Special Forces Dive Operations

Special Forces Dive Operations GTA 31-02-003 June 2017 Special Forces Dive Operations Distributed by The proponent of this GTA is the U.S. Army Special Operations Center of Excellence, USAJFKSWCS. Reviewers and users of this GTA should submit comments and recommended changes on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) to Commander, U.S. Army Special Operations Center of Excellence, USAJFKSWCS, ATTN: AOJK-SFD, 3004 Ardennes Street, Stop A, Fort Bragg, NC 28310-9610, or e-mail them to AOJK-DT-SF@soc.mil. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. * This publication supersedes GTA 31-02-003, 1 November 2010. HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

Table of Contents Page Table of Contents 1 2 No-Decompression Limits and Repetitive Group Designators for No-Decompression Air Dives 3 Residual Nitrogen Timetable for Repetitive Air Dives 4 Management of Asymptomatic Omitted Decompression Chart 5 Repetitive Dive Flowchart 6 Open-Circuit Diving Worksheet 7 8 Emergency Assistance Contact List 9 Environmental Worksheet 10 11 Water Temperature Protection Chart 12 Sea State Chart 13 Equivalent Windchill Temperature Chart 14 Diving Safety and Planning Checklist 15 18 1 2

Table of Contents (continued) Page Closed-Circuit Diving Considerations 19 21 MK 25 MOD 2 Urethane Canister Duration Limits (Minutes) 22 MK 25 MOD 2 Fiberglass Canister Duration Limits (Minutes) 23 Haskel Oxygen Booster System 26968 Operation Procedures 24 25 55 Multifuel Engine Presail Checklist 26 55 Multifuel Engine Postsail Checklist 27 55 Multifuel Engine Troubleshooting Card 28 29 Buoys 30 34 Acronyms 35 References 36 Notes 37 39 2 3

No-Decompression Limits and Repetitive Group Designators for No-Decompression Air Dives (Table 9-7 from the U.S. Navy Diving Manual, Revision 7) Depth (fsw) No-Stop Limit Repetitive Group Designation A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O Z 10 Unlimited 57 101 158 245 426 * 15 Unlimited 36 60 88 121 163 217 297 449 * 20 Unlimited 26 43 61 82 106 133 165 205 256 330 461 * 25 1102 20 33 47 62 78 97 117 140 166 198 236 285 354 469 992 1102 30 371 17 27 38 50 62 76 91 107 125 145 167 193 223 260 307 371 35 232 14 23 32 42 52 63 74 87 100 115 131 148 168 190 215 232 40 163 12 20 27 36 44 53 63 73 84 95 108 121 135 151 163 45 125 11 17 24 31 39 46 55 63 72 82 92 102 114 125 50 92 9 15 21 28 34 41 48 56 63 71 80 89 92 55 74 8 14 19 25 31 37 43 50 56 63 71 74 60 63 7 12 17 22 28 33 39 45 51 57 63 70 48 6 10 14 19 23 28 32 37 42 47 48 80 39 5 9 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 39 90 33 4 7 11 14 17 21 24 28 31 33 100 25 4 6 9 12 15 18 21 25 110 20 3 6 8 11 14 16 19 20 120 15 3 5 7 10 12 15 130 12 2 4 6 9 11 12 140 10 2 4 6 8 10 150 8 3 5 7 8 160 7 3 5 6 7 170 6 4 6 180 6 4 5 6 190 5 3 5 * Highest repetitive group that can be achieved at this depth regardless of bottom time. 3 4

Residual Nitrogen Timetable for Repetitive Air Dives (Table 9-8 from the U.S. Navy Diving Manual, Revision 7) Locate the diver s repetitive group designation from his previous dive along the diagonal line above the table. Read horizontally to the interval in which the diver s surface interval lies. Next, read vertically downward to the new repetitive group designation. Continue downward in this same column to the row that represents the depth of the repetitive dive. The time given at the intersection is residual nitrogen time, in minutes, to be applied to the repetitive dive. * Dives following surface intervals longer than this are not repetitive D dives. Use actual bottom times in the air decompression tables to compute decompression for such dives. E ** Residual nitrogen time cannot be determined using this table. (See paragraph 9-9.1, subparagraph 8, U.S. Navy Diving Manual, Revision 7, Volume 5, for instructions.) Read vertically downward to the 30 fsw repetitive dive depth. Use the corresponding residual nitrogen times to compute the Dive Depth equivalent single-dive time. Decompress using the 30 fsw air. Z M J :10 2:20* B :10 1:17 1:16 3:36* C :10 :56 2:12 :55 2:11 4:31* :10 :53 1:48 3:04 :52 1:47 3:03 5:23* :53 1:45 2:40 3:56 1:44 2:39 3:55 6:15* F :10 1:45 2:38 3:32 4:49 :52 2:37 3:31 4:48 7:08* G :10 :53 2:38 3:30 4:24 5:41 :52 1:44 3:29 4:23 5:40 8:00* :10 :53 1:45 3:30 4:22 5:17 6:33 :52 1:44 2:37 4:21 5:16 6:32 8:52* I :10 :53 1:45 2:38 4:22 5:14 6:09 7:25 :52 1:44 2:37 3:29 5:13 6:08 7:24 9:44* :10 :53 1:45 2:38 3:30 5:14 6:07 7:01 8:17 :52 1:44 2:37 3:29 4:21 6:06 7:00 8:16 10:36* Repetitive Group at Beginning of Surface Interval K :10 :53 1:45 2:38 3:30 4:22 6:07 6:59 7:53 9:10 :52 1:44 2:37 3:29 4:21 5:13 6:58 7:52 9:09 11:29* L :10 :53 1:45 2:38 3:30 4:22 5:14 6:59 7:51 8:45 10:02 :52 1:44 2:37 3:29 4:21 5:13 6:06 7:50 8:44 10:01 12:21* :10 :53 1:45 2:38 3:30 4:22 5:14 6:07 7:51 8:43 9:38 10:54 :52 1:44 2:37 3:29 4:21 5:13 6:06 6:58 8:42 9:37 10:53 13:13* N :10 :53 1:45 2:38 3:30 4:22 5:14 6:07 6:59 8:43 9:35 10:30 11:46 :52 1:44 2:37 3:29 4:21 5:13 6:06 6:58 7:50 9:34 10:29 11:45 14:05* O :10 :53 1:45 2:38 3:30 4:22 5:14 6:07 6:59 7:51 9:35 10:28 11:22 12:38 :52 1:44 2:37 3:29 4:21 5:13 6:06 6:58 7:50 8:42 10:27 11:21 12:37 14:58* :10 :10 :53 1:45 2:38 3:30 4:22 5:14 6:07 6:59 7:51 8:43 10:28 11:20 12:14 13:31 :52 :52 1:44 2:37 3:29 4:21 5:13 6:06 6:58 7:50 8:42 9:34 11:19 12:13 13:30 15:50* Repetitive Group at the End of the Surface Interval Z O N M L K J I H G F E D C B A 10 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 427 246 159 101 58 15 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 450 298 218 164 122 89 61 37 20 ** ** ** ** ** 462 331 257 206 166 134 106 83 62 44 27 25 470 354 286 237 198 167 141 118 98 79 63 48 34 21 30 372 308 261 224 194 168 146 126 108 92 77 63 51 39 28 18 35 245 216 191 169 149 132 116 101 88 75 64 53 43 33 24 15 40 188 169 152 136 122 109 97 85 74 64 56 45 37 29 21 13 45 154 140 127 115 104 93 83 73 64 56 48 40 32 25 18 12 50 131 120 109 99 90 81 73 65 57 49 42 35 29 23 17 11 55 114 105 96 88 80 72 65 58 51 44 38 32 26 20 15 10 60 101 93 86 79 72 65 58 52 46 40 35 29 24 19 14 9 70 83 77 71 65 59 54 49 44 39 34 29 25 20 16 12 8 80 70 65 60 55 51 46 42 38 33 29 25 22 18 14 10 7 90 61 57 52 48 44 41 37 33 29 26 22 19 16 12 9 6 100 54 50 47 43 40 36 33 30 26 23 20 17 14 11 8 5 110 48 45 42 39 36 33 30 27 24 21 18 16 13 10 8 5 120 44 41 38 35 32 30 27 24 22 19 17 14 12 9 7 5 130 40 37 35 32 30 27 25 22 20 18 15 13 11 9 6 4 140 37 34 32 30 27 25 23 21 19 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 150 34 32 30 28 26 23 21 19 17 15 13 11 9 8 6 4 160 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 13 11 9 7 5 4 170 30 28 26 24 22 21 19 17 15 14 12 10 8 7 5 3 180 28 26 25 23 21 19 18 16 14 13 11 10 8 6 5 3 190 26 25 23 22 20 18 17 15 14 12 11 9 8 6 5 3 Residual Nitrogen Times (Minutes) H A 4 5

