man fast-break, the centres must first of all concentrate to win the defensive rebound and then make a sharp, accurate outlet pass to the guard. The guard must concentrate in order to break into position at the correct time to receive the outlet pass. The guard also has to concentrate on the movements of his/her other 2 players so that he/she doesn t release the ball too early. The forward and centre must also concentrate on the guard s movements to ensure they make effective cuts into space in order to create a successful scoring opportunity. Motivation: In the 3 man fast-break players must be motivated to carry out their role. If a player does not want to play a certain role and as a result does not give 100% then the full structure of the team will fail and it makes it easier for the opponents to score. However, if a team is fully motivated then they will give 100% at all times and will carry out their instructions/tasks to the best of their ability, giving them an increased chance of winning. Decision-making: This can have a positive impact on performance. If a player makes the correct decision when in control of the ball it will help to keep possession and create a scoring opportunity. The guard should release the second pass to whichever player is free and has the best chance of scoring. Players must also decide if they should shoot, pass to someone in a better position or dribble the ball into space. The decisions you make within a game should be in relation to cues/signals you pick up on. Other players movements and ability will impact on this. Poor decision making often leads to a loss in possession. This is particularly bad in a fast break turnover as it leaves your team vulnerable in defence. SECTION 2 13

Methods of Gathering Information We now have an understanding of basketball, the tactics and roles within the game plus mental factors that impact on basketball. As a result, we must now gather information on the factors that impact on our performance in basketball. We will do that in the following ways: GENERAL General Observation Schedule Knowledge of Results Internal Feedback External Feedback Video TACTICS SPECIFIC Focused Observation Schedule Match Analysis Grid MENTAL FACTORS SPECIFIC Questionnaire Concentration Evaluation in Football (used in conjunction with video) Player Evaluation on Decision Making (used in conjunction with video) 14

General Observation Schedule Record a game of basketball. Watch you performance back and place a tick in the relevant box. BASKETBALL FACTORS IMPACTING ON PERFORMANCE GENERAL OBSERVATION SCHEDULE Skill- Related Fitness (Agility, Balance, Coordination, Reaction Time) Skills & Techniques (Passing, Dribbling, Shooting, Blocking) Tactics Physical Fitness (CRE, ME, Strength, Speed, Power, Flexibility) Always Effective Social Factors Mental Factors Emotional Factors Sometimes Effective Rarely Effective 15

Knowledge of Results My Team: 1. 5. 2 6. 3. 7. 4. 8. Game Date 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. My Team s Score Opposition Score After my analysis of my results I am able to clearly see that 16

Internal Feedback Internal Feedback (Kinaesthetic Feedback) is what you feel you have performed during or after the game. Immediately after you play a game of football using the fast break, record your internal feedback below on the aspects identified: TACTICS I feel that during the game our fast break MENTAL FACTORS I feel that during the game my concentration, motivation and decision making were 17

External Feedback External Feedback comes in many forms; Verbal, Written and Visual. External feedback received from your coach on your performance in football: My coach told me that my clear weakness in physical factors was my knowledge of tactics. I was told that as a team we do not use the width in our 3 man fast break effectively. We usually all make our runs too close to the middle and thus the guard and often find that we get crowded out and lose possession. My coach told me that often the wide left channel is completely open to run in to receive a pass but we choose too close to the middle and as a result lose possession. It is difficult for us to create chances and we find that our opponent s can easily exploit us due to our lack of width. My coach also told me that at times mental factors let me down. I was told that in the 3 man fast break my decisionmaking is not good enough. I often chose the wrong pass and play the ball up the middle when it should be played to the available player out wide. I was also told that I can lack concentration at times. I do not stick to my position effectively and opponents take advantage of this, creating easy goal scoring opportunities. Finally, I was told that at times I lack motivation and do not give 100% in performance. Video 1. Video your performance in a game. 2. Identify a video of model performance. 3. Watch the two videos side by side and identify the differences, write these down in a reflective journal (jotter?). Model Performer: Width: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2rd2dncq8l8 Decision Making & Width: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uf0tvcs2xfq 18

