trophy hunting in selected species

UNEP-WCMC technical l report Review of trophy hunting in selected species (Version edited for public release)

2 Review of trophy hunting in selected species Prepared for The European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate E - Global & Regional Challenges, LIFE ENV.E.2. Global Sustainability, Trade & Multilateral Agreements, Brussels, Belgium Published April 2014 Copyright European Commission 2014 Citation UNEP-WCMC. 2014. Review of trophy hunting in selected species. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge. The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity assessment centre of the United Nations Environment Programme, the world s foremost intergovernmental environmental organization. The Centre has been in operation for over 30 years, combining scientific research with policy advice and the development of decision tools. We are able to provide objective, scientifically rigorous products and servicess to help decision- they do. To do makers recognize the value of biodiversity and apply this knowledge to all that this, we collate and verify data on biodiversity and ecosystem services that we analyze and interpret in comprehensivee assessments, making the results available in appropriate forms for national and international level decision-makers and businesses. To ensure that our work is both sustainable and equitable we seek to build the capacity of partners where needed, so that they can provide the same services at national and regional scales. The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP, contributory organisations or editors. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP, the European Commission or contributory organisations, editors or publishers concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of a commercial entity or product in this publication does not imply endorsement by UNEP. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK Tel: +44 1223 277314 www.unep-wcmc.org UNEP promotes environmentally sound practices globally and in its own activities. Printing on paper from environmentally sustainable forests and recycled fibre is encouraged.

Contents Introduction and summary... 3 Methods... 4 Loxodonta africana... 5 Panthera leo... 41 Ovis ammon... 64 Hippopotamus amphibius... 74 Ceratotherium simum simum... 104 Appendix... 112 3 Introduction and summary The provisions of Article 4 of Regulation (EC) No 338/97 will soon apply to the first introductions into the EU of hunting trophies of six prominent taxa: Loxodonta africana, Panthera leo, Ursus maritimus, Ovis ammon, Hippopotamus amphibius, and Ceratotherium simum simum. As current SRG opinions for these species will be taken into consideration during the assessment of new imports, a review of some of these opinions was considered necessary. At SRG 67, 17 species/country combinations were selected for in-depth review: Loxodonta africana: Botswana, South Africa, United Republic of Tanzania and Zimbabwe Panthera leo: Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, United Republic of Tanzania and Zimbabwe Ovis ammon: Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan Hippopotamus amphibius: Namibia, South Africa, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe Ceratotherium simum simum: South Africa This report presents reviews of the abovementioned species/country combinations, with a focus on trophy hunting.

4 Methods 4 Data included Trade data for this report were extracted from the CITES Trade Database on 19 March 2014. The analysis includes the following data: data for the selected species/country combinations for the period 2003-2012, including direct and indirect trade to the EU-28, and direct trade to countries other than the EU-28 trade in all subspecies, where applicable trade in all terms, excluding live animals and specimens, with a focus on trophy items (whole trophies, bodies, parts and non-manufactured derivatives) trade in purposes H, P, T, and reported without a purpose specified trade in all sources, excluding source O (pre-convention), with a focus on wild-sourced trade units converted, as outlined in the Appendix trade between EU Member States excluded. Detailed raw trade data relating to each species/country combination reviewed (including all terms, purposes and sources) can be accessed via the links provided within the trade sections. Data analysis The analysis of hunting trophy data is complicated by the variety of ways in which hunting trophies can be reported. The Guidelines for the presentation and submission of CITES annual reports 1 states that all the trophy parts of one animal, e.g. an elephant s two tusks, four feet, two ears and one tail, constitute one trophy if they are exported together on the same permit. However, in practice, many Parties do not follow these Guidelines and report multiple trophy items from a single animal separately (e.g. one skin plus one skull rather than one trophy). To facilitate analysis, certain terms have been combined together when presented in the trade tables. Trophy items other than trophies that directly equate to numbers of individual animals, e.g. skins, skulls, bodies and tails, have been combined as other trophies. Trophy items that do not directly equate to numbers of individual animals (i.e. more than one of the item could be obtained from a single animal), e.g. feet, ears, skin pieces and hair, have been combined as trophy parts. The term trophy items is used to refer collectively to trophies, other trophies and other trophy parts. Where there was a notable quantity of trade in skins or skin pieces for commercial purposes (>100 units), these terms are not combined with other trophy items in the tables. Manufactured products, such as leather products and carvings, have not been combined with trophy items and are included in the tables only where these items constitute a large portion of the trade. The term leather products is used to refer collectively to small leather products, large leather products and garments, while the term derivatives includes trade reported without a description specified. Where notable discrepancies were identified between exporter- and importer-reported data, an analysis of permit numbers reported by both trading partners was undertaken to assess whether the discrepancy was the result of differences in reporting practices for trophy items, due to yearend trade or whether a portion of the trade was not reported by one of the trading partners. 1 See CITES Notification to the Parties No. 2011/019 and Annex VII of EC Regulation 865/2006.