Management of Asymptomatic Omitted Decompression Chart Deepest Decompression Stop Omitted Surface Interval 1 Chamber Available 2 Action No Chamber Available None Any Observe on surface for 1 hour Less than 1 minute Return to depth of stop Increase stop time by 1 minute Resume decompression according to original schedule 20 or 30 fsw 1 to 7 minutes Greater than 7 minutes Use surface decompression procedure 3 Treatment Table 5 4 if two or fewer SurDO 2 periods Treatment Table 6 4 if more than two SurDO 2 periods Return to depth of stop Multiply 30 and/or 20 fsw air or O 2 stop times by 1.5 Deeper than 30 fsw Any Treatment Table 6 5 Descend to depth of first stop Follow the schedule to 30 fsw Switch to O 2 at 30 fsw if available Multiply 30 and 20 fsw air or O 2 stops by 1.5 Notes: 1. For surface decompression, surface interval is the time from leaving the stop to arriving at depth in the chamber. 2. Using a recompression chamber is strongly preferred over in-water recompression for returning a diver to pressure. Compress to depth as fast as possible not to exceed 100 fsw/minutes. 3. For surface intervals greater than 5 minutes but less than or equal to 7 minutes, increase the O 2 time at 50 fsw from 15 to 30 minutes. 4. Treatment Tables 5 and 6 are located in the U.S. Navy Diving Manual, Revision 7, Volume 5. 5. If a diver missed a stop deeper than 50 fsw, compress to 165 fsw and start Treatment Table 6, per the U.S. Navy Diving Manual, Revision 7, Volume 5. 5 6

Repetitive Dive Flowchart Conduct single dive. Decompress according to No-Decompression Limits and Repetitive Group Designators for No-Decompression Air Dives, page 3, or Residual Nitrogen Timetable for Repetitive Air Dives, page 4. Obtain repetitive group designation. Refer to the top half of the Residual Nitrogen Timetable for Repetitive Air Dives, page 4, on diagonal. Surface interval greater than maximum time listed. Surface interval greater than 10 minutes but less than maximum time listed. Surface interval less than 10 minutes. Obtain residual nitrogen time using Residual Nitrogen Timetable for Repetitive Air Dives, page 4. Add bottom time of previous dive to that of repetitive dive. Add residual nitrogen time to bottom time of repetitive dive to obtain equivalent single-dive time. Decompress using schedule for repetitive dive depth and equivalent single-dive time. Decompress from repetitive dive using schedule for deeper of two dives and combined bottom times. 6 7

Open-Circuit Diving Worksheet Altitude Left Surface SI LS Initial Ascent RGD (Table 9-5) D/SLED RG (Table 9-4) D/SLED (Table 9-4) Surface Interval BT BT + + (Table 9-8) RNT RNT = = ESDT ESDT DS DS Ascent + DS = TDT TDT BT + TDT = TTD TTD (Table 9-7 or 9-9) Table/Schedule /: / Table/Schedule /: / RS RS 7 8

Open-Circuit Diving Worksheet (continued) Altitude Left Surface SI LS Initial Ascent RGD (Table 9-5) D/SLED RG (Table 9-4) D/SLED (Table 9-4) Surface Interval BT BT + + (Table 9-8) RNT RNT = = ESDT ESDT DS DS Ascent + DS = TDT TDT BT + TDT = TTD TTD (Table 9-7 or 9-9) Table/Schedule /: / Table/Schedule /: / RS RS 8 9

Emergency Assistance Contact List AIR TRANSPORTATION COMMUNICATIONS Location: Location: Name/Phone Number: Name/Phone Number: Response Time: Response Time: SEA TRANSPORTATION DIVING UNITS Location: Location: Name/Phone Number: Name/Phone Number: Response Time: Response Time: HOSPITAL/HYPERBARIC CHAMBER Location: COMMAND Location: Name/Phone Number: Name/Phone Number: Response Time: Response Time: DIVING MEDICAL OFFICER Location: Name/Phone Number: Response Time: EMERGENCY CONSULTATION Duty Phone Numbers 24 Hours a Day Navy Experimental Dive Unit Commercial (850) 234-4351 (850) 230-3100 DSN 436-4351 Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center Commercial (850) 234-4651 DSN 436-4651 9 10

Environmental Worksheet SURFACE Atmosphere Sea Surface Visibility: Sea State: Sunrise (Set): Wave Action: Moonrise (Set): Height: Temperature (Air): Length: Humidity: Direction: Barometer: Current: Precipitation: Direction: Cloud Description: Velocity: Percent Cover: Type: Wind Direction: Wind Force: Other: Surface Visibility: Surface Water Temperature: Local Characteristics: 10 11

Environmental Worksheet (continued) SUBSURFACE Underwater and Bottom Depth: Visibility Underwater: Water Temperature: Degrees F F/C or at Depth Degrees C Degrees F F/C or at Depth Degrees C Degrees F F/C or at Depth Degrees C Degrees F F/C or at Bottom Degrees C Thermoclines: Feet at Depth Feet at Depth Feet at Depth Visibility Bottom: Feet at Depth Bottom Type: Current: Direction: Source: Velocity: Pattern: Tides: High Water: / Time Low Water: / Time Ebb Direction: Velocity: Flood Direction: Velocity: Obstructions: Marine Life: Other Data: Note: A meteorological detachment may be requested from the local meteorological support activity. 11 12

