Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 Regional Sediment Management (RSM) Program Sediment Budget Analysis; Masonboro Inlet, North Carolina Kevin B. Conner and Linda S. Lillycrop August 2017 Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

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Regional Sediment Management (RSM) Program ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 August 2017 Sediment Budget Analysis; Masonboro Inlet, North Carolina Kevin B. Conner U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington P. O. Box 1890 Wilmington, NC 28403 Linda S. Lillycrop U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 Final report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prepared for Under U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000 Project 454632, Sediment Budget Analysis, Masonboro Inlet, NC

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 ii Abstract A sediment budget analysis was performed for the vicinity of Masonboro Inlet and adjacent beaches, by the U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington, for understanding response of the inlet complex and associated beaches to dredging of Masonboro Inlet and to dredged material placement operations along the beaches of Masonboro Island (south side of inlet) and Wrightsville Beach (north side of inlet). The analysis provides valuable information to assess the most effective beneficial use of dredged material from the Masonboro Inlet complex. The analysis of longshore sediment transport calculations showed a net transport towards Masonboro Inlet from both sides of the inlet. The calculated transport rate from Masonboro Island onto the offshore ebb shoal of the inlet complex was 78,530 cubic yards per year (cy/yr) while the transport rate from Wrightsville Beach into the inlet and offshore ebb shoal of the inlet complex was 147,232 cy/yr. The sediment transport calculated at the western end of Masonboro Island near Carolina Beach Inlet was 361,493 cy/yr to the west, within 2% of the previously estimated rate of 354,000 cy/yr (USACE 2000) for the area. The sediment transport rate calculated on the eastern end of Wrightsville Beach was 43,427 cy/yr toward the east. DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. DESTROY THIS REPORT WHEN NO LONGER NEEDED. DO NOT RETURN IT TO THE ORIGINATOR.

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 iii Contents Abstract... ii Figures and Tables... iv Preface... v Unit Conversion Factors... vi 1 Introduction... 1 Regional Sediment Management (RSM) Program... 1 Background... 1 Objective... 3 Approach... 3 2 Masonboro Inlet Sediment Budget Cells... 5 3 Sediment Budget Cell Values... 7 Beach cells... 7 Channel cells... 9 Offshore shoal... 13 4 Sediment Fluxes... 14 5 Results and Discussion... 26 Results... 26 Inlet and offshore ebb shoal cells... 26 Masonboro Island cells... 28 Wrightsville Beach cells... 30 6 Conclusions... 32 References... 33 Report Documentation Page

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 iv Figures and Tables Figures Figure 1. Location map, Masonboro Inlet. (USACE Wilmington District in pink.)... 2 Figure 2. Typical sediment budget parameters (after Dopsovic et al. 2002).... 4 Figure 3. Littoral cells for the Masonboro Inlet, SBAS analysis... 6 Figure 4. 2010 survey data coverage.... 14 Figure 5. Extent of CMS-Wave grid.... 15 Figure 6. CMS-Wave grid bathymetry... 16 Figure 7. Wave rose diagram at WIS Station 63298.... 17 Figure 8. Orientation of regional shoreline and onshore wave bands at WIS Station 63298. (Black area is missing photography from the aerial image.)... 19 Figure 9. Wave transformation for most prevailing wave or condition 1.... 23 Figure 10. Wave transformation for a storm wave or condition 52.... 23 Figure 11. Location of potential longshore transport calculation Points 1 and 2.... 24 Figure 12. Masonboro Inlet sediment budget analysis cells.... 27 Figure 13. Masonboro Island sediment budget analysis cells.... 29 Figure 14. Wrightsville Beach sediment budget analysis cells.... 31 Tables Table 1. Beach cell values used in sediment budget calculations for Wrightsville Beach and Masonboro Island.... 8 Table 2. Channel cell values used in sediment budget calculations for Wrightsville Beach and Masonboro Island.... 10 Table 3. Offshore shoal area cell values used in sediment budget calculations for Wrightsville Beach and Masonboro Island.... 13 Table 4. Percent occurrence of wave heights and periods for all directions at WIS Station 63298.... 18 Table 5. Selected wave bins.... 20 Table 6. Representative wave conditions at WIS Station 63298.... 20

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 v Preface This study was conducted for Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (HQUSACE), Washington, DC, under the USACE Regional Sediment Management (RSM) Program; Project 454632, Sediment Budget Analysis; Masonboro Inlet, North Carolina Project. The USACE RSM Program Manager was Ms. Linda S. Lillycrop, CEERD-HN-C. Mr. Jeffrey A. McKee was the HQUSACE Navigation Business Line Manager overseeing the RSM Program. The work was performed by the U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington (SAW), and by the Coastal Engineering Branch (CEERD-HN-C) of the Navigation Division (CEERD-HN), U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory (ERDC-CHL). At the time of publication, Ms. Tanya M. Beck was Chief, CEERD-HN-C; Dr. Jackie S. Pettway was Chief, CEERD-HN; and Mr. W. Jeff Lillycrop (CEERD-CHL) was the ERDC Technical Director for Civil Works and Navigation Research, Development, and Technology Transfer (RD&T) portfolio. At the time of publication, the Deputy Director of ERDC-CHL was Mr. Jeffrey R. Eckstein, and the Director was Mr. José E. Sánchez. The commander of ERDC was COL Bryan S. Green, and the Director was Dr. David W. Pittman.