Loxodonta africana MAMALIA: ELEPHANTIDAE Loxodonta africana I/A (populations of Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe II/B) 5 SYNONYMS: Loxodonta cyclotis COMMON NAMES: African elephant (English), Eléphant Africain (French), Elefante Africano (Spanish). RANGE STATES: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi (ex), Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Côte d'ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti (ex), Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia (ex), Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania (ex), Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland (ex, reint), Togo, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe. UNDER REVIEW: Botswana, South Africa, United Republic of Tanzania (hereafter referred to as Tanzania), Zimbabwe. EU DECISIONS: Current positive opinions for Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe confirmed on 23/02/2012. Previous positive opinion for hunting trophies from Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe formed on 11/11/1997. Previous no opinion (i) for wild-sourced trophies from Mozambique formed on 14/09/2010, replaced by a no opinion (ii) on 28/05/2013 then a positive opinion on 12/09/2013. Current negative opinion for hunting trophies from Cameroon formed on 06/12/2013. Previous positive opinion for Cameroon formed on 15/12/1997, replaced by a negative opinion on 26/11/1998 then replaced by a positive opinion on 05/01/2000. Current no opinion (i) for Ethiopia formed on 02/12/2011. Previous positive opinion for Ethiopia formed on 11/11/1997 and removed on 02/12/2011. IUCN: Vulnerable

Loxodonta africana 6 Loxodonta africana from Botswana, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe was reviewed by UNEP- WCMC for SRG59 (UNEP-WCMC, 2012), hence this report focuses on any newly available information on conservation status and management, whilst summarising much of the information in the previous report. Relevant reports published since SRG59 include updates from MIKE (CoP16 Doc. 53.1) and ETIS (CoP16 Doc. 53.2.2 (Rev. 1)), a provisional 2013 update to the African Elephant Status Report (IUCN/SSC AfESG, 2013), and a rapid response assessment produced by UNEP, CITES, IUCN and TRAFFIC (2013). Taxonomic note CITES currently recognises one species of African elephant, Loxodonta africana (Wilson and Reeder, 1993). However, recent taxonomic studies indicate that African elephants form two phylogenetically distinct species: savanna elephants Loxodonta africana and forest elephants Loxodonta cyclotis (Rohland et al., 2010; Ishida et al., 2011). The African Elephant Specialist Group still have outstanding queries regarding elephant taxonomy, in addition to the practical problem of where exactly to draw the geographical line between the two potential species, hence they consider any division of the African elephant into two separate species to be premature (IUCN/SSC AfESG, 2013). Trade patterns Populations of Loxodonta africana from Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe are listed in Appendix II/Annex B (for trade in hunting trophies for non-commercial purposes, amongst others see UNEP-WCMC Species+ for more details). Other specimens from these populations and populations from other countries are listed in Appendix I/Annex A. Botswana: Botswana has submitted CITES annual reports for all years 2003-2010; annual reports for 2011 and 2012 have not yet been received at the time of writing (April 2014). Botswana published CITES export quotas for wild-sourced tusks in all years 1997 onwards (Table 1). In 1999, 2000 and 2013 the quota specified tusks as hunting trophies, while between 2001 and 2012 the quota also included other hunting trophies ; in 2014 Botswana published a zero quota for raw ivory and tusks as trophies. The apparent quota excess according to importer-reported data in 2008 is due to the despatch of government-owned ivory stocks authorised at CoP14 2. The trade in tusks by weight that was recorded by importers in 2009 represents the same trade in stockpiled ivory. The combined trade in tusks and trophies appears to be within quota in all other years for which trade data are available (2003-2012). In all years 2007-2013 Botswana also published a zero quota for wild-sourced raw ivory other than trophies. Trade in wild-sourced raw ivory reported from 2007 onwards for purposes other than purpose H, and not included in the authorised despatch of ivory stocks described above, comprised 25 tusks for personal purposes, two tusks for educational purposes and 154 ivory pieces for scientific purposes, all reported by importers only. 2 See Notification to the Parties No. 2007/022.