Tactics Specific Focused Observation Schedule 1. Use a video to record your performance using the 3 man fast break. 2. Watch the video back and complete the following sheet by placing several ticks in the box each time that principle of play is used. Fast Break Principle of Play Successful Unsuccessful Width in attack Depth in attack Mobility Penetration Delay in defence From analysing the focused observation schedule above it is clear that: 19

Tactics Specific Match Analysis Grid 1. Use a video to record your performance using the fast break. 2. Watch the video back and complete the following sheet by placing an X in the box/area each time your team receive a pass in that area of the pitch. Fast Break Defensive Goal Attacking Goal TASK: In your jotter, write down what the above match analysis grid tells you about your team s use of the fast break. 20

Mental Factors Specific Motivation Questionnaire Name: Standard (please circle) Why I participate in this activity? Enjoyment Player needs/motivations Age: Beginner Intermediate Advanced Not important important Very 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mastering new skills Keeping fit Rising to a challenge Feeling good about yourself Competition Pleasing parents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pleasing coaches Winning something Achieving a dream Making new friends Being with existing friends Add any others 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 21

Mental Factors Specific Concentration Evaluation in Football MY PERFORMANCE PERFORMANCE 1 TO EVALUATE CONCENTRATION PERFORMANCE 2 TO EVALUATE CONCENTRATION DATE: DATE: I mark opponent s appropriately for the entire match. ALWAYS SOMETIMES NEVER 1 2 1 2 1 2 I am aware of where my team mates are and cover for them if needed. I carry out my role effectively at all set pieces (defensively and offensively). I listen to my team mates and coach and carry out their instructions appropriately. 22

Mental Factors Specific Player Evaluation on Decision Making in Basketball Play a full game of football. At the end of the game, make a judgement on whether you always did this, sometimes did this or never did this. This should be marked with a tick in the appropriate box. You should also make a comment on this particular element of performance. You may wish to video performance to complete this or discuss with coach or teacher. I played the ball out wide when my guard was free Never Sometimes Always Comments: I regularly got in to space to receive the ball from my teammates I took a shot at basket when there was an opportunity to shoot I used appropriate tactics during play to maximise the impact of my strengths and to exploit opponent s weakness. As well as playing appropriate skills at the appropriate time, the skills I executed were with the correct weight, power and placement. 23

What does all the information gathered tell me about my performance in Basketball? After analysing all of the data/information that I have collected it is clear to see that: I must now create a Personal Development Plan that will allow me to improve on my: 1. Tactics with a specific reference to WIDTH in attack. 2. Mental Factors. 24

Personal Development Plan SECTION 3 We will now try to improve on our Mental Factors and also our use of width in attack through carrying out a PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN. The plan will last 6 sessions (weeks) with each session including a warm-up, mental preparation, tactical preparation and finishing with a game. For each session to be appropriate and successful we must make sure that we incorporate DEVELOPMENT GOALS. The use of goal setting ensures that you can perform at your highest level. Goal setting involves you setting challenging targets which are specific to your performance. Goal setting improves motivation and develops confidence. Goals should be challenging but not impossible. Unrealistic goals will not be achieved and your morale will suffer. On the other hand, if the goal is too easy you will not be challenged and as a result will not give 100%. If your goal is realistic and can be attained through hard work and determination, you will continue to be motivated and will develop confidence. DEVELOPMENT GOALS should be SMART: Specific Measurable Attainable Realistic Time Phased In the space below write down a development goal you have for this basketball block: The early sessions of our Personal Development Plan will aim to isolate our tactical weakness and as the sessions progress, there will be more challenge and demand on the tactical element of the session. HOMEWORK: At home after development session, you must describe the session in detail in your jotter and keep a reflection on the successes/failures of the session. 25