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 vi Unit Conversion Factors Multiply By To Obtain cubic yards 0.76455 cubic meters cubic yards per year 0.76455 cubic meters feet 0.3048 meters miles (statute) 1.609344 kilometers

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 1 1 Introduction Regional Sediment Management (RSM) Program RSM is a systems-based approach to manage sediments and is implemented collaboratively with other federal, state, and local agencies. The objective of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Regional Sediment Management (RSM) Program is to improve the management of sediments across multiple projects, manage sediments as a regional-scale resource, and implement adaptive management strategies which support sustainable navigation and dredging, flood and storm damage reduction, and environmental practices that increase operational efficiencies, the value of sediments, and social and environmental/ecosystem benefits, while reducing lifecycle costs. RSM is also a means to involve stakeholders to leverage resources, share technology and data, identify needs and opportunities, and develop solutions to improve the utilization and management of sediments. Implementation of RSM develops a better understanding of the regional sediment transport processes through integration of regional data and application of tools that improve knowledge of the regional processes, provides a means to understand and share demands for sediment, and results in identifying and implementing adaptive management strategies to optimize use of sediments and streamline projects. The adaptive management strategies are developed and implemented through application of the best available science and engineering practices and use of policies that permit regional approaches. Benefits of this approach are improved partnerships with stakeholders, improved sediment utilization and project management on a regional scale, improved environmental stewardship, and reduced overall lifecycle costs (Lillycrop et al. 2011). Background Masonboro Inlet is a federally authorized Navigation Project located on the southeastern coast of North Carolina (Figure 1). It provides an entrance channel connecting the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway (AIWW) to the Atlantic Ocean. The inlet is protected by dual jetties and is the only fully stabilized inlet in North Carolina. The north jetty, completed in 1966, was the first weir jetty constructed in the United States. The south jetty

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 2 was constructed 14 years later and was completed in 1980. The inlet is bordered on the north (upcoast) by Wrightsville Beach, which has an active Hurricane Storm Damage Reduction Project. Downcoast of the inlet lies Masonboro Island, which is an undeveloped, state-managed National Estuarine Reserve. Figure 1. Location map, Masonboro Inlet. (USACE Wilmington District in pink.) Sand from the north passing over the weir and depositing in the inlet deposition basin serves as the source for renourishment of Wrightsville Beach. Sediment from the inlet deposition basin is backpassed northward to Wrightsville Beach and is also bypassed southward to Masonboro Island to mitigate downdrift impacts of the stabilized inlet. Studies undertaken in the late 1970s and early 1980s assessed the impact of the navigation

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 3 Objective Approach project on the adjacent beaches, established cost-sharing formulae, and recommended sand bypassing/backpassing ratios that are still used today to manage the demands for sediment resources at the project site. The objective of this study was to develop a sediment budget for the vicinity of Masonboro Inlet and adjacent beaches, to better understand the sediment sources, sinks, and transport patterns within the region. A sediment budget provides an understanding of the sediment sources and sinks to quantify transport of littoral sediments, both natural and man induced, into and out of the region of interest for a given time period. The present study conducted the analysis of a sediment budget for understanding the response of the beaches and associated inlet complex to the dredging of Masonboro Inlet and to dredged material placement operations along the beaches of Masonboro Island (south side of the inlet) and Wrightsville Beach (north side of the inlet). The analysis provides valuable information to assess the most effective beneficial use of dredged material from the Masonboro Inlet complex. The sediment budget analysis was conducted utilizing the application of the USACE Sediment Budget Analysis System (SBAS) (Rosati and Kraus 2001; Dopsovic et al. 2002). SBAS is a software tool for calculating and displaying local and regional sediment budgets that can include single or multiple inlets, estuaries, bays, and adjacent beaches. A sediment budget is an accounting of sediment gains and losses, or sources and sinks, within a specified cell or in a series of connecting cells over a time period of interest. The difference between sediment sources and sinks in each cell or over the entire study area must equal the change in sediment volume within the cell or region, accounting for dredging and placement activities over the period. The algebraic expression for the sediment budget is given by the following equation: Q source Q sink Δ V P R Residual (1)

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 4 where Qsource and Qsink are the sources and sinks to the control volume, respectively, and V is the net change in volume within the cell. P and R are the amounts of material placed into and removed from the cell, respectively. Residual represents the degree to which the cell is balanced. For a balanced cell, the residual is zero. For a region consisting of many contiguous cells, the budgets for each cell must balance to achieve a balanced budget for the entire study area. The terms used in Equation (1) are in consistent units, either as volume or as volumetric rate of change. For the present study, all units are expressed as rate of change in cubic yards per year. Figure 2 schematically illustrates typical parameters included in the sediment budget. Sources include longshore sediment transport and dredged material placement along the islands, where the source of the placed material is located within the inlet complex. Typical sediment budget sinks include longshore sediment transport, channel dredging, and losses to shoals. Note that a source to one cell can represent a sink from other cells. Figure 2. Typical sediment budget parameters (after Dopsovic et al. 2002).