Loxodonta africana Table 1: CITES export quotas for wild-sourced tusks and other trophies (reported as number of items) of Loxodonta africana from Botswana and global direct exports from Botswana, as reported by the importers and exporter, 2003-2014 (Botswana s CITES annual reports for 2011-2012 have not yet been received; trade data for 2013-2014 are not yet available). Values rounded to whole numbers, where applicable. 7 Reported by 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Quota 420 420 420 540 600 660 800 800 800 800 800 i 0 ii trophies iii Importer 146 119 108 153 186 201 239 210 150 422 21 168 25 20 193 308 tusks Importer 58 110 75 121 119 225 128 187 177 278 252 301 434 396 6132 tusks (kg) Importer 26687 Subtotals Importer 204 229 183 274 302 426 367 397 327 699 (excluding kg) 273 168 326 434 416 6325 308 i Quota in 2013 applies to tusks as trophies. ii Quota in 2014 applies to raw ivory and tusks as trophies. iii Includes bodies, skins, skulls, tails and trophies. Direct exports of Loxodonta africana from Botswana to the EU-28 2003-2012 primarily comprised tusks and trophies (Table 2). All trade in trophies and trophy parts was wild-sourced and primarily recorded as either hunting trophies (purpose H ) or personal possessions (purpose P ). The principal importing country was Spain. Importer-reported volumes of trophies and trophy parts exceeded those reported by Botswana in most years; of the 50 export permit numbers reported by EU importers for trophy items in 2010 (the most recent year for which data reported by Botswana are available), 40 were not reported by Botswana in either its 2009 or 2010 CITES annual reports for L. africana. Imports of trophies decreased between 2009 and 2011 but tripled between 2011 and 2012 to return to the level recorded in 2009 (Figure 1). Details of all direct trade to the EU-28, by EU Member State, are available at https://db.tt/swarx2as.

Loxodonta africana 8 Table 2: Direct exports of Loxodonta africana trophy items from Botswana to the EU-28, 2003-2012 (Botswana s CITES annual reports for 2011 and 2012 have not yet been received). All trade was wild-sourced (source W ). Values rounded to one decimal place, where applicable. Term Units Purpose Reported by 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total trophies - H Importer 79 34 45 51 65 7 61 41 7 26 416 2 46 3 69 62 182 P Importer 3 9 6 4 15 15 52 tusks - H Importer 8 2 4 27 14 119 43 42 7 56 322 92 111 154 106 463 P Importer 2 2 6 9 6 25 kg H Importer 197.8 197.8 other trophies (skins, skulls and tails) - H Importer 5 1 2 2 9 1 17 37 P Importer 18 18 other trophy parts (bones, ears, feet, hair, skin pieces and teeth) - H Importer 6 7 2 12 5 23 24 9 7 62 157 P Importer 26 6 17 49 kg P Importer 0.3 0.3 Subtotals (trophies, skins, skulls & tails) - Importer 84 34 46 53 68 18 76 45 23 76 523 2 46 3 69 62 182 Subtotals (tusks & other trophy parts reported in number of items) - Importer 14 11 6 39 19 144 99 66 14 141 553 92 111 154 106 463

Loxodonta africana No. Imported 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Figure 1: Importer-reported direct trade in Loxodonta africana trophies (skins, skulls, tails and trophies) from Botswana to the EU-28, by purpose, 2003-2012. All trade was wild-sourced (source W ). H 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 P 9 Indirect trade in L. africana to the EU-28 originating in Botswana 2003-2012 principally comprised skin pieces, ivory carvings, trophies and tusks (Table 3). All trade was wild-sourced and was primarily recorded as hunting trophies (purpose H ), with smaller quantities reported as purposes P and T. Again, the principal importing country was Spain, while the primary re-exporting country was South Africa. Direct trade in L. africana from Botswana to countries other than the EU-28 2003-2012 primarily comprised trophies, tusks and ivory pieces (Table 4). All trade in trophies and ivory was wildsourced, with a small number of trophy parts reported without a source specified; small numbers of seizures/ confiscations were reported primarily by the United States (including five trophies and four tusks). The majority of trophies and trophy parts were recorded as purpose H and P, while the tusks and ivory pieces were primarily traded for commercial purposes. In several years (including 2010, the most recent year for which data reported by Botswana are available), importer-reported trade in both trophies and trophy parts exceeded that reported by Botswana. The principal importers were China, Japan, the United States and South Africa.

