1 2 3 4 6 Pedestrian Safety and Car Design VEHICLE DESIGN and PEDESTRIAN SAFETY Dominique CESARI INRETS Main Characteristics of Pedestrian Accidents Injury Mechanisms Car Design and Pedestrian Protection Pre-crash Issues Crash Protection Improvement Control of Pedestrian Kinematics Conclusions Percentage of Pedestrians Killed in Fatal Accidents in Europe Type of Vehicles Impacting Pedestrians 2 2 1 1 Ireland UK Portugal Italy Austria Spain Denmark Germany France Sweden Belgium NL Luxembourg Finland 1 8 6 4 2 Slightly injured Severely injured Killed Killed Pedestrians Passenger Cars Two-Wheeler Goods Vehicles Source: ONISR 23 Source: ONISR Distribution of Killed and Injured Pedestrians according to Age Categories Environment Causes of Accidents 14 16 12 14 1 8 12 1 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 to 4 to 9 1 to 14 1 to 19 2 to 24 2 to 29 3 to 34 3 to 39 4 to 44 4 to 49 to 4 to 9 6 to 64 6 to 69 7 to 74 7 to 79 over 8 Source: ONISR 23 Killed Injured Source : GIDAS 1
Vehicle Speed in Pedestrian Accidents (AIS 2 + ) 1 IHRA Pedestrian Accident Data Set Injury Severity Distribution 9 8 1 7 8 6 US (N=444) Japan (N=231) 4 Europe (N=763) 3 Australia (N=2) 2 Global (N=149) 1 2 4 6 8 1 Impact Velocity (kmph) Distribution of impact speeds (Source: IHRA/PS) 6 4 2 Cases Injuries AIS 1 AIS 2 AIS 3 AIS 4 Number AIS AIS 6 AIS 2-6 3 3 2 2 1 1 Head Injury Distribution according to Body Segments Face (Source: IHRA/PS) Neck Chest Abdomen Pelvis Arms Legs Unknown of Injuries (AIS 2 + ) 7 6 4 3 2 1 (Source: INRETS/LAB) Head &Neck Injury Frequency Occurrence according to Vehicle Age Trunk Pelvis Femur Accidents 1974-1983 Knee Vehicle models designed after 1989 Tibia Vehicle Zones Involved in Pedestrian Accidents EuroNCAP and EC Directive Tests 17. 14.6 9.8 Legform Impactor: Leg to Bumper Protection 3.4 13.8 Upper Legform : Femur/Pelvis Protection 21.1 Ground contact: 24.4 Headform Impactors : Child and Adult Head to Bonnet Other zones: 6.1 Unknown zones:.1 2
PRE-CRASH ISSUES DETECTION/VISIBILITY Detection/Visibility Braking Optimisation Day Running Light Laser Active Night Vision Thermal Imaging Effect of BAS Improvement of Pedestrian Protection Leg Protection Low and Compliant Bumper Head Injury Protection Bonnet Buckling Structure (Child and Adult) Pop-up Bonnet (Child and Adult) A Pilar Airbags (Adult) GIDAS data set: - 7.9 of pedestrian collision avoided - 11. of AIS 2 + injuries reduced by one AIS value or more Kinematic Control Front Airbag (Decrease Head to Bonnet Impact Speed) Leg Protection Improvement Optimized Bonnet Penetration From I. Kalliske et al paper, 17th ESV Conference, Amsterdam, June 21 3
Hood Initial stuffness at impact Buckling structure for controlling the head deceleration waveform SA - SA Influence of clearance under the hood Adult headform impactor Impact angle 6 deg Impact speed 4 Kph 1, Improvement of Child Head Protection Deceleration (g) 2 1 Without reinforcement With reinforcement Time (ms) HIC 1, Without buckling structure With buckling structure Effect of Buckling Structure From T. Maki et al paper, 18th ESV Conference, Tokyo, May 23 From I. Kalliske et al paper, 17th ESV Conference, Amsterdam, June 21 Windscreen Impact Locations airbag Headform impactor 6, 6,71 Impact speed 4 Kph HIC 1, Without airbag With airbag Comparison of Test Results with/without A-Pillar Airbag System Source: 18th ESV, Paper 468 from L. van Rooij et al From T. Maki et al paper, 18th ESV Conference, Tokyo, May 23 Without airbag Impact point between head and hood With airbag Impact point between head and hood 1 Head horizontal relative velocity Head horizontal relative velocity Head vertical Head vertical velocity velocity 4 8 12 4 8 12 16 Elapsed time after impact (ms) Elapsed time after impact (ms) Experimental Reproduction of a Side Pedestrian Impact Using a Dummy and an Airbag for Controlling Collision Behavior Comparison of Experimental Results for Pedestrian Head Dummy Velocities with/without Airbag From T. Maki et al paper, 18th ESV Conference, Tokyo, May 23 From T. Maki et al paper, 18th ESV Conference, Tokyo, May 23 4
Without airbag Ratio of head impact velocity () 1 Bicyclist Pedestrian With airbag Comparison of Head Impact Velocities against the Hood (experimental) From T. Maki et al paper, 18th ESV Conference, Tokyo, May 23 Pedestrian Protection Technologies incorporated in Nissan ASV II From T. Maki et al paper, 18th ESV Conference, Tokyo, May 23 Conclusions On-going Research to improve Pedestrian Perception by Car Drivers Automatic Brake Assistance would Provide Shorter Stopping Distance Reducing Car Impact Speed Pedestrian Protection can be Improved by Car Design Leg Protection is Related to Front Face Stiffness and Shape Head Injury Protection Requires Bonnet Deformability (especially for Children) which may be Provided by Bonnet Pop-up Windscreen Pillars are Stiff and Head Protection would Require Deployable Systems Front Deployable Systems would Help to Control Pedestrian Kinematic Decreasing Head to Bonnet Impact Velocity