Water Temperature Protection Chart Water Temperature C F Unprotected Diver Wet Suit Diver Dry Suit Diver 35.0 32.0 29.5 90.0 Resting diver will overheat. Working diver may overheat depending on workload. (At shallow [<20 fsw] depths) 26.5 80.0 Resting diver chills in 1 2 hours. Thermal protection usually needed below 80 F water. 24.0 21.0 18.5 15.5 13.0 10.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 Thermal protection usually not the limiting factor in a wet suit. 5 hours Thermal protection usually not the limiting factor in a dry suit. 07.0 04.5 01.5-01.0 40.0 30.0 3 hours 5 hours Below 40 F, hot-water suit or dry suit is recommended for surface-supplied diving. 1 hour 3 hours -04.0 Freezing point saltwater. Freezing point freshwater. This chart can be used as a guide for planning dives in cold water. The dive durations listed for each suit are not rules or limits. Instead, they represent dive times that will challenge the average diver wearing the thermal protection listed but will have a minimal chance of producing significant hypothermia. Actual dive durations may be longer or shorter than those listed because of operational considerations and individual tolerance. 12 13

Sea State Chart Sea State 0 The sea is like a mirror. Description Wind Force (Beaufort) Ripples with the appearance of scales are formed, but without foam crests. 1 1 Small wavelets are still short but more pronounced; crests have a glassy appearance but do not break. 2 0 Wind Description Calm Light Air Light Breeze Wind Range (Knots) <1 5 3 Wind Velocity (Knots) 0.0 2.0 Average Wave Height (Feet) 0.00 0.05 4 6 5.0 0.18 2 Large wavelets form, and crests begin to break. The foam has a glassy appearance, perhaps with scattered whitecaps. 3 Gentle Breeze 7 10 8.5 10.0 0.60 0.88 3 Small waves are becoming longer; fairly frequent whitecaps exist. 4 Moderate Breeze 15 16 12.0 13.5 14.0 16.0 1.40 1.80 2.00 2.90 4 Moderate waves exist that take a more pronounced, long form; many whitecaps are formed. A chance of some spray exists. 5 Fresh Breeze 17 21 18.0 19.0 20.0 3.80 4.30 5.00 5 Large waves begin to form; white foam crests are more extensive everywhere. There is some spray. 6 Strong Breeze 22 27 22.0 24.0 24.5 26.0 6.40 7.90 8.20 9.60 6 The sea heaps up, and white foam from breaking waves begins to be blown in streaks along the direction of the wind. Spindrift begins. 7 Moderate Gale 28 33 28.0 30.0 30.5 32.0 11.00 14.00 14.00 16.00 7 There are moderately high waves of greater length; edges of crests break into spindrift. The foam is blown in well-marked streaks along the direction of the wind. Spray affects visibility. 8 Fresh Gale 34 40 34.0 36.0 37.0 38.0 40.0 19.00 21.00 23.00 25.00 28.00 8 High waves exist. Dense streaks of foam are present along the direction of the wind. The sea begins to roll. Visibility is affected. 9 Strong Gale 45 47 42.0 44.0 46.0 31.00 36.00 40.00 9 Very high waves with long overhanging crests exist. Foam is in great patches and is blown in dense, white streaks along the direction of the wind. The surface of the sea takes on a white appearance. The rolling of the sea becomes heavy and shocklike. Visibility is affected. Exceptionally high waves exist. The sea is completely covered with long white patches of foam along the direction of the wind. The edges of the wave crests are blown into froth everywhere. Visibility is seriously affected. 10 Whole Gale 48 55 11 Storm 56 63 48.0 50.0 51.5 52.0 54.0 56.0 59.5 44.00 49.00 52.00 54.00 59.00 64.00 73.00 The air is filled with foam and spray. The sea is fully white with driving spray. Visibility is seriously affected. 12 Hurricane 64 71 >64.0 >80.00 13 14

Equivalent Windchill Temperature Chart Actual Air Temp F ( C) Wind Miles Per Hour 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Equivalent Chill Temperature F ( C) 40 (4) 35 (2) 30 ( 1) 25 ( 4) 20 ( 7) 15 ( 9) 10 ( 12) 10 ( 12) 10 ( 12) 35 (2) 30 ( 1) 20 ( 7) 15 ( 9) 10 ( 12) 10 ( 12) 5 ( 15) 5 ( 15) 0 ( 17) 30 ( 1) 25 ( 4) 15 ( 9) 10 ( 12) 5 ( 15) 0 ( 17) 0 ( 17) 0 ( 17) 5 ( 21) 25 ( 4) 20 ( 7) 10 ( 12) 0 ( 17) 0 ( 17) 5 ( 21) 10 ( 23) 10 ( 23) 15 ( 26) 20 ( 7) 15 ( 9) 5 ( 15) 5 ( 21) 10 ( 23) 15 ( 26) 20 ( 29) 20 ( 29) 20 ( 29) 15 ( 9) 10 ( 12) 0 ( 17) 10 ( 23) 15 ( 26) 20 ( 29) 25 ( 32) 25 ( 32) 30 ( 34) 10 ( 12) 5 ( 15) 10 ( 23) 20 ( 29) 25 ( 32) 30 ( 34) 30 ( 34) 30 ( 34) 35 ( 37) 5 ( 15) 0 ( 17) 15 ( 26) 25 ( 32) 30 ( 34) 35 ( 37) 40 ( 40) 40 ( 40) 45 ( 43) 0 ( 17) 5 ( 15) 20 ( 24) 30 ( 34) 35 ( 37) 45 ( 43) 55 ( 46) 50 ( 46) 55 ( 48) 5 ( 21) 10 ( 23) 25 ( 32) 40 ( 40) 45 ( 43) 50 ( 46) 65 ( 54) 60 ( 51) 60 ( 51) 10 ( 23) 15 ( 26) 35 ( 37) 45 ( 43) 50 ( 46) 60 ( 54) 70 ( 57) 65 ( 54) 70 ( 57) 15 ( 26) 20 ( 29) 40 ( 40) 50 ( 46) 60 ( 51) 65 ( 54) 70 ( 57) 75 ( 60) 75 ( 60) 20 ( 29) 25 ( 32) 45 ( 43) 60 ( 51) 65 ( 54) 75 ( 60) 80 ( 62) 85 ( 65) 90 ( 68) 25 ( 32) 30 ( 34) 50 ( 46) 65 ( 45) 75 ( 60) 80 ( 62) 85 ( 65) 90 ( 68) 95 ( 71) 30 ( 34) 35 ( 37) 60 ( 51) 70 ( 57) 80 ( 62) 90 ( 68) 95 ( 71) 35 ( 37) 40 ( 40) 65 ( 54) 80 ( 62) 85 ( 65) 95 ( 71) 40 ( 40) 45 ( 43) 70 ( 57) 85 ( 65) 95 ( 71) 45 ( 43) 50 ( 46) 75 ( 60) 90 ( 68) 50 ( 46) 55 ( 48) 80 ( 62) 55 ( 48) 60 ( 51) 90 ( 68) 60 ( 51) 70 ( 57) 95 ( 71) 100 ( 73) 105 ( 76) 110 ( 79) 100 ( 73) 110 ( 79) 115 ( 82) 120 ( 85) 105 ( 76) 110 ( 79) 120 ( 85) 125 ( 87) 135 ( 93) 100 ( 73) 110 ( 79) 115 ( 82) 125 ( 87) 130 ( 90) 140 ( 96) 100 ( 73) 105 ( 76) 115 ( 82) 120 ( 85) 130 ( 90) 135 ( 93) 145 ( 98) 100 ( 73) 110 ( 79) 115 ( 82) 125 ( 87) 130 ( 90) 140 ( 96) 150 ( 101) Legend: No Shade = LITTLE DANGER. Light Shade = INCREASING DANGER (flesh may freeze within 1 minute). Dark Shade = GREAT DANGER (flesh may freeze within 20 seconds). 14 15

