Monitoring and assessment of Conservation Status for the European Otter Lutra lutra in Denmark Bjarne Søgaard, Aksel Bo Madsen & Morten Elmeros National Environmental Research Institute University of Aarhus - Denmark
Overview of presentation Monitoring - National surveys - Deadfound otters - DNA-analysis Conservation status - Habitats Directive - Conservation status - Assessment of status Conservation status A concept for all otter species?
National surveys 1984-1991 1984-86 1991 1154 sites investigated 106 positive sites (9,2%) 767 sites investigated 200 positive sites (26,1%)
National surveys 1996-2004 1996 2004 1235 sites investigated 265 positive sites (21,5%) 1248 sites investigated 603 positive sites (48,3%)
Deadfound Otters 1979-2005 Indleverede 568 Otters collected in the period 1979-2003 9% yearly increase for all otters 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Other Traffickilled Drowned 15% yearly increase in trafickilled in 1980-2000 10% increase if corrected for 3% increase in intensity of trafic 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03
1981-1985 1986-1990 National surveys and deadfound otters 1999-2003 1991-1995 1999-2003 The geographically distribution of deadfound otters is positively correlated to percentages of positive stations (signs of otter) in counties comparing periods of five years from 1981 to 2003.
DNA analysis brings the otter back on the island of Zeeland in 2006 Jutland DNA analysis gave the answer Zeeland For more than 10 years the otter has been disappeared on Zeeland Intensive inventory carried out in 2006 by many volunteers 25 spraints found DNA- analysis showed, that 8 of them were from otter
National monitoring programme for species and habitats in Denmark The main aim is to fulfil the national obligations according to the EEC Habitats Directive Carried out in six-year cycles (2004-2009) Monitoring Conservation Status Goal: Favourable Conservation Status
Criteria for favourable conservation status Technical Report from NERI - 462 pp in a Danish version Criteria for 36 species (among them the OTTER) Criteria for 51 habitats Criteria for 75 birds English draft version
Favourable conservation status Conservation status of a species means the sum of the influences acting on the species population dynamics data on the species concerned indicate that it is maintaining itself on a long-term basis as a viable components of it natural habitats, and the natural range of the species is neither being reduced nor it is likely to be reduced for the foreseeable future, and there is, and will probably continue to be, a sufficient large habitat to maintain its populations on a long-term basis
Monitoring and assessment of Conservation Status - Denmark Conservation objectives Scientific Criteria for Favourable Conservation Status Status report species & habitats Results of monitoring Conservation status Technical instructions Monitoring
600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Assessing conservation status of species 1 Classifications and trends for size of populations/range GENEREL MODEL 3 5 7 9 FV- 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 Favourable 27 FV Reference value for FCS U1- Inadequate U1+ U1 U2-29 31 Bad U2 XX = Unknown 33 35 37 U2+ 39 41 43 45 47 49 FV+ 51 53 55 57
Assessing conservation status of species Classifications and trends for population of Otter Lutra lutra 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 Favourable Criteria / Reference Value UTM squares (10x10 km) 108% FV 60% 42% U2+ 30% U2+ U2 67 95 134 253 1984-86 1991 1996 2004 Favourable Inadequate Unfavourable Bad Unknown
Assessment of biological populations Conservation status of the Otter Lutra lutra in Europe? Populations should be seen as biological populations irrespective of political borders - or biogeo-borders! Marginal populations in one country/region should not be assessed as small/isolated if they mix genes with populations in neighbouring areas. Two (or more) countries concerned undertake the assessment together Common Rare Absent Unknown after Randi et. al (2003)
Assessment in Biogeographical zones in Denmark and Europe Atlantic Continental Two zones in DK - Atlantic - Continental Nine Zones in Europe / EEC
Assessing conservation status for Otter in Denmark: Atlantic Zone Lutra lutra Code: 1355 Range Population Habitat for the species Future prospects Assessment of CS - overall Defintions: Overall assessment Favourable ( green ) FV+ >= FRR FV+ >FRP INCREASING Sufficiently large/long term GOOD FAVOURABLE All green OR three green and one white Unfavourable Inadequate-Moderate ( amber ) One or more amber but no red Unfavourable Poor-Bad ( red ) One or more red Unknown Insufficient ( white ) FRR = Favourable Reference Range FRP= Favourable Reference Population All white OR Two or more white combined with green
Assessing conservation status for Otter in Denmark: Continental Zone Lutra lutra Code: 1355 Range Population Habitat for the species Future prospects Assessment of CS - overall Defintions: Overall assessment Favourable ( green ) INCREASING Sufficiently large/long term All green OR three green and one white Unfavourable Inadequate-Moderate ( amber ) U1+ >FRP One or more amber but no red Unfavourable Poor-Bad ( red ) U2+ < FRR U2+ One or more red Unknown Insufficient ( white ) UNKNOWN FRR = Favourable Reference Range FRP= Favourable Reference Population All white OR Two or more white combined with green
Favourable Conservation Status A concept for Otters all over the world? A common approach to monitoring and assessing conservation status? Defined for all otter species in the world to the benefit of the otter?