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 5 2 Masonboro Inlet Sediment Budget Cells The extent of the Masonboro Inlet sediment budget includes approximately 7.3 miles of coastline along Masonboro Island (located south of Masonboro Inlet), approximately 4.0 miles of coastline along Wrightsville Beach (located north of the inlet), the inlet through its connection to the AIWW, and a portion of Banks Channel that serves as a borrow source for the Coastal Storm Damage Reduction (CSDR) project on Wrightsville Beach. The time period of interest spans 40 years, from 1974 to 2014; however, this varies for each analysis cell based on data availability. This 40-year analysis period includes four dredging and placement activities in 1998, 2002, 2006, and 2010. The most recent placement in April 2014 is not included in the analysis. The study area was divided into 16 littoral cells for the sediment budget analysis as shown in Figure 3. The cell divisions along the beaches were based on similar bathymetric features observed in the available survey data and separated by areas along the beach that have received historic placement of material over the analysis period. This resulted in six cells along Masonboro Island (Cells 1 through 6) and five cells along Wrightsville Beach (Cells 7 through 11). The inlet area is comprised of five cells. Cell 12 represents the ebb shoal seaward of the jetties. The inlet throat between the jetties, represented as Cell 13, is a designated source of borrow material for the CSDR project on Wrightsville Beach. Banks Channel, represented by Cell 14, is another source of material for the CSDR project. The remaining two cells are Shinn Creek (Cell 15) and the Shinn Creek Crossing at the Intracoastal Waterway (Cell 16). The current sediment budget primarily addresses littoral sediments or sediments derived principally from the beaches, consisting of generally sandy material. Other sediments consisting of fine-grain sand, silt, and mud are also known to be present in the system and are generally found to deposit farther offshore beyond the designated cell boundaries. There are also some fine sediment deposits within Shinn Creek (Cell 15) and Shinn Creek Crossing (Cell 16); however, these deposits are relatively minor.

Figure 3. Littoral cells for the Masonboro Inlet, SBAS analysis. ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 6

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 7 3 Sediment Budget Cell Values The sediment budget computed by SBAS for each cell was derived from beach profile surveys and bathymetric surveys of the channel and surrounding shoal areas taken over the period of 1974 2014. The available surveys were supplemented by dredging and beach disposal records to account for material deposited into or dredged from the cell. The results were a value assigned to each cell for the net volume change, V, the amount of sediment placed, P, and the quantity of material removed, R. Each quantity is expressed as an equivalent unit volume (cubic yard per year) over the 40-year period of analysis. Beach cells The values computed for all the beach cells are summarized in Table 1. The net volume change, V, is based on comparison of the 1997 and 2013 beach profile surveys for Wrightsville Beach and 1999 through 2009 beach profile surveys for Masonboro Island. Each cell length extended offshore to the observed depth of closure. The placement, P, includes all material disposed during the dredging operations over the respective time periods. For Wrightsville Beach, a total of 2,911,263 cubic yards (cy) of sediment were placed over the period of analysis, which included four placements along approximately the same section of beach and represented in Cell 9. This total equates to an overall placement rate of 181,000 cubic yards per year (cy/yr). In terms of measured net volume change, two of the five cells (Cells 7 and 11) were found to have net losses, and the remaining three had net gains. The cells showing a negative V were located along the southern end of Wrightsville Beach, within the fillet area of the north jetty and within the fill placement area that represents approximately the middle half of Wrightsville Beach (Cell 9). Overall, the volumetric cell gains were less than the computed cell losses along Wrightsville Beach, resulting in a V of -140,760 cy measured over the period of analysis. This equates to a rate of -8,705 cy/yr. A comparison of the placement rate to the measured volume change rate implies that there should be an overall sediment requirement of 189,700 cy/yr along Wrightsville Beach to achieve a balanced budget.

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 8 Table 1. Beach cell values used in sediment budget calculations for Wrightsville Beach and Masonboro Island. Wrightsville Beach Cell Values Delta Volume (ΔV) Placement (P) Profile Measured Rate Mar-98 Mar-02 Mar-06 Jan-10 Total Rate SBAS Cell CY CY/YR CY CY CY CY CY CY/YR 7 Profile 3-30 -41,516-2567 8 Profile 39-49 37,756 2335 9 Profile 60-159 -283,460-17530 1,116,573 783,690 560,000 451,000 2,911,263 181,000 10 Profile 168-200 45,024 2784 11 Profile 200-220 101,435 6273 Total -140,760-8,705 1,116,573 783,690 560,000 451,000 2,911,263 181,000 Masonboro Island Cell Values Delta Volume (ΔV) Placement (P) Profile Measured Rate Mar-98 Mar-02 Mar-06 Total Rate SBAS Cell CY CY/YR CY CY CY CY CY/YR 1 Profile 10-31 -160,660-17,463 2 Profile 40-80 184,670 20,073 3 Profile 90-140 -19,877-2,161 555,654 518,826 1,074,480 116,791 4 Profile 150-210 -383,504-41,685 120,000.00 120,000 13,043 5 Profile 219-270 -1,531,877-166,508 6 Profile 290-403 -942,480-102,443 Total -2,853,728-310,188 555,654 518,826 120,000 1,194,480 129,835