Diving Safety and Planning Checklist STEPS IN PLANNING OF DIVING OPERATIONS. Detailed, advanced planning is the foundation of diving safety. I. ANALYZE THE MISSION FOR SAFETY. Ensure mission objective is defined. Determine that nondiving means of mission accomplishment have been considered and eliminated as inappropriate. Coordinate emergency assistance. Review relevant NWPs and OPNAV instructions. II. IDENTIFY AND ANALYZE POTENTIAL HAZARDS. A. Natural hazards: 1. Atmospheric: Exposure of personnel to extreme conditions. Adverse exposure of equipment and supplies to elements. Delays or disruption caused by weather. 2. Surface: Seasickness. Water entry and exit. Handling of heavy equipment in rough seas. Maintaining location in tides and currents. Ice, flotsam, kelp, and petroleum in the water. Delays or disruption caused by sea state. 3. Underwater and bottom: Depth that exceeds diving limits or limits of available equipment. Exposure to cold temperatures. Dangerous marine life. Tides and currents. Limited visibility. Bottom obstructions. Ice (underwater pressure ridges, loss of entry hole, loss of orientation, and so on). Dangerous bottom conditions (mud, drop-offs, and so on). B. On-site hazards: Local marine traffic or other conflicting naval operations. Other conflicting commercial operations. High-powered, active sonar. Radiation contamination and other pollution (chemical, sewer outfalls, and so on). C. Mission hazards: Decompression sickness. Communications problems. Drowning. Other trauma (injuries). Hostile action. D. Object hazards: Entrapment and entanglement. Shifting or working of object. Explosives or other ordnance. 15 16

Diving Safety and Planning Checklist (continued) III. SELECT EQUIPMENT, PERSONNEL, AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES. A. Diving personnel: Assign a complete and properly qualified diving team. Assign the right man to the right task. Verify that each member of the diving team is properly trained and qualified for the equipment and depths involved. Determine that each man is physically fit to dive, paying attention to General condition and any evidence of fatigue. Record of last medical exam. Ears and sinuses. Severe cold or flu. Use of stimulants or intoxicants. Observe divers for emotional readiness to dive: Motivation and professional attitude. Stability (no noticeably unusual or erratic behavior). B. Diving equipment: Verify that diving gear chosen and diving techniques are adequate and authorized for mission and particular task. Verify that equipment and diving technique are proper for depth involved. Verify that life support equipment has been tested and approved for U.S. Navy use. Determine that all necessary support equipment and tools are readily available and are best for accomplishing the job efficiently and safely. Determine that all related support equipment, such as winches, boats, cranes, and floats, are operable, safe, and under control of trained personnel. Check that all diving equipment has been properly maintained (with appropriate records); ensure equipment is in full operating condition. C. Emergency equipment: Obtain suitable communications equipment with sufficient capability to reach outside help; check all communications for proper operation. Verify that a recompression chamber is ready for use or notify the nearest command with one that its use may be required within a given time frame. Verify that a completely stocked first aid kit is at hand. If oxygen will be used as standby first aid, verify that the tank is full and properly pressurized and that masks, valves, and other accessories are fully operable. If a resuscitator will be used, check apparatus for function. Check that firefighting equipment is readily available and in full operating condition. Verify that emergency transportation is either standing by or on immediate call. D. Emergency procedures: Know how to obtain medical assistance immediately. For each potential emergency situation, assign specific tasks to the diving team and support personnel. Complete and post Emergency Assistance Checklist; ensure that all personnel are familiar with it. Verify that an up-to-date copy of U.S. Navy Decompression Tables is available. Ensure that all divers, boat crews, and other support personnel understand all diver hand signals. 16 17

Diving Safety and Planning Checklist (continued) Predetermine distress signals and call signs. Ensure that all divers have removed anything from their mouths that they might choke on during a dive (gum, dentures, tobacco). Thoroughly drill all personnel in emergency procedures, paying particular attention to cross-training; drills should include Emergency recompression. First aid. Restoration of breathing. Blowup. Rapid undressing. Rapid dressing. Near-drowning. Entrapment. Fire. Embolism. Electric shock. Lost diver. IV. ESTABLISH SAFE DIVING OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES. A. Complete planning, organization, and coordination activities: Ensure that other means of accomplishing the mission have been considered before deciding to use divers. Ensure that contingency planning has been conducted. Carefully state the goals and tasks of each mission, and develop a flexible plan of operations (dive plan). Completely brief the diving team and support personnel. Designate a master diver or properly qualified diving supervisor to be in charge of the mission. Designate a recorder/timekeeper and verify that he understands his duties and responsibilities. Determine the exact depth at the job site through the use of a lead line, pneumofathometer, or commercial depth sounder. Verify the existence of an adequate supply of compressed air is available for all planned diving operations plus an adequate reserve for emergencies. Ensure that no operations or actions on the part of the diving team, support personnel, technicians, boat crew, or winch operators take place without the knowledge of and by the direct command of the diving supervisor. Minimize bottom time through planning, briefing, training, organization, and other preparations. Water depth and the condition of the diver (especially fatigue), rather than the amount of work to be done, shall govern diver s bottom time. Keep current decompression tables on hand, and use them in all planning and scheduling of diving operations. Instruct all divers and support personnel not to cut any lines until approved by the diving supervisor. Ensure that the ship, boat, or diving craft is securely moored and in position to permit the safest and most efficient operations (exceptions are emergency and critical ship repairs). Verify that, when using surface-supplied techniques, the ship, boat, or diving craft has at least a twopoint moor. Ensure that, when conducting scuba operations in hazardous conditions, a boat can be quickly cast off and moved to a diver in distress. B. Perform diving safety procedures and establish safety measures: Ensure that each diver checks his own equipment in addition to checks made by tenders, technicians, or other support personnel. Designate a standby diver for all diving operations; the standby diver shall be dressed to the necessary level and ready to enter the water if needed. 17 18

