The Animal Kingdom Animal Kingdom Phylums: 1. Sponges 2. Cnidaria Jelly Fish, Hydra 3. Flatworms Flukes, Tapeworms 4. Roundworms- Hookworms 5. Segmented Worms- Earthworms 6. Rotifera- Rotifers 7. Mullusca Snails, Clams, Squid 8. Arthropoda Insects, Crabs, Spiders 9. Echinodermata Starfish, Sea Cucumber 10.Chordata Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals Characteristics of All Animals 1) Eukaryotic 2) Multi-Celled 3) Heterotrophic Major Characteristics Used To Classify Animals 1) Body Organization 2) Number of Body Layers 3) Body Symmetry 4) Digestive Tract of Guts 5) Coelom or Body Cavity Major Characteristics Used To Classify Animals 1) Body Organization: Have Tissues Tissues Organized into Organs Have Organ Systems 2) Number of Body Layers: Germ Layers: layers of cells in embryo that give rise to specific tissues in the adult. 3 Germ Layers: A) Ectoderm(Ecto outside) develops into Skin & Nervous System (some animals scales, feathers, hair, nails, etc) B) Endoderm(Endo inner) develops into lining of gut. C) Mesoderm(Meso middle) between Ecto & Endoderm. Develops into circulatory system, reproductive system, excretory system & muscular system.
3) Body Symmetry: Radial Symmetry: Ex: Jelly fish & Star Fish -Can be cut many different directions, & all parts look the same. - No region leads meaning slow movement. 3) Body Symmetry Coninued Bilateral Symmetry -Can be cut on one plane only into 2 same halves. - Defined Head or Anterior End -Since one end enters area before other, nerve cells are concentrated in anterior (head) - Called Cephalization concentration of nerve cells in Anterior End. Cephalization warns of danger or food helps animals that move forward. 4) Digestive Tracts or Guts: Gut: When the organism only has on opening. The food and wastes enter and leave through the same opening. Digestive Tract: When the organism has 2 openings. One for taking food in (mouth) and the other for the release of waste products (anus). 5) Coelom or Body Cavity: A) Acoelom: lower invertebrates without a body cavity. B) Pseudocoelom: some invertebrates don t have a coelom, but do have a cavity NOT lined with the Peritoneum. 5) Coelom or Body Cavity Continued: C) Coelom: a body cavity filled with fluid inside the body, lined with a layer of cells called PERITONEUM. Coelom develops from the embryo s Mesoderm. In all Vertebrates and Higher Invertebrates. Peritoneum not only lines the Coelom, but the organs and holds them in place. Phylum: Worms 1) Platyhelminthes Flatworms 2) Nematoda Roundworms 3) Annelida Segmented worms
Platyhelminthes Flatworms Free-Living Flatworms Invertebrates Acoelomates no body cavity or coelom. Bilateral Symmetry most primitive animal to have bilateral symmetry. Have a Mesoderm, not found in simpler organisms. Have true organs and simple organs systems (digestive & excretion) Free Living Flatworm Planaria best known free-living flatworm Live in Moist, Fresh or Salt water. Small less then 1 cm long, with some as long as 60 cm. Gut mouth is where food enters and leaves. Nerve Tissue in Anterior like primitive brain. Have Eyespot can sense light and chemical sense to find food. Hermaphroditic: but need 2 worms to reproduce. (Sexual) Asexual by growing new worms from fragments. Parasitic Flatworms Parasitic Flatworms Tapeworm Life Cycle Live inside or outside organisms. Fluke & Tapeworm most common. Don t have sensory receptors because they live inside organisms. Reduced or No Digestive System: Most feed off digested food of host so don t need digestion themselves. Others will feed off host itself and needs to digest host cells. This leave room for very specialized Reproductive organs. 1 Tapeworm can produce over 100,000 eggs in life time.
Tapeworm Lifecycle Nematoda Round Worms Nematoda Round Worms Nematoda Round Worms Pseudocoelom body cavity but no Peritoneum lining. Simplest Organisms withcomplete Digestive Tracts. Most are free-living, cause no harm, but some are parasitic and cause lots of problems to plants and animals. Have Anterior Ganglion (nerve cluster) with lateral or ventral nerve cord along body. No respiratory or circulatory system. Most parasitic of all animals, makes them the most feared. Ascaris Life Cycle
Annelida Segmented Worms Segmented Worms Have Segmented body Earthworms, red worm & leeches Simplest to have Coelom Have Organ Systems digestive, circulatory, reproductive, excretion & coordination. Segments allow for movement and flexibility. Segmented Earthworm Has brain and nerve cord down length of body Eat soil with dead organisms decompose Form tunnels in soil for aeration and drainage that is great for plants. Hermphroditic but need 2 worms, both produce eggs and lay them in a cocoon. Movement by Peristalsis using circular and long muscles along with Setae (bristles) as anchors. Arthropods Largest phylum of the Animal Kingdom with about 1,000,000 species, about 90% of all known Animal Species. Include: spiders, mites, ticks, crabs, lobsters, barnacles & scorpions. They are found in all habitats on Earth. Arthropod Body Arthropods evolved from segmented species. The segments have fused together to form 3 areas: 1) Head In Many Species, these are 2) Thorax fused to form CEPHALOTHORAX 3) Abdomen Each segment performs a specialized function
Body Arthropod Characteristics Exoskeleton (cuticle): the hard, outer shell used for protection and allow them to move. Cuticle made of Chitin. When thick if very tough like lobster shell. When thing, very flexible like the wing of a grasshopper. The inner layer of the Exoskeleton covers the whole body, even across joints to keep the organs in place and allow movement. Exoskeleton can t grow, so arthropod must Moult shell to grow larger. More Characteristics Primitive Arthropods have a nervous system similar to the annelids. Advanced Arthropods have a larger brain allowing for more complex behaviour and detection from senses such as Crabs and Bees. Sensory Organs Sensory Organs Eyes: very primitive, have few photoreceptors to produce basic image. Antennae: touch when light levels too low to see. Ears: primitive membrane over openings in cuticle for hearing. Projections or Pits: over exoskeleton to sense touch from predators or chemical responses.
More Characteristics Open Circulatory System: Have heart to move blood around to brain and body. They don t have arteries for blood to move around in, blood flows through Hemocoel (open spaces). The organs are oxygenated by bathing in the blood, not by capillaries. More Characteristics Digestive System made of 3 parts: 1) Foregut: Mouth -> Esophagus -> Crop/Gizzard 2) Mudgut: Stomach where digestion complete 3) Hindgut: Intestine to Anus Ecological Role of Arthropods Ecological Role of Arthropods Positive: Food source for many organisms. Some pollinate plants, including fruits and vegetables. Negative: Some (insects) compete for same food source as other organisms (humans) (harvests) Barnacles, Termites & Carpenter Ants eat at structures. Some transmit diseases (mosquitoes, ticks, fleas)