Thank you - for your attention
Biogeographical monitoring workshops? Streamlining assessments and monitoring methodology EEC-Maps with assessment of each species & habitat types
Criteria FCS for Otter in Denmark Favourable conservation status on national OTTER ATTRIBUT MEASURES CRITERIA/ COMMENTS E level Populations Range Size of habitats Viable populations Population Range Present and suitable habitats Signs (system atic surveys on fixed stations) Signs (system atic surveys on fixed stations) Geographical distribution Num bers of stream s w ith occurrence of otter Stretches of streams/ lakes(m eters/hectares ) w ith either presence of otter or makes up suitable habitats for the species At least one viable population in the atlantic and the continental region of the peninsula of Jutland OK Stable or increasing num bers of otters OK - increasing Stable or increasing OK - increasing Stable or increasing OK - increasing Stable or increasing OK - increasing T he popu lation in Jutland is a continuos w hole covering both biogeographical zones M inimum Viable Population Size is estim ated to be 1200-1600 individuals A standardised method to assess population size is lacking. A pply to both the population in Jutland and on the island Sealand In term s of 10 x 10 km squares (UTM -grid) O tters have to be present in all the counties of Jutland (7) and all Areas of interest for otters pointed out in the N ational M anagement Plan (Søgaard & M adsen 1996) It is necessary w ith sufficient areas/stretches of suitable habitats to m aintain/create a selfreproductive and viable population
Assessing conservation status of a SPECIES General evaluation matrix (per biogeographic region within a MS) Parameter Range i Population Habitat for the species Future prospects (as regards to population, range and habitat ) Overall assessment of CS ii Favourable ('green') Stable (loss and expansion in balance) or increasing AND not smaller than the 'favourable reference range' Population(s) not lower than favourable reference population AND reproduction, mortality and age structure not deviating from normal (if data available) Area of habitat is sufficiently large (and stable or increasing) AND habitat quality is suitable for the long term survival of the species Main pressures and threats to the species not significant; species will remain viable on the long-term (100 years plus) All 'green' OR three 'green' and one 'unknown' CONSERVATION STATUS Unfavourable Unfavourable - Bad Inadequate ('amber') ('red') Any other combination Any other combination Any other combination Any other combination One or more 'amber' but no 'red' Large decline: Equivalent to a loss of more than 1% per year within period specified by MS OR more than 10% below favourable reference range Large decline: Equivalent to a loss of more than 1% per year within period specified by MS AND below 'favourable reference population' OR More than 25% below favourable reference population Area of habitat is clearly not sufficiently large to ensure the long term survival of the species OR Habitat quality is bad, clearly not allowing long term survival of the species Severe influence of pressures and threats to the species; very bad prospects for its future, long-term viability at risk. One or more 'red' Unknown (insufficient information to make an assessment) No or insufficient reliable information available No or insufficient reliable information available No or insufficient reliable information available No or insufficient reliable information available Two or more 'unknown' combined with green or all unknown
National surveys and deadfound otters 10x10 UTM kvadra Indlevered 500 400 300 200 100 0 250 200 150 100 50 0 262 67 95 134 1984-86 1991 1996 2004 Positive Negative Andet 230 Trafik Druknet 131 68 46 81-85 86-90 91-95 99-03 The number indicate the positive 10x10 km UTM-grids in the national surveys Delivered deadfound otters in 5-years periods before the national surveys. Statistical significance between the increase of 10x10 km UTM- grid and the number of deadfound otters t = 18.1, d.f. = 2, P < 0.01