Diving Safety and Planning Checklist (continued) Assign buddy divers, when required, for all scuba operations. Take precautions to prevent divers from being fouled on the bottom. If work is conducted inside a wreck or other structure, assign a team of divers to accomplish the task. One diver enters the wreck and the other tends his lines from the point of entry. When using explosives, take measures to ensure that no charge shall be fired while divers are in water. Use safety procedures as outlined in relevant naval publications for all underwater cutting and welding operations. Brief all divers and deck personnel on the planned decompression schedules for each particular dive. Check provisions for decompressing the diver. Verify that the ship, boat, or diving craft is displaying proper signals, flags, day shapes, or lights to indicate diving operations are in progress. (Consult publications governing international or inland rules, international/inland local signals, and U.S. Navy communications instructions.) Ensure that protection against harmful marine life has been provided. Check that the quality of the diver s air supply is periodically and thoroughly tested to ensure purity. Thoroughly brief the boat crew. Verify that proper safety and operational equipment is aboard small diving boats or craft. C. Notify proper parties that dive operations are ready to commence: Diving officer. Commanding officer. Area commander. Officer of the deck/day. Command duty officer or commanding officer of ships alongside. Bridge to ensure that ship s personnel do not Turn the propeller or thrusters. Get underway. Activate active sonar or other electronics. Drop heavy items overboard. Shift the moor. Ship duty officer to ensure that ship s personnel do not Activate sea discharges or suctions. Operate bow, stern, planes, or rudder. Operate vents or torpedo shutters. Turn propellers. Other interested parties and commands: Harbormaster/port services officer. Command duty officers. Officers in tactical command. Cognizant U.S. Navy organizations. U.S. Coast Guard (if broadcast warning to civilians is required). Notify facilities having recompression chambers and sources of emergency transportation that diving operations are underway and their assistance may be needed. 18 19

Closed-Circuit Diving Considerations MK 25 MOD 2 Characteristics Principle of Operation: Special Warfare Only Closed-Circuit System. Minimum equipment: Advantages: MK 25 MOD 2 underwater breathing apparatus. No surface bubbles. Approved life jacket. Minimum support. Face mask. Long duration. Weight belt. Fast deployment. Dive knife. Good horizontal mobility. Swim fins. Disadvantages: Dive watch. Limited to shallow depths. Appropriate thermal protection. Central nervous system (CNS) oxygen (O 2 ) toxicity hazards. Whistle. Limited physical and thermal protection. Buddy line (one per pair).* Restrictions: Depth gauge (large face; accurate at shallow depths; one per pair).* Normal working limit 20 fsw for 240 minutes. Compass (one per pair if on compass Maximum working limit 50 fsw for 10 minutes. course). No excursion allowed when using single-depth Principal applications: diving limits. Special warfare. Operational considerations: Search. Minimum personnel 5. Inspection. Buddy diver required. Chase boat. * Mandatory for all closed-circuit dives. The Excursion Limits Table (below) calls for a maximum dive depth of 20 fsw or shallower for the majority of the dive but allows the diver to make a brief excursion to depths as great as 50 fsw. The transitwith-excursion-limits method is normally the preferred mode of operation because maintaining a depth of 20 fsw or shallower minimizes the possibility of central nervous system oxygen toxicity during the majority of the dive but allows a brief downward excursion if needed. Only a single excursion is allowed. On O 2 Oxygen Off O 2 Time Surface Underwater Purge On O 2 20 fsw Example of Transit With Excursion. Transit Excursion Transit Off O 2 Excursion Limits Depth Maximum Time 21 40 fsw 15 minutes 41 50 fsw 5 minutes 40 fsw Note: If the diver is unsure how long he was below 20 fsw, the dive must be aborted. 19 20

Closed-Circuit Diving Considerations (continued) Single-Depth Oxygen Exposure Depth Maximum Oxygen Time 20 fsw 240 minutes 30 fsw 80 minutes 35 fsw 25 minutes 40 fsw 15 minutes 50 fsw 10 minutes Closed-Circuit Oxygen Diving Equipment General: Motorized chase boat. Radio (radio communications with parent unit, chamber, MEDEVAC units, and support craft, when feasible). High-intensity, wide-beam light (night operations). Dive flags and/or dive lights, as required. Diving supervisor: Dive watch. Dive pair list. Recall devices. Copy of O 2 exposure limits. Copy of air tables. Standby diver: Compressed-air scuba. Weight belt (if needed). Approved life jacket. Face mask. Fins. Appropriate thermal protection: Dive knife. Flare. Tending line. Depth gauge. Dive watch. Diving medical technician: Self-inflating bag-mask ventilator with medium adult mask. Oropharyngeal airway, adaptable to mask used. First aid kit/portable O 2. Two canteens of fresh water for treating chemical injury. Divers required: Approved life jacket. Weight belt (jettisonable). Face mask. Fins. Dive knife. Flare or strobe. Dive watch. Appropriate thermal protection. Whistle. Buddy line (one per pair). Depth gauge (large face; accurate at shallow depths; one per diver). Compass (one per pair if on compass course). Optional: Gloves. Buoy (one per pair). Slate with writing device. Note: There must be a standby diver with open-circuit gear. The tended line should be long enough to recover a lost diver from the deepest possible depth. 20 21

Closed-Circuit Diving Considerations (continued) Closed-Circuit Oxygen Diving Equipment (continued) Dive plan: Operating depth. Distance, bearings, and transit lines. Dive time. Known obstacles or hazards. Environmental: Weather conditions. Water/air temperatures. Water/air visibility. Current/tides. Special equipment: Divers (include thermal garment). Diving supervisor. Standby diver. Diving medical technician. Review of hand signals. Communications: Frequencies. Call signs. Emergency procedures: Symptoms of O 2 toxicity review in detail. Symptoms of CO 2 buildup review in detail. Review management of underwater convulsion, nonconvulsive O 2 hit, CO 2 buildup, hypoxia, chemical injury, unconscious diver. UBA malfunction. Lost swim-pair procedures. Medical evacuation plan that includes the following: g Nearest available chamber. g Nearest DMO. g Transportation plan. g Recovery of other swim pairs. Review of purge procedure. Times for operations. Note: The emergency procedures and the review of purge procedure items above should be emphasized during a closed-circuit dive brief. Draeger LAR V Purge Procedures 1. Don the LAR V by attaching the neck strap and waist strap in a diagonal fashion across your back. The top of the apparatus should be approximately at the level of your nipple line to allow for reading of your pressure gauge while your mask is on your face and your mouthpiece is in your mouth. The straps should fit loose enough to permit complete filling of the breathing bag. 2. Ensure that the O 2 supply valve is closed. Place your mask onto your face, exhale all the air out of your lungs, and insert the mouthpiece into your mouth. Open the dive/surface valve. 3. Empty the breathing bag by inhaling from the mouthpiece and exhaling into the atmosphere through your nose. Continue until the breathing bag is completely empty. Be sure not to exhale into the mouthpiece during this procedure. 4. Open the O 2 supply valve and fill the breathing bag by depressing the bypass valve for approximately 6 seconds. The O 2 supply valve is left open for the remainder of the procedure. 5. Empty the breathing bag once more by inhaling from the mouthpiece and exhaling through your nose. The breathing bag is empty when the demand valve begins to supply O 2 to the breathing bag. 6. Fill the breathing bag to a comfortable volume for swimming by depressing the bypass valve for approximately 4 seconds. Begin normal breathing. Note: The LAR V is now ready for diving. 7. If the purge procedure is interrupted at any point, repeat the procedure starting with Step 2. Interruptions include exhaling back into the breathing bag instead of into the atmosphere and breaking the seal on the mask. 21 22