Loxodonta africana 10 Table 3: Indirect exports of Loxodonta africana trophy items originating in Botswana to the EU-28, 2003-2012. All trade was wild-sourced (source W ). Term Purpose Reported by 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total trophies H Importer 8 2 6 4 1 4 3 2 30 11 6 1 2 2 8 3 6 39 P Importer 6 2 1 9 tusks H Importer 4 4 7 12 2 29 10 17 14 10 22 11 2 6 18 6 116 P Importer 2 2 8 8 T Importer 2 2 other trophies (skins, skulls and tails) H Importer 1 15 16 1 18 35 3 57 P Importer 1 1 2 2 2 other trophy parts (derivatives, ears, feet, genitalia, skin pieces and teeth) H Importer 1 1 4 19 32 8 1 66 8 24 2 64 37 50 48 233 P Importer 12 1 13 26 1 27 T Importer 11 2 13 Subtotals (trophies & other trophies) Importer 8 2 6 5 1 7 21 4 3 57 12 6 1 18 2 2 8 38 11 98 Subtotals (tusks, skin pieces & other trophy parts) Importer 1 5 4 11 26 19 43 8 6 123 12 33 14 34 24 11 66 43 94 55 386

Loxodonta africana Table 4: Direct exports of wild-sourced (source W and source unspecified) Loxodonta africana trophy items from Botswana to countries other than the EU-28, 2003-2012 (Botswana s CITES annual reports for 2011 and 2012 have not yet been received). Values rounded to one decimal place, where applicable. 11 Term Units Purpose Reported by 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total tusks kg T Importer 26489.0 26489.0 - H Importer 48 106 71 94 103 104 79 134 170 216 1125 160 190 280 290 920 P Importer 2 2 T Importer 2 2 6132 6132 - Importer 1 1 ivory pieces i kg T Importer 16682.4 16682.4 - H Importer 2 4 6 trophies - H Importer 64 85 63 102 116 183 168 164 124 215 1284 19 122 22 20 124 246 553 P Importer 2 2 3 1 2 4 14 T Importer 1 1 2 4 other trophies (bodies, skins, skulls and tails) other trophy parts (bones, bone pieces, derivatives, ears, feet, genitalia, hair, skin pieces and teeth - H Importer 6 1 1 121 5 2 38 102 50 110 436 P Importer 1 4 16 21 - H Importer 198 21 21 290 14 36 154 264 403 859 2260 2 2 P Importer 3 5 1 1 17 18 36 58 139 T Importer 10 10 - Importer 2 2 Subtotals ('trophies' & 'other trophies') - Importer 73 86 64 223 121 187 210 268 182 345 1759 19 122 22 20 124 246 553 Subtotals ('tusks' & 'other trophy parts') - Importer 258 130 97 385 117 141 250 418 609 1136 3541 160 192 280 290 6132 7054 i This trade represents the sale of government-owned ivory stocks that was authorised at CoP14 in July 2007 (see Notification to the Parties No. 2007/022).

Loxodonta africana 12 South Africa: South Africa has submitted CITES annual reports for all years 2003-2012. South Africa published export quotas for wild-sourced tusks in all years from 1997 onwards; from 1999 onwards the quota specified tusks as hunting trophies (Table 5). If we simply combine global direct trade in tusks and trophies, the trade appears to be within the quota in every year according to both exporter- and importer-reported data; however, if each trophy is assumed to include two tusks, the quota would have apparently been exceeded in 2004, 2011 and 2012 according to data reported by South Africa (extrapolating to 143 tusks, 314 tusks, and 354 tusks, respectively) and in 2010 according to data reported by importers (by 60 tusks). South Africa s CITES annual reports are compiled on the basis of permits issued rather than actual trade; 117 tusks and 12 trophies reported by importers in 2010 were recorded as purpose P rather than purpose H. Table 5: CITES export quotas for wild-sourced tusks as hunting trophies of Loxodonta africana from South Africa and global direct exports, as reported by the importers and exporter, 2003-2014 (trade data for 2013-2014 are not yet available). Includes all purposes except purpose E (purposes H, P and T ). Values rounded to one decimal place, where applicable. Reported by 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Quota 120 120 200 200 200 200 300 300 300 300 300 300 trophies Importer 45 40 87 68 50 54 78 112 62 64 10 25 12 54 15 28 123 26 45 80 tusks Importer 20 9 12 14 11 23 30 136 46 50 59 93 86 67 113 135 48 173 224 194 tusks (kg) Importer 33094 50768 Subtotals Importer 65 49 99 82 61 77 108 248 108 114 (excluding kg) 69 118 98 121 128 163 171 199 269 274 In addition to trade recorded in number of items, trade in tusks by weight (in kg) was recorded in 2008-2009 3. In both 2001 and 2002 South Africa published a zero quota for raw whole tusks, while in 2007 and 2009-2012 a zero quota was published for raw ivory other than trophies. Trade in wild-sourced raw ivory reported in these years for purposes other than purpose H, and not included in the authorised despatch of ivory stocks described above, comprised four tusks and 13 ivory pieces reported as purpose T, as well as larger quantities of ivory pieces and tusks reported as purpose P and S (for details see https://db.tt/swarx2as.). Direct trade in L. africana from South Africa to the EU-28 between 2003 and 2012 principally comprised skins and skin pieces, with notable quantities of tusks and other trophy items (Table 6). The trophy items were primarily recorded as purpose H, while the majority of the skins and skin pieces were recorded as purpose T. The majority of trade was wild-sourced, with small numbers of trophy items reported without a source specified. In addition, four EU Member States reported the import of small numbers of seized/confiscated items. The principal importers were Italy, Germany, the United Kingdom and Austria. -reported quantities exceeded those reported by importers in most years; South Africa s CITES annual reports are compiled on the basis of permits issued rather than actual trade. EU imports of trophies increased over the period 2003-2012 overall; imports declined in 2011 but in 2012 returned to the same level recorded in 2010 (Figure 2). Details of all direct trade to the EU-28, by EU Member State, are available at https://db.tt/swarx2as. 3 This trade represents the sale of government-owned ivory stocks that was authorised at CoP14 in July 2007 (see Notification to the Parties No. 2007/022).