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 9 For the beach cells along Masonboro Island, a total of 1,194,480 cy of material was placed over three placement cycles between 1998 and 2006. This resulted in an equivalent placement rate of 129,835 cy/yr. For Masonboro Island, net volume change for each analysis cell was found to have net losses, with the most significant losses occurring along the southern third of the island in Cells 5 and 6. The measured volume change over the entire island was a loss of -2,853,728 cy, or a unit V equaling -310,188 cy/yr. In comparing the overall placement rate with the measured rate of volume change, the Masonboro Island cells would collectively have to receive a net influx of 440,200 cy/yr to achieve a sediment balance for the island. Channel cells For the beach sediment budget, the overall volume change was computed for cells comprising the inner portion of Masonboro Inlet through the AIWW crossing. Data availability varied throughout the system by reach. For this analysis, historical research was limited to years 2005 2014, where adequate coverages of the inlet areas were available. Future updates to this sediment budget will further refine and improve the calculated shoaling rates used in the development of this sediment budget. The inlet throat area is represented by Cell 13, which represents the authorized dredging area between the jetties. The computed V along with R, the volume removed by dredging, are listed in Table 2 for the channel cells. The measured volume change for the inlet throat area (Cell 13) over the period of March 2006 through April 2014 was a gain of 151,650 cy. This period of analysis included two dredging events in April 2006 and March 2010. During these dredging occurrences sediment was removed and placed onto the adjacent beaches, with approximately 18% of the material going to Masonboro Island and 82% going to Wrightsville Beach in 2006. During the 2010 event, approximately 55% was placed on Masonboro Island and approximately 45% was placed on Wrightsville Beach.

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 10 Table 2. Channel cell values used in sediment budget calculations for Wrightsville Beach and Masonboro Island. Inlet Channel Cells Delta Volume (ΔV) Removal (R) Shoaling Rate Profile Measured Rate Apr-06 Mar-09 Mar-10 Aug-13 Total Maint Rate Rate SBAS Cell CY CY/YR CY CY CY CY CY/YR CY/YR 13 Inlet Throat 151,650 18,750 469,600.00 746,700.00 1,216,300.00 152,040 97,100.00 14 Banks Channel -356,360-50,140 232,900.00 257,300.00 490,200.00 61,280 13,400.00 15 Shinn Creek 25,230 8,720 11,260.00 16 Shinn Creek Crossing -62,760-10,720 37,070.00 29,060.00 66,130.00 7,460 7,200.00 Total -242,240-33,390 702,500 37,070 1,004,000 29,060 1,772,630 220,780 128,960

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 11 The total amount of material removed by maintenance dredging was 1,216,300 cy based on the dredge operation logs from the contracts. In terms of volume change rate, the equivalent V amounts to a gain of 18,750 cy/yr for the inlet throat area. By comparison, the average annual removal rate is 152,040 cy/yr based on the maintenance dredging volumes. Therefore, to achieve an overall sediment balance within the channel area, a net influx of sediment is needed in the amount of 170,790 cy/yr. This quantity is the sum of the volume change plus the quantity removed. In accordance with Equation (1), Q Δ V R, or source Q 18, 750 cy / yr 152, 040 cy / yr 170, 790 cy / yr source The Banks Channel area, located behind Wrightsville Beach and represented by Cell 14, functions as a designated borrow source for the CSDR project on Wrightsville Beach. The measured volume change for the Banks Channel area (Cell 14) over the period covering March 2006 through April 2013 was a loss of 356,360 cy. This period of analysis included the same two dredging and placement operations previously discussed for April 2006 and March 2010. The total amount of material removed by maintenance dredging was 490,200 cy based on the dredge operation logs from the contract. In terms of volume change rate, the equivalent V amounts to a loss of 50,140 cy/yr for this area. By comparison, the average annual removal rate is 61,280 cy/yr based on the maintenance dredging volumes. To achieve an overall sediment balance within the channel area, a net influx of sediment is needed in the amount of 11,140 cy/yr. This quantity is the sum of the volume change plus the quantity removed. In accordance with Equation (1), Q Δ V R, or source Q 50, 140 cy / yr 61, 280 cy / yr 11, 140 cy / yr source The Shinn Creek area represented by Cell 15 is the connection between Banks Channel and the Intracoastal Waterway. The measured volume change for Cell 15 over the period of May 2011 through April 2014 was a gain of 25,230 cy. Limited survey data are available for this area. Communication with the Wilmington District (SAW) Operations Division indicated the area is not regularly dredged, and as a result, there is no

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 12 calculation for annual removal of material from Shinn Creek. In terms of volume change rate, the equivalent V amounts to a gain of 8,720 cy/yr for this area. To achieve an overall sediment balance within the channel area, a net influx of sediment is needed in the amount of 8,720 cy/yr. This quantity is the sum of the volume change plus the quantity removed. In accordance with Equation (1), Q Δ V R, or source Q 8, 720 cy / yr 0 8, 720 cy / yr source The final area of analysis within the channel is the Shinn Creek Crossing of the AIWW, which is represented by Cell 16. The measured volume change for this area (SBAS Cell 16) over the period of May 2008 through March 2014 was a loss of 62,760 cy. This period of analysis included two dredging events where dredged material was removed from the system and placed in upland disposal areas. These occurred in March 2009 and August 2013. The total amount of material removed by maintenance dredging was 66,130 cy based on survey measurements of the area. In terms of volume change rate, the equivalent V amounts to a loss of 10,720 cy/yr for this area. By comparison, the average annual removal rate is 7,460 cy/yr, based on the available survey data. Therefore, to achieve an overall sediment balance within the channel area, a net outflow of sediment is needed in the amount of 3,260 cy/yr. This quantity is the sum of the volume change plus the quantity removed. In accordance with Equation (1), Q Δ V R, or source Q 10, 720 cy / yr 7, 460 cy / yr 3, 260 cy / yr source Table 2 presents the computed shoaling rates for each channel reach. These rates were computed based on the channel surveys following each dredging cycle using a least square regression method. Where sufficient data were available to represent multiple dredging cycles, shoaling rates were computed for each dredging cycle and averaged to develop a representative shoaling rate for the area. The sum of the shoaling rates over the inlet reaches discussed above amounts to 128,960 cy/yr. This value falls short of the 187,390 cy/yr needed to achieve the collective balance of the inner channel cells. The discrepancy may be related to