MK 25 MOD 2 Urethane Canister Duration Limits (Minutes) Authorized MK 25 MOD 2 Duration Limits Using Urethane Canister or Micropore ExtendAir Water Temperature Granular Carbon Dioxide Scrubber 4 8 Mesh Sofnolime 408 Mesh L-Grade Sofnolime 812 Mesh D-Grade and DiveSorb Pro Micropore ExtendAir F C Without Insulator Sleeve With Insulator Sleeve Without Insulator Sleeve With Insulator Sleeve Without Insulator Sleeve With Insulator Sleeve Double Cartridges Without Insulator Sleeve Single Cartridge (Training Only) 33 0.6 95 131 222 147 35 1.7 120 146 163 229 159 40 4.4 80 140 102 176 186 243 180 38 44 6.7 100 160 122 194 198 253 191 50 48 8.9 115 175 139 208 208 261 200 61 52 11.1 125 185 152 219 215 267 207 69 56 13.3 135 195 164 228 220 273 212 77 56 13.3 135 195 164 228 220 273 212 77 60 15.6 145 205 175 236 224 276 216 83 64 17.8 150 210 184 242 228 283 220 88 68 20.0 160 220 191 248 231 287 223 92 72 22.2 165 225 198 252 233 291 226 96 76 24.4 170 230 205 256 235 294 228 98 80 26.7 175 235 210 259 237 297 230 98 84 28.9 180 215 238 231 98 88 31.1 180 220 239 232 98 92 33.3 185 224 240 233 98 96 35.6 190 228 241 234 98 100 37.8 190 228 242 235 Notes: 1. Maximum O 2 exposure limit for combat diving will not exceed 240 minutes in a 24-hour period because of pulmonary O 2 toxicity risks. 2. The current operational temperature limits for the MK 25 MOD 2 are 35 F to 99 F. 3. All CO 2 absorbents are authorized to be prepacked up to 14 days in advance. 4. Use of the fiberglass canister in the MK 25 MOD 2 is authorized subject to the durations and notes in MK 25 MOD 2 Fiberglass Canister Duration Limits (Minutes) Table, page 23. 5. Use of the neoprene canister sleeve with granular absorbents is required for temperatures at 40 F and lower. From 40 F to 80 F, the insulator can be sued to increase canister duration. The sleeve is not recommended above 80 F. No insulating sleeve is required or used with the Micropore ExtendAir canister. 6. Use of the single ExtendAir cartridge configuration is authorized only for short training dives in a controlled environment with water temperatures between 40 F and 95 F. 22 23

MK 25 MOD 2 Fiberglass Canister Duration Limits (Minutes) Authorized MK 25 MOD 2 Duration Limits with Fiberglass Canister Water Temperature F C Sofnolime 408 Mesh L-Grade, Granular Carbon Dioxide Scrubber 4 8 Mesh 40 4.4 91 43 6.1 102 46 7.8 112 50 10.0 123 54 12.2 133 57 13.9 142 61 16.1 151 68 20.0 169 72 22.2 177 75 23.9 185 79 26.1 192 82 27.8 199 86 30.0 206 90 32.2 212 Notes: 1. Maximum O 2 exposure limit for combat diving will not exceed 240 minutes in a 24-hour period because of pulmonary O 2 toxicity risks. 2. The current operational temperature limits for the MK 25 MOD 2 with fiberglass canister are 40 F to 90 F. 3. 8 to 12 Mesh CO 2 absorbent is not authorized for use in the fiberglass canister. 4. DiveSorb Pro may be used in the fiberglass canister between 40 F to 90 F. Use the temperature and durations from MK 25 MOD 2 Urethane Canister Duration Limits (Minutes) Table, page 22, Without Insulator Sleeve. 5. The neoprene canister insulation sleeve is not authorized for use with the fiberglass canister. 6. All CO 2 absorbents are authorized to be prepacked up to 14 days in advance. 23 24

Haskel Oxygen Booster System 26968 Operation Procedures DANGER The Haskel O 2 Booster System is utilized for the compression of highpercentage O 2 ; do not use this equipment unless properly trained on usage and familiar with O 2 safety and hazards. Smoking is not permitted in any area where O 2 is stored, handled, or used. Keep all organic materials and other flammable substances away from possible contact with O 2. 1. Inspect all equipment. Ensure all bottles and hoses are within their current hydrostatic test date. Ensure all critical gauges are within calibration. Ensure all open O 2 boundaries are masked over, plugged, and/or double-bagged. Ensure the O 2 is aviator s grade. Note: Do not proceed if any safety hazards exist. 2. Ensure the area meets the requirements of O 2 safety. 3. Close all the valves. 4. Attach the handwheel of the O 2 supply line to the k-bottle and ensure the bleeder valve beneath the gauge is closed. Attach the quick-connect fitting on the other end of the O 2 supply line to the Haskel pump. 5. Attach the threaded fitting of the O 2 fill line to the Amron charging panel (black box); ensure the bleeder valve and all color-coded handwheels on the black box are closed. Attach the quick-connect fitting on the O 2 fill line to the Haskel pump. 6. Attach the first stage of the air driveline to the twin-80 scuba tanks. Ensure the pressure gauge is attached to the high-pressure port (stamped H.P. ). The filter bowl on the Haskel pump is only rated for 150 pounds per square inch gauge (psig); ensure the air driveline is in a low-pressure port. Attach the quick-connect fitting of the air driveline to the Haskel pump. 7. Ensure the k-bottle and twin-80 scuba tanks are secured. Inspect all quick-connect fittings. Ensure that the high-pressure lines are whipped and the ends are secured with snap-links. 8. Attach up to six LAR V O 2 bottles to the Amron black box color-coded fill lines. Keep the O 2 bottle valve caps and fill-line plugs together and clean. Note: LAR V bottles cannot be removed from the fill lines until the lines are bled down. 9. Slowly open the LAR V bottles (rapid pressurization of O 2 can cause a flashover, damaging personnel or equipment) and place them in the dip tank. Inspect them for leaks (bubbles). 10. Slowly open each color-coded handwheel on the Amron black box to equalize the LAR V bottle pressure. 11. Slowly open the k-bottle valve and allow the system to equalize. 12. Ensure the bleeder valve (wing nut) at the bottom of filter bowl on the Haskel pump is closed. Open the valve on the first stage of the twin-80 scuba tanks (turn on air). 13. Open the blue handwheel to the right of the filter bowl on the Haskel pump, allowing the jamming process to begin. (The compression release noise will be heard.) 14. Jam LAR V bottles to 200 bar (2,900 psig). Close the blue handwheel, stopping the air drive. 15. Close all LAR V bottle valves. 16. Close all color-coded handwheels on Amron black box. 24 25