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR BASKETBALL SESSION & GOAL WARM-UP MENTAL PREPARATION TACTICAL PREPARATION GAME 1 Concentrate at all times and score 50% of attacks in tactical preparation 3 stage warm-up that incorporates movement, stretching and skills. Develop concentration through DEEP BREATHING. Isolate width in attack - 3 attackers attacking the goal unopposed. 3 v 2 game with one other player exercising a floating role. 2 In 3 v 1, pass at a time that always creates a shooting opportunity 3 stage warm-up that incorporates movement, stretching and skills. Develop decision making through VISUALISATION. 3 v 0 3 v 1 passive defender 3 v 2 passive defender 3 v 3 game with one player unopposed in each channel. 3 Put 100% effort in to session and score at least 2 goals from wide situation 3 stage warm-up that incorporates movement, stretching and skills. Develop motivation through POSITIVE SELF-TALK. 3 v 0 3 v 1 semi-active defender 3 v 2 semi-active defender 3 v 3 game with one player unopposed in each channel. 4 Concentrate at all times and score at least 3 baskets in 3 v 3 game 3 stage warm-up that incorporates movement, stretching and skills. Develop concentration through GOAL SETTING. 3 v 0 3 v 1 active defender 3 v 2 active defender 3 v 3 game. 5 Create a goal scoring opportunity in each attack 3 stage warm-up that incorporates movement, stretching and skills. Develop decision making through MENTAL REHEARSAL. 3 v 2 v 1 drill 11 man fast break Conditioned Games 3 v 3 game. Emphasise width. 6 Forwards stay wide at all times and score at least 2 baskets from wide position in game. 3 stage warm-up that incorporates movement, stretching and skills. Develop all mental factors, particularly motivation through TEAM TALK. Use the TEAM TALK to discuss tactical elements of today s full training game. 5 v 5. Coaching tactics through the game. 26

Methods of Developing Mental Factors DEEP BREATHING This is used to help a performer to concentrate on their performance and prepare to perform their activity to the best of their ability. It allows the performer to shut out any distractions. VISUALISATION This is seeing the best positive outcome for what you are about to perform. You see the outcome by thinking about what you are about to do. Visualisation can be used to develop concentration, decision making and motivation. POSITIVE SELF-TALK This involves the performer endorsing their own ability or progress by literally talking to him or herself. Speaking aloud will help the performer commit to the task and is effective in raising confidence, concentration and motivation. Example: I am a good passer and I will play the ball to the centre underneath the basket. MENTAL REHEARSAL This is thinking about you completing a full game/training session from start to finish. You find a quiet spot and rehearse yourself going through the full game or training session. You should see yourself performing well in the activity. TEAM TALK This is usually led by the team manager but can also be led by a coach, captain or any other inspirational figure in the team/staff. It is used to motivate players but also to ensure they fully understand their role and are concentrating on the task ahead. To become proficient in these approaches to performance development, you have to use them every day. Use them on your way to training, during training and after training. In every training session, before you do anything, first complete it in your head experience the movements in your mind. In a competitive situation, use these approaches before and during the performance, always with a positive outcome in mind. 27

SECTION 4 How do we monitor our Personal Development Plan? In order to ensure that our personal development plan is appropriate and effective then we must monitor it throughout. We can monitor it in several ways: DEVELOPMENT DIARY It is useful to keep a development diary. You record what you did at each session, how difficult each practice was and how you felt after each session. GOAL HITTING Each development session has a development goal. If these goals are being achieved then the training session is a success. EXTERNAL FEEDBACK Your teacher/coach will give feedback on the success/failure of each session and will tell you if improvements are being made in their opinion. REPEAT METHODS OF COLLECTING INFORMATION Repeat the methods you used to collect information before the Personal Development Plan and compare the results. KNOWLEDGE OF RESULTS You can take a note of your team s scores. Being aware of the result against a particular opponent and your team s position in the league can help you to monitor your progress. How do we evaluate our Personal Development Plan? Evaluating is making judgements on your performance at the end of your Personal Development Plan. On completion of the plan, you should evaluate how successful or unsuccessful it has been. To achieve this you use the same methods as above for monitoring, except they are used after the plan and to see if improvements in performance have been made overall. This process should also help to identify future development needs and to keep the cycle of analysis going. 28