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 13 multiple factors, including survey data availability (both temporal and in coverage extent) and accuracy of dredging records. Offshore shoal Table 3 presents the volumetric change data associated with the shoal area located offshore of the Masonboro Inlet jetties. This area is represented by Cell 12. The offshore volumetric change has a high degree of uncertainty in the analysis, resulting from a limited survey database as well as a limited coverage of overlapping data. The period covered in the analysis of the offshore data was 1974 through 2010 with only four surveys included in this time period, specifically surveys conducted in 1974, 1998, 2008, and 2010. Table 3. Offshore shoal area cell values used in sediment budget calculations for Wrightsville Beach and Masonboro Island. Offshore Shoal Delta Volume (ΔV) Profile Measured Rate SBAS Cell CY CY/YR 12 Offshore Shoal 1,186,081 34,400 Total 1,186,081 34,400 As indicated in the Table 3, the change measured over the period of analysis is a net gain for the offshore shoal of 1,186,080 cy. The equivalent annual V rate of change is 34,400 cy/yr.

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 14 4 Sediment Fluxes Longshore sediment transport rates were calculated at selected locations of interest along Masonboro Island and Wrightsville Beach. These transport rates were computed using the latest version of the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), Coastal Modeling System (CMS) numerical simulation wave model (CMS-Wave) (Lin et al. 2008, 2011). CMS-Wave simulates a steady-state spectral transformation of directional random waves co-existing with ambient currents in the coastal zone. The model operates on a coastal half-plane, implying waves can propagate only from the seaward boundary toward shore. It includes features such as wave generation, wave reflection, and bottom frictional dissipation. CMS-Wave requires accurate bathymetry data to construct a computational grid over which waves propagate and transform. The bathymetry used for the CMS-Wave grid was obtained during a 2010 survey. The data set is referenced to the North Carolina State Plane Coordinate System and to the vertical mean tidal level datum, which represents the vertical datum of the model. Figure 4 shows the boundaries of the survey data sets. Figure 4. 2010 survey data coverage.

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 15 The CMS-Wave model domain includes Masonboro Inlet and the offshore ERDC Wave Information Studies (WIS) Station 63298 (http://wis.usace.army.mil) that provides hindcast modeled incident waves to force the CMS-Wave model (Figure 5). The grid boundaries were located away from the study area to eliminate boundary effects and ensure accurate development and propagation of the modeled parameters. The grid extends approximately 14.6 kilometers (km) along the shoreline and 12.0 km offshore (Figure 5). The offshore grid boundary is aligned with WIS Station 63298. The model grid consists of 119,948 grid cells, with increased resolution in the nearshore area to adequately resolve wave energy propagation in the study area. The grid orientation was 143.83 o (counterclockwise from east). The bathymetry of the CMS-Wave grid was obtained by interpolating survey data to the grid cells, shown in Figure 6. Figure 5. Extent of CMS-Wave grid.

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 16 Figure 6. CMS-Wave grid bathymetry. The CMS-Wave model was forced with directional wave spectra at the offshore grid boundary. Wave data used to determine the offshore wave conditions were obtained from the WIS Station 63298 located at Latitude 34.083 N and Longitude 77.667 W in water depth of 16 meters (m). The offshore wave climate provides representative wave boundary conditions. The model was not forced with wind or current fields, which are optional. Figure 7 shows the wave rose diagram of wave height versus wave direction percent occurrence at WIS Station 63298 during 1980 2012. The figure shows that waves come mainly from the southeast quadrant. Table 4 presents the percent occurrence of heights and periods of all directions at WIS Station 63298 where wave heights generally range between 0 to 6.0 m, and wave periods range between 5 to 16 seconds (sec).

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 17 Figure 7. Wave rose diagram at WIS Station 63298.

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 18 Table 4. Percent occurrence of wave heights and periods for all directions at WIS Station 63298. The WIS station mean-maximum summary table states the maximum monthly wave height and period during the 32 years of hindcast were examined. The maximum wave height and period were 6.15 m and 20.62 sec, respectively. From these statistics, a set of discrete conditions was selected for simulations. The wave height range was defined at 0.5 m interval from 0.0 m to 1.5 m, and at 2 m interval from 1.5 m to 4.0 m, and at 2.5 m interval from 4.0 m to 7.5 m. The wave period range was 5 to 13 sec at a 2 sec interval, and 13 to 20 sec at a 4 sec interval. The wave directions were incremented every 15 o. Significant wave height, wave period, and vector mean wave direction (degrees clockwise from True north) were adopted in the analysis. The regional shore line adopted in the study is oriented at 36.17 o clockwise from north, as shown in Figure 8. Statistics were performed for onshore wave direction bands only (60 o 210 o ). Waves directed offshore were not considered in the analysis.