Haskel Oxygen Booster System 26968 Operation Procedures (continued) 17. Close the O 2 k-bottle valve. 18. Open the bleeder valve on the Amron box slowly to bleed the O 2 supply line and the Haskel pump down. Slowly open each color-coded handwheel individually and bleed the fill line down. 19. Individually remove the LAR V bottles from the fill lines. Replace the line plugs, gauge the LAR V bottles, and replace the bottle valve caps. 20. Repeat steps 1 19 until all LAR V bottles are jammed. Bleed the filter bowl every 10 minutes. 21. Upon completion of jamming, ensure all valves are closed. Bleed all lines down. Disconnect the quickconnect fitting of the O 2 supply line and double-bag both ends of the quick-connect fitting. Disconnect the handwheel from the k-bottle and double-bag it. Replace the port plug on the k-bottle valve. 22. Disconnect the quick-connect fitting on the O 2 fill line. Double-bag both ends of the quick-connect fitting. Disconnect the O 2 fill line from the Amron black box and double-bag it. Replace the threaded cap on the Amron black box connection point. 23. Disconnect the air driveline from the Haskel pump. Disconnect the first stage manifold from the twin-80 scuba tanks. 24. Secure all lines in the Haskel pump support box, ensuring gauges are padded. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES: 1. Close the O 2 k-bottle valve. 2. Close all other valves. 3. Bleed down the entire system. 4. Make corrections/repairs, seek assistance, or assess damage. Note: Never leave a running system unattended. 25 26

55 Multifuel Engine Presail Checklist Remove engine cowling. Check engine oil level (Evinrude/Johnson XD 100) Visually inspect engine components. Ensure carrying handle bolts are tight. Check operation of tilt lever. Check presence and function of transom bolts. Check engine tie-down lanyard. Check zinc anode if 2/3 or smaller than original size, replace. Visually inspect engine propeller and skeg. Check propeller and shift lever mechanism: Place shift lever in forward and attempt to rotate propeller by hand. (You should not be able to rotate it.) Place shift lever in reverse and attempt to rotate propeller by hand. (You should not be able to rotate it.) Place shift lever in neutral and attempt to rotate propeller by hand. (It should spin freely). Connect fuel source to engine. Check fuel line connections to ensure they are properly seated. Prime fuel system with priming ball, observe fuel entering fuel filter, and inspect fuel system for leaks. Ensure fuel selector switch is in proper position (out for clean fuel/in for nonstandard fuel). Run engine: Place muffs on the intakes and ensure water is running. Ensure safety lanyard is present and in place. Ensure shifter is in NEUTRAL position. Ensure throttle is in all the way OFF position. Start engine. Observe for water exiting form water exhaust valve. (If no water is observed within 5 seconds, shut off engine, reposition muff, and restart.) Run engine for 5 minutes. During operation observe the four EMM LED indicator lights; if any lights are illuminated during motor operation, shut engine OFF and notify maintenance personnel. After 5 minutes, shut off engine. 26 27

55 Multifuel Engine Postsail Checklist Follow all presail procedures: While engine is running for 5 minutes: Freshwater rinse entire engine. (Ensure you cover the air intake port to avoid water intake.) Spray deep-penetrating lubricant over all engine components. Spray deep-penetrating lubricant into throttle body for 3 seconds. Notes: 1. If engine is going to be stored for 48 hours or longer, spray storage fogger (instead of deep-penetrating lubricant) into throttle body. If storing for more than 90 days, follow manufacturer s winterization instructions. 2. If engine is run with nonstandard heavy fuels, it should be run on gasoline for a minimum of 20 minutes to clean the internal components. Ensure the fuel selector switch is pulled out for this procedure. 3. Heavy fuels include JP4, JP5, JP8, Jet A, Jet B, and kerosene. Diesel fuel is to be used only as a last resort because it has the greatest damage impact on the internal engine components. 27 28

55 Multifuel Engine Troubleshooting Card I. ENGINE WILL NOT START A. Check fuel lines, priming ball, connections, and fuel bag (remove fuel bag cap and bleed fumes from bag). B. Check fuel selector switch. C. Check drain valves. D. Check throttle OFF. E. Attempt to start engine 3 times. F. Remove safety lanyard. G. Replace safety lanyard and attempt to start engine 5 times. H. Remove cowling. I. Check oil. J. Check knurled nut while priming fuel. K. Check for fuel in filter. L. Attempt to start engine 5 times. 1. Check engine lights. (All four LED lights should be illuminated when pulling starter cord.) 2. Stator/charging = dead motor. 3. Check connections indicated. M. Check spark plugs for correct orientation. N. Replace fuel line and bag. O. Attempt to start. II. ENGINE RUNNING SLUGGISHLY A. Engine will start but misfires (high revolutions): 1. Check for obstructions on intakes and propeller. 2. Place in reverse and give engine high revolution. 3. Test performance. B. Engine revs with little effect (ventilation): 1. Check keel. 2. Check engine trim rod settings. (Heavy load = low position.) 3. Check prop. d. Turn engine OFF; place in forward gear. e. Attempt to turn prop. 6. Test performance. C. Engine misfires: 1. Remove cowling. 2. Check oil level. 3. Check fuel selector switch. 4. Ensure throttle is OFF. 5. Pull safety lanyard to reset EMM. 6. Replace safety lanyard. 7. Attempt to start. 28 29

55 Multifuel Engine Troubleshooting Card (continued) III. PERIODIC CHECKS (CONDUCTED EVERY 15 MINUTES DURING MOVEMENTS OR AT ANY SECURITY HALT) A. Check fuel lines, priming ball, connections, and bag. B. Check main buoyancy tubes. C. Check keel. D. Check motor mounting screws. E. Check water discharging from motor water exhaust valve. F. Check navigation lights or other markings. G. Check equipment secured. 29 30

