Magnuson Reauthorization Dec 2006 Reauthorization of the 1976 Magnuson- Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act. Eight regional fishery councils must follow the advice of their scientific committees, prevent continued over fishing, and conduct for more research. Fishery Management Councils New England Mid-Atlantic South Atlantic Caribbean Gulf of Mexico Pacific North Pacific Western Pacific MAGNUSON-STEVENS FISHERY CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT ACT Public Law 94-265 Magnuson Act aided in the development of the domestic fishing industry by phasing out foreign fishing. As amended by the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act (P.L. 109-479) 1
Optimum Yield the amount of fish which (A) will provide the greatest overall benefit to the Nation, particularly with respect to food production and recreational opportunities, and taking into account the protection of marine ecosystems; (B) is prescribed as such on the basis of the maximum sustainable yield from the fishery, as reduced by any relevant economic, social, or ecological factor; and (C) in the case of an overfished fishery, provides for rebuilding to a level consistent with producing the maximum sustainable yield in such fishery. New Mandate in 2006 Councils must end overfishing within 2 years after a species is deemed overfished. The former law was vague, and some councils were soft on interpretations 2
Single Species or Ecosystem Management Does not require an ecosystem based approach to managing fisheries, as was recommended by several recent commissions. Continues the current species-by-species approach, but requested a 180-day NOAA study of the state of the science of ecosystem management. Authorized the agency to begin funding pilot programs based on the study. Shortage of Individuals with Post graduate degrees in Fisheries Science (a) IN GENERAL. The Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of Education shall collaborate to conduct a study of (1) whether there is a shortage in the number of individuals with post-baccalaureate degrees in subjects related to fishery science, including fishery oceanography, fishery ecology, and fishery anthropology, who have the ability to conduct high quality scientific research in fishery stock assessment, fishery population dynamics, and related fields, for government, nonprofit, and private Report to Congress (2) what Federal programs are available to help facilitate the education of students hoping to pursue these degrees; and (3) what institutions of higher education, the private sector, and the Congress could do to try to increase the number of individuals with such post-baccalaureate degrees. 3
Web cite http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/report_congre ss/index.html http://aprn.org/2008/09/29/fishingscientists-in-short-supply/ Japan, South Korea, Spain, Australia and Russia pay the five largest subsidies to fishers In February 2006, researchers at the University of British Columbia in Canada calculated that these trawlers receive 152 million dollars a year in fuel and other subsidies. Without these subsidies, the few hundred ships that make up the global deep-sea trawler fleet would actually lose millions of dollars a year. 4
Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (REMOs) RFMOs are the fisheries managers in charge of most of world's fish stocks outside of the unregulated high seas. Despite the FAO's strong support and hopes of expanding RFMOs everywhere, the SOFIA report notes that some of the most depleted fisheries such as the Northeast Atlantic and Southeast Atlantic have been run by RFMOs for many years. Marine Preserves A global network of off-limits marine preserves are equally important. Currently less than 0.6 percent of the oceans are in reserves and much less than that is fully protected from fishing. Nearly all countries have agreed at international meetings, such as 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg and at the Convention on Biodiversity, to create a global network of marine protected areas (MPAs) by 2012. How Much is Enough? Some suggest 30 to 50 percent of the oceans may need to be off-limits to fishing if the oceans are to recover. 5
FAO Assessment of Emerging Critical Issues in International Aquaculture and Fisheries Capture Based Aquaculture- CBA Seed material to adult stage and rearing Current problem with Tuna is that they are not counting it as harvest.. Labor Standards in the Industry Endangered species traffic Convention on International Trade of Wild Fauna and Flora _CITES Product Labeling and Stock ID Product Identification Sardines Catfish Salmon Depleted Stocks Recovery What level (10% of previous, 30% when to determine the level is depleted?) 6
Deep Water, Slow Growing Fisheries orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus), cusk eels and brotulas (Ophidiidae), Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides), pelagic armourhead (Pseudopentaceros wheeleri), sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), morid cods (Notocanthidae and Moridae) and various species of Scorpaenidae.. Orange Roughy Greenland Halibut Patogonia Toothfish or Chilean Seabass Sablefish or Black Cod Management of Deep Water Fisheries 7