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 19 Figure 8. Orientation of regional shoreline and onshore wave bands at WIS Station 63298. (Black area is missing photography from the aerial image.) The 32 years of hindcast record were used to develop a binned approach based on joint probability of wave direction, period, and height. A MathWorks MATLAB routine was used to calculate the joint probability of wave direction, period, and height. Table 5 shows the selected directionperiod-height bins used to synthesize the wave climate. The total number of occurrences from the selected bins was 263,709, which represent approximately 91% of the total waves (289,976) at WIS Station 63298. The frequency of occurrence of all possible height-period-direction combinations was estimated. The number of populated (non-zero) wave bin combinations listed in Table 5 is 367. For each wave bin, representative wave conditions with percent of occurrence more than 0.5 (or 0.5%) were selected to represent the normal or the most commonly occurring conditions in the wave climate for this study. Accordingly, 51 wave conditions with total percent of occurrence of approximately 62% were

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 20 selected to represent the prevailing wave climate in the study area (Table 6). Also, four wave conditions with extreme wave heights and reasonable percent of occurrence were selected to represent storm conditions, as shown in Table 6. Bin Table 5. Selected wave bins. Wave Direction (degree from North) Wave Period (sec) Significant Wave Height (ft) 1 60.0 75.0 5.0-7.0 0.00-0.50 2 75.0 90.0 7.0-9.0 0.50-1.00 3 90.0 105.0 9.0-11.0 1.00-1.50 4 105.0 120.0 11.0-13.0 1.50-2.00 5 120.0 135.0 13.0-15.0 2.00-3.00 6 135.0-150.0 15.0-20.0 3.00-4.00 7 150.0-165.0 4.00-5.00 8 165.0-180.0 5.00-7.50 9 180.0 195.0 10 195.0 210.0 Wave Condition Table 6. Representative wave conditions at WIS Station 63298. Wave Direction (degree from north) Wave Period (sec) Wave Height (m) Percent of Occurrence 1 127.5 10 0.75 4.85 2 112.5 10 0.75 3.80 3 127.5 8 0.75 2.85 4 112.5 8 0.75 2.51 5 142.5 10 0.75 2.43 6 127.5 10 1.25 2.04 7 97.5 10 0.75 1.87 8 112.5 10 1.25 1.87 9 142.5 8 0.75 1.65 10 112.5 12 0.75 1.53 11 97.5 12 1.25 1.47 12 112.5 12 1.25 1.42 13 127.5 12 1.25 1.42 14 97.5 12 0.75 1.39 15 172.5 6 1.25 1.37 16 127.5 12 0.75 1.37

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 21 Wave Condition Wave Direction (degree from north) Wave Period (sec) Wave Height (m) Percent of Occurrence 17 97.5 10 1.25 1.35 18 157.5 6 0.75 1.26 19 142.5 6 0.75 1.18 20 157.5 10 0.75 1.17 21 157.5 6 1.25 1.16 22 142.5 10 1.25 1.11 23 97.5 8 0.75 0.99 24 127.5 8 1.25 0.98 25 172.5 6 0.75 0.97 26 127.5 6 0.75 0.88 27 82.5 6 1.25 0.88 28 187.5 6 1.25 0.81 29 112.5 6 0.75 0.78 30 112.5 8 1.25 0.77 31 142.5 8 1.25 0.73 32 142.5 6 1.25 0.69 33 82.5 10 1.25 0.68 34 157.5 8 0.75 0.68 35 142.5 12 0.75 0.66 36 82.5 12 1.25 0.65 37 127.5 12 1.75 0.65 38 127.5 10 0.25 0.64 39 112.5 12 1.75 0.62 40 127.5 8 0.25 0.62 41 112.5 10 0.25 0.62 42 97.5 12 1.75 0.61 43 157.5 10 1.25 0.60 44 82.5 10 0.75 0.60 45 97.5 10 1.75 0.59 46 97.5 8 1.25 0.59 47 112.5 8 0.25 0.57 48 97.5 6 1.25 0.55 49 142.5 12 1.25 0.55 50 82.5 12 0.75 0.53 51 67.5 6 1.25 0.51

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 22 Wave Condition Wave Direction (degree from north) Wave Period (sec) Wave Height (m) Percent of Occurrence 52 112.5 12 2.5 0.30 53 142.5 8 2.5 0.21 54 97.5 12 3.5 0.10 55 127.5 17.5 6 0.03 When wave angles deviate by approximately 60 o or more from shorenormal direction, wave energy reduction from offshore to shore is usually significant (Thompson et al. 1999). Wave conditions within bins 1 and 10 deviate by 66.17 o and 83.83 o, respectively, from shore-normal direction. Therefore, only one wave condition (with low percent of occurrence) was selected from bin 1 as representative of the prevailing wave climate of the area. The ERDC Surface-water Modeling System (SMS) (Zundel 2005) includes the capability to generate incident spectra using a TMA one-dimensional, shallow-water spectral shape (named for the three storm data sets used to develop the spectrum: TEXEL [lightship Texel], MARSEN [Marine Remote Sensing Experiment at the North Sea], and ARSLOE [Atlantic Ocean Remote Sensing Land-Ocean Experiment]) (Bouws et al. 1985). For each of the selected 55 wave conditions, TMA wave spectra were implemented by SMS software. CMS-Wave model simulations were conducted for the synthesized 55 wave conditions to estimate the potential longshore transport in the study area. Figure 9 shows wave transformation for the most prevailing wave or Condition 1. Figure 10 shows wave transformation for a storm wave or Condition 52. Wave parameters were extracted at the two nearshore locations or points shown in Figure 11 to estimate the associated potential longshore transports. CMS-Wave estimates the breaking index. A value of 1.0 for the breaking index indicates wave breaking. The two points shown in Figure 11 were located seaward of the breaker line.