Buoys U.S. Aids to Navigation System on Navigable Waters Except Western Rivers LATERAL SYSTEM AS SEEN ENTERING FROM SEAWARD PORT SIDE ODD-NUMBERED AIDS GREEN LIGHT ONLY FLASHING (2) FLASHING OCCULTING QUICK FLASHING ISO PHASE PREFERRED CHANNEL NO NUMBERS MAY BE LETTERED PREFERRED CHANNEL TO STARBOARD TOPMOST BAND GREEN GREEN LIGHT ONLY COMPOSITE GROUP FLASHING (2-1) 1 1 FI G 6s LIGHT 9 9 A G 9 FI G 4s LIGHTED BUOY GR A FI (2+1) G 6s S GR C S CAN G C 9 5 G 5 DAYBEACON U GR U CAN PREFERRED CHANNEL NO NUMBERS MAY BE LETTERED PREFERRED CHANNEL TO PORT TOPMOST BAND RED RED LIGHT ONLY COMPOSITE GROUP FLASHING (2+1) STARBOARD SIDE EVEN-NUMBERED AIDS RED LIGHT ONLY FLASHING (2) FLASHING OCCULTING QUICK FLASHING ISO B 8 C RG N C RG B FI (2+1) R 6s 2 LIGHT 2 FI R 6s R 8 FI R 4s LIGHTED BUOY NUN G RG G 6 R N 6 2 R 2 NUN DAYBEACON 30 31

Buoys (continued) U.S. Aids to Navigation System on Navigable Waters Except Western Rivers AIDS TO NAVIGATION HAVING NO LATERAL SIGNIFICANCE ISOLATED DANGER NO NUMBERS MAY BE LETTERED SAFE WATER NO NUMBERS MAY BE LETTERED FI (2) 5s WHITE LIGHT ONLY Mo (A) WHITE LIGHT ONLY MORSE CODE A BR A FI (2) 5s C BR C N RW N Mo (A) A RW A B RW SP B N RW N LIGHTED UNLIGHTED LIGHTED AND/OR SOUND MR SPHERICAL LIGHTED AND/OR SOUND MOORING BUOY DAYBOARDS MAY BE LETTERED WHITE LIGHT ONLY NR NG A A M NB WHITE WITH BLUE BAND MAY SHOW WHITE REFLECTOR OR LIGHT. RW Bn GW Bn BW Bn SPECIAL MARKS MAY BE LETTERED RANGE DAYBOARDS MAY BE LETTERED YELLOW LIGHT ONLY FIXED FLASHING KGW KWG KWB KBW KWR KRW KRB KBR KGB KBG KGR KRG SHAPE OPTIONAL, A B BUT SELECTED TO BE C APPROPRIATE FOR THE A POSITION OF THE MARK IN Y Y Y A Y B RELATION TO THE NAVIGABLE C A N C Bn FI WATERWAY AND THE DIRECTION OF BUOYAGE. UNLIGHTED LIGHTED 31 32

Buoys (continued) U.S. Aids to Navigation System on Navigable Waters Except Western Rivers TYPICIAL INFORMATION AND REGULATORY MARKS WHEN LIT, INFORMATION AND REGULATORY MARKS MAY DISPLAY ANY WHITE LIGHT RHYTHM EXCEPT QUICK FLASHING. Mo(A) AND FLASHING (2). BOAT EXCLUSION AREA EXPLANATION MAY BE PLACED OUTSIDE THE CROSSED DIAMOND SHAPE, SUCH AS DAMS, RAPIDS, SWIM AREAS, AND SO ON. SWIM AREA CONTROLLED AREA SLOW TYPE OF CONTROL IS INDICATED IN THE CIRCLE, SUCH AS SLOW NO WAKE, ANCHORING, AND SO ON. NO WAKE DANGER ROCK THE NATURE OF DANGER MAY BE INDICATED INSIDE THE DIAMOND SHAPE, SUCH AS ROCK, WRECK, SHOAL, DAM, AND SO ON. MULLET LAKE BLACK RIVER INFORMATION FOR DISPLAYING INFORMATION, SUCH AS DIRECTIONS, DISTANCES, LOCATIONS, AND SO ON. 5 MPH BUOY USED TO DISPLAY REGULATORY MARKERS. MAY SHOW WHITE LIGHT. MAY BE LETTERED. DANGER W Bn NW Aids to navigation marking the ICW display unique yellow symbols to distinguish them from aids marking other waters. Yellow triangles indicate aids and should be passed by keeping them on the starboard (right) side of the vessel. Yellow squares indicate aids and should be passed by keeping them on the port (left) side of the vessel. A yellow horizontal band provides no lateral information, but simply identifies aids as marking the ICW. 32 33

Buoys (continued) Types of Buoys The basic symbol for a buoy is a diamond and small circle. Older charts will show a dot instead of the circle. The diamond may be above, below, or alongside the circle or dot. The small circle or dot denotes the approximate position of the buoy mooring. Some charts will use the diamond to draw attention to the position of the circle or dot and to describe the aid. The various types of buoys are as follows: Nun Buoys. These are conical in shape, painted solid red, and mark the right side of the channel when an individual is entering from seaward. Can Buoys. These are cylindrical in shape and are painted solid green. They indicate the left side of the channel when one is entering from seaward (green) and mark the left side of intracoastal waterways. Sound Buoys The four basic types are as follows: Bell is sounded by the motion of sea. Gong is similar to a bell buoy but with sets of gongs that sound dissimilar tones. Whistle is a tube mechanism that sounds by the rising and falling motion of the buoy at sea, making a loud, moaning sound. Horn has an electrically sounded horn at regular intervals. Additional features on buoys include sound signals, radar reflectors, numbers or letters, or any combination of these features. Bells and horns are spelled out; radar reflectors are abbreviated Ra Ref; whistles are abbreviated WHIS; and numbers or letters painted on buoys are shown in quotation marks; for example, 8. Buoy Symbols Nautical charts will show the buoy type by the initials of its shape; for example, nun buoys (N) and can buoys (C). A mooring (anchor) buoy is the only one that is not indicated by the diamond and circle or dot. This symbol is a trapezoid (a figure having two parallel and two nonparallel sides) and a circle. If the aid is painted red, the diamond will usually be indicated in red on the chart; if the aid is painted black, the diamond will be black. There are five other color patterns used on buoys. These buoys have no lateral significance; that is, they do not mark port or starboard. Although the buoys may not be numbered, they may be lettered. The primary function of buoys is to warn the navigator of some danger, obstruction, or change in the bottom. A navigator may also use buoys to help mark his location on a chart, which aids in establishing his position; however, he should not rely solely on buoys or other floating objects for fixes, because they are not immovable objects. Buoy Lights If a buoy is lighted, a magenta (nautical purple) disc will be overprinted on the circle. The characteristic of the light and its color will be indicated on the chart. Buoy lights can be red, green, or white. The letters R or G are used for red and green lights. The absence of a letter indicates a white light. The light phase characteristics and the meanings of abbreviations used to describe them are shown below. Each color is used as follows: Red Lights. These appear on red aids (nun buoys) or red and black horizontally banded aids with the topmost band red. Green Lights. These appear on black aids (can buoys) or red and black horizontally banded aids with the topmost band black. White Lights. These appear on any color buoy, the purpose of the aid being indicated by its color, number, or light phase characteristic. 33 34