Data Needs for the New Species Accurate catch data complemented by log books and observer programs, particularly for areas where no management protocols have been agreed, Time series of abundance indices and physical parameters. Some important deep-water fisheries developed and expired before any protocols for capturing fisheries-related data came into effect. Stock identity and distribution information. Deep-water fisheries, especially those of the high seas, tend to be mobile; vessels may remain at sea for several months and move large distances before discharging their catches. Key life-history information (maximum ages, fecundity, growth and maturity data). When the fish populations targeted are small, the financial and human resources are not usually available to undertake the necessary analyses Population Biology etc Population biology statistics and agefrequency data. This information is often unavailable. In such cases, resource management may be possible based on meta-population analyses the aggregating of information across all relevant species or population groups. 8
Long Lived Species on Continental Shelf Pacific Rockfishes Vermillion or red snapper Diverse group and high genetic diversity with the group. Rockfish and Related Vermilion rockfish Calico Rockfish Widow Rockfish Rockfish Biology Rockfish have been called the "elders" of fish society. Some species of fish belonging to the rockfish genera, Sebastes (Greek for Magnificent) can live to be 100 years old. 9
Longest Lived Fishes On Earth Scientists have aged rougheye rockfish (Sebastes aleutianus) to 205 years old, making them one of the longest-lived fishes on earth. Many species do not reach sexual maturity until they are 10 or 15 years old. Additionally, unlike most fish species, rockfish don't lay eggs. They are viviparous, meaning that they give birth to live young and nourish their larvae in the ovary Habitat Characteristics For example some rockfish display habitat fidelity to specific coral gardens or rocky pinnacles. Some may be more consistently found at certain depth contours along the continental slope. Reproduction Rates vary and reproduction may be different within the same species in different areas. There may be genetic drift within reproductively isolated populations. Emerging from current science are new genetic discoveries indicating possibly more species than were previously known. Some rockfish species may have multiple and discrete breeding populations which would require conservation 10
Relative Biomass (% Unfished) 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Unfished Biomass Management Thresholds Target Biomass (B MSY ) Overfished Threshold 0 Relative Biomass (% Unfished) 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 Stock Trends Lingcod North Canary Darkblotched Yelloweye Cowcod Pacific ocean perch Widow Bocaccio Pacific Hake Yellowtail Petrale Unfis hed Target Overfished 0.2 0 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 11
Canary Rockfish Harvest 6000 0.250 Total Catch (mt) 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0.200 0.150 0.100 0.050 Exploitation Rate 0 0.000 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Aspects of the Canary Rockfish Rebuilding Plan Minimum time to rebuild with no exploitation is 57 years Target rebuilding year is 2074 60% probability of achieving rebuilding target in maximum allowable time (by 2076) Very low rebuilding yields will completely reshape the groundfish fishery for decades Rebuilding Plans: Time Frames and Targets Bocaccio Canary Rockfish Cowcod Darkblotched Rockfish Lingcod Pacific Ocean Perch Widow Rockfish Yelloweye Rockfish 2100 2096 2092 2088 2084 2080 2076 2072 2068 2064 2060 2056 2052 2048 2044 2040 2036 2032 2028 2024 2020 2016 2012 2008 2004 12
Meeting the Target: Measures to Keep Harvest Rates Within Limits Manage for Total Mortality On-board Observers Large Area Closures Fishing Gear Changes In-season Management Management Tools All Fishing-Related Mortality Counts Against Annual Limits (Optimum Yields) Area Management Rockfish Conservation Areas - RCA Essential Fish Habitat Area Closures Marine Reserves Seasons, Trip Limits, Bag Limits, Gear Restrictions Quotas and Harvest Guidelines 13
10 0 10 20 Miles Not For Navigational Use Trawl RCA, Jan-Feb 2005 Potential EFH protection Cowcod Conservation Areas 20 0 20 40 Miles Depth-Based RCAs & Protecting Essential Fish Habitat 100 0 100 200 Miles PC Analysis- Life Histories 14
Sardines Opportunistic strategists Japan Calif Chile Periodic strategists Sablefish. Salmonic strategists decadal-scale changes in climate and ocean Fraser River sockeye pink salmon, 15
Recent Concerns Pacific Smelt Likely Threatened Species Pacific eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus) Proposed in March 2009 Historically ranged from northern California to the Bering Sea in Alaska Culturally significant species to native tribes, seasonally important food source and a valuable trade item. Columbia River smelt described by Meriwether Lewis in 1806; he lauded the fatty fish for their excellent taste Cowlitz Indian Tribe Petitioned in 2007 Two Pacific smelt distinct population segments on the West Coast. The one at issue extends from the Mad River in Northern California north into British Columbia. Pacific smelt are particularly vulnerable to being caught in shrimp fisheries in the United States and Canada, since the areas occupied by shrimp and smelt often overlap. 16
Habitat Threats Water flow in the Klamath and Columbia river basins Bird, seal and sea lion predation, especially in Canadian streams and rivers Southern Population likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all of its range. We propose to list it as threatened under the ESA. The southern DPS of eulachon consists of populations spawning in rivers south of the Nass River in British Columbia, Canada, to,and including, the Mad River in California. 17