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 23 Figure 9. Wave transformation for most prevailing wave or condition 1. Figure 10. Wave transformation for a storm wave or condition 52.

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 24 Figure 11. Location of potential longshore transport calculation Points 1 and 2. The approach used to estimate the littoral transport in the area was similar to the method used by Thompson et al. (1999). Thompson et al. (1999) used the ERDC Steady Wave (STWAVE) (Smith 2001; Smith et al. 2001) to transform each incident wave condition to near-breaking and then transform the near-breaking wave to a point at which breaking begins by using the assumption of straight parallel bottom contours. The potential longshore transport rate from that breaking wave height and angle is computed. The WIS wave data were used to force the model, and the potential transport rate due to each incident wave condition was converted to an annual potential transport volume of sediment. Finally, potential transport contributions from all incident wave conditions were summed to give an estimate of annual longshore transport (Thompson et al. 1999). The following equation was used to calculate the potential longshore sediment transport rate (USACE 2002): 25. bs Q KH sin 2 αb (2)

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 25 where: Q = potential longshore transport rate K = constant coefficient Hbs = significant wave height at breaking αb = breaking wave angle relative to bottom contours. Following standard convention, longshore transport directed to the right of an observer on the beach facing the ocean is positive, and transport toward the left is negative. The coefficient K in Equation (2) was equal to 0.023 (Thompson et al. 1999) as used previously to calculate the potential longshore transport along Bald Head Island and Oak Island/Caswell Beach, NC (USACE 2011). The wave-driven sediment transport potentials were computed from breaking conditions for each representative wave condition, proportionately to the probability of occurrence of each condition. The local shoreline angles near Points 1 and 2 were 36 0 and 28 0, respectively. Results of all cases were grouped to calculate annual longshore sediment transport potentials. The computed longshore transport at Point 1 (east of the inlet) was estimated to be 147,000 cy/yr with its direction being toward the inlet. The net transport at Point 2 (west of the inlet) was estimated to be 81,140 cy/yr and was also directed toward the inlet.

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 26 5 Results and Discussion Results Results of the sediment budget analysis for Masonboro Inlet are presented for (1) the inlet and offshore ebb shoal cells, (2) Masonboro Island cells, and (3) Wrightsville Beach cells. The resulting computational analyses determined the sediment flux values that were assumed necessary to achieve a balance within each cell (residual = zero), as well as the overall balance of the whole system. Detailed information for each cell includes V, P, R, and the residual. The three specific areas of the sediment budget system are discussed. Inlet and offshore ebb shoal cells Figure 12 displays the cell division within the inlet area complex. Because the south jetty is impermeable, easterly longshore transport from Masonboro Island was assumed to be directed completely into the ebb shoal (Cell 12). Westerly transport from Wrightsville Beach (147,232 cy/yr) was split with approximately 65% directed over the north jetty weir into the inlet throat cell (97,000 cy/yr) and approximately 35% directed into the offshore ebb shoal Cell 12 (50,232 cy/yr). This computed split was necessary to balance the cells, based on the shoal and erosion rates previously calculated by beach and inlet reach. To balance the inlet system, it was assumed that a portion of the material transported into the offshore Cell 12 was retained (34,400 cy/yr), and the reminder of the sediment was transported landward into the inlet throat Cell 13 (94,362 cy/yr). A sink was considered from the offshore Cell 12 seaward; however, balancing the inlet cells required all known transport to be directed toward the inlet. Even with this assumption, the transport rate toward the inlet (Cells 13 16) is 191,362 cy/yr, which is less than the annual removal rate calculated for the inlet cells (220,780 cy/yr).

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 27 Figure 12. Masonboro Inlet sediment budget analysis cells. The inlet throat sediment flux was balanced, and the remaining material was directed toward two areas. This included 15,000 cy/yr directed into the Banks Channel (Cell 14) while the remaining material (5,572 cy/yr) was assumed to feed the shoal on the west side of the inlet on the landward side of Masonboro Island. No data are available for this area. However, local knowledge of the region indicates there is increased shoaling in the area, consisting mostly of beach quality material. These computed quantities are necessary to balance the remainder of the cells, with the flux calculation points on the ends of Masonboro Island and Wrightsville Beach at the inlet serving as the control features. After the sediment quantities were balanced within the Banks Channel cell, the remaining yardage was directed into Cell 15, known as Shinn Creek. Analysis of this area was limited to only four surveys (May 2011, March 2012, March 2013, and April 2014) that indicated the area is shoaling at 8,720 cy/yr. SAW Operations Division indicated the area is not

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 28 included as a navigable waterway and has not been dredged by the USACE. To balance the shoaling within this area, it was necessary to assume transport into the Shinn Creek region from the Shinn Creek Crossing section located in the Intracoastal Waterway, in addition to the material being transported into the area from Banks Channel. The final region within the inlet area is Shinn Creek Crossing (Cell 16) where Shinn Creek intersects the Intracoastal Waterway. This region is maintained by the USACE on an as-needed basis. Ten historic surveys of the area were available ranging from May 2008 through March 2014. Analysis of these surveys indicates that the average shoaling rate for the area is 10,720 cy/yr, and the average dredging volume is 7,460 cy/yr. Material from this area is not considered beach quality and is disposed to one of the local upland disposal areas. To balance this final cell, an influx of approximately 10,000 cy/yr of sediment is required and assumed to be originating from the waterway/upland erosion due to the fine-grained nature of the dredge material. Masonboro Island cells Sediment transport along Masonboro Island was calculated by the CMS modeling described previously. Figure 13 shows the computation cells for Masonboro Island, as well as the location of the potential sediment transport location (Point 2) used in the CMS model. The balance of the cells comprising Masonboro Island (Cells 1 thru 6) was started at the specified longshore transport boundary between Cells 2 and 3. Proceeding eastward from this boundary, each successive cell was balanced by forcing the next longshore flux value to result in a zero cell residual. The result is increasing net westward transport moving along Masonboro Island until reaching the last cell near Carolina Beach Inlet. Calculated transport at the terminal (western) end of the island is 361,493 cy/yr to the west, away from Masonboro Inlet. This compares well with the Masonboro Island sediment budget computed between 1987 and 1992 (USACE 2000), whichshows the sediment transport at this location to be approximately 354,000 cy/yr, a difference of 2%.

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 29 Figure 13. Masonboro Island sediment budget analysis cells.

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 30 A similar process was performed for the cells proceeding eastward from the specified longshore transport boundary. After balancing the eastern cells along Masonboro Island (Cells 1 and 2) the remaining sediment material was directed into the Offshore Shoal (Cell 12) as described earlier. Material from Cell 1 was computed to be 58,530 cy/yr to the shoal, and material from Cell2 was computed to be 20,000 cy/yr to the shoal. The total quantity forced into the offshore shoal cell on the eastern end of Masonboro Island was 78,530 cy/yr. Wrightsville Beach cells For the beach cells comprising Wrightsville Beach (Cells 7 through 11 in Figure 14), the balancing was started at the assumed longshore transport boundary between Cells 8 and 9. Each successive cell was balanced by forcing the next longshore flux value to result in a zero cell residual. This results in a net eastward transport towards the inlet throughout Cells 7 and 8. The total transport rate from the most western cell (Cell 7) into the inlet and offshore shoal is calculated to be 147,232 cy/yr. To balance the computations, this volume per year requires approximately 65% (97,000 cy/yr) being transported over the weir portion of the jetty and approximately 35% (50,232 cy/yr) being deposited into the offshore shoal cell (previously discussed under section Inlet and Offshore Ebb Shoal Cells ). For the cells east of the transport boundary (Cells 9 through 11), a similar approach was made by balancing the cell nearest the transport boundary and shifting residual sand east. This balancing was calculated for each cell and resulted in net western transport values throughout the region. The total transport rate from the eastern-most cell of Wrightsville Beach (Cell 11) was calculated to be 43,427 cy/yr toward the east, away from Masonboro Inlet.

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 31 Figure 14. Wrightsville Beach sediment budget analysis cells.

ERDC/CHL TR-17-13 32 6 Conclusions The following conclusions have been deduced from this sediment budget analysis of Masonboro Inlet and the vicinity. The computed longshore sediment transport values indicate a net transport towards Masonboro Inlet from both sides of the inlet. The eastern transport rate from Masonboro Island (Cells 1 and 2) into the offshore ebb shoal of the inlet complex was calculated to be 78,530 cy/yr. The western transport rate from Wrightsville Beach (Cell 7) into the inlet (97,000 cy/yr) and onto the offshore ebb shoal (50,232 cy/yr) totaled 147,232 cy/yr. This total calculated sediment material entering the inlet and shoal complex (225,762 cy/yr) is approximately 65% (147,232 cy/yr) from Wrightsville Beach and 35% (78,530 cy/yr) from Masonboro Island. This constitutes approximately a 65% to 35% split of the combined material entering the inlet and ebb shoal. The western transport rate from Wrightsville Beach (Cell 7) was computed to be 147,232 cy/yr, with approximately 65% (97,000 cy/yr) going over the weir into the inlet and approximately 35% (50,232 cy/yr) moving onto the ebb shoal. Again, this also constitutes approximately a 65% to 35% split of the material from the western end of Wrightsville Beach going into the inlet and onto the shoal, respectively. Sediment transport at the western end of Masonboro Island near Carolina Beach Inlet (Cell 6) was calculated to be 361,493 cy/yr to the west away from Masonboro Inlet and was within 2% of the previously calculated transport rate of 354,000 cy/yr (USACE 2000) for the area. The sediment transport rate on the eastern end of Wrightsville Beach (Cell 11) was calculated to be 43,427 cy/yr toward the east, also away from Masonboro Inlet. The results of this study will assist in developing an updated sand management strategy which optimizes the use of sediment within the Masonboro Inlet complex.

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