Loxodonta africana No. Imported 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 H P T unspecified 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Figure 2: Importer-reported direct trade in wild-sourced (source W and source unspecified) Loxodonta africana trophies (skins, skulls, tails and trophies, reported as numbers of items) from South Africa to the EU-28, by purpose, 2003-2012. All trade was wild-sourced (source W ). 13 Indirect trade in L. africana from South Africa to the EU-28 between 2003 and 2012 principally consisted of leather products, the majority wild-sourced and re-exported via Mauritius to Italy for commercial purposes (Table 7). In addition, a small number of trophy items were imported recorded as purpose H, P and T, most notably 1287 derivatives and 993 hairs reported by importers for commercial purposes. Direct trade in L. africana from South Africa to countries other than the EU-28 between 2003 and 2012 principally comprised skins, skin pieces and leather products, with notable quantities of tusks and other trophy items also traded; the majority were recorded as wild-sourced and purpose T (Table 8). Small quantities of trophy items were recorded as purpose H and P. In addition to the wild-sourced items, trade also included small quantities of captive-bred trophies (one, reported by the importer only), ranched leather products and bodies, and small numbers of items reported as source U and without a source specified. A number of items were reported by the United States and New Zealand as seizures/confiscations, including 191 trophy items. The principal importers of trophy items were China, Japan, the Republic of Korea and the United States.

Loxodonta africana 14 Table 6: Direct exports of wild-sourced (source W and source unspecified) Loxodonta africana trophy items from South Africa to the EU-28, 2003-2012. Values rounded to one decimal place, where applicable. Term Units Purpose Reported by 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total trophies - H Importer 14 9 23 21 9 24 32 9 14 155 3 15 4 20 6 3 56 9 13 10 139 P Importer 5 1 3 3 9 21 1 1 T Importer 1 1 - Importer 1 1 tusks - H Importer 2 2 6 6 2 8 12 12 16 12 78 26 28 32 26 36 15 14 75 92 50 394 P Importer 7 2 1 4 12 4 30 10 13 4 2 2 3 6 15 7 62 - Importer 2 2 kg H Importer 90.1 90.1 skins - H Importer 3 1 1 1 1 2 9 3 2 13 8 12 38 P Importer 6 6 T Importer 4 4 3 108 111 m 2 T Importer 397.6 358.6 366.1 329.2 264.0 4.6 17.8 70.1 1808.1 593.1 1609.1 458.6 457.6 3118.4 skin pieces - H Importer 1 4 13 12 30 17 3 8 67 118 50 263 P Importer 3 6 9 2 1 5 9 17 T Importer 650 650 6 2 8 m 2 T Importer 61.2 234.8 49.3 232.4 158.0 735.8 157.9 70.1 228.1

Loxodonta africana Term Units Purpose Reported by 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total other trophies (skulls and tails) - H Importer 1 1 5 2 3 8 20 11 8 27 38 24 108 P Importer 1 2 1 1 5 1 1 2 1 5 T Importer 1 1 - Importer 1 1 - H Importer 4 8 11 8 1 1 13 21 22 67 156 other trophy parts (bones, derivatives, ears, 53 245 154 205 292 949 feet, hair, ivory pieces and teeth) P Importer 3 1 2 4 3 13 1 3 5 1 3 2 1 104 8 28 156 T Importer 2 3 145 6 156 2 8 3 1 161 250 168 593 - Importer 4 4 Subtotals (trophies, skins & other trophies) - Importer 14 12 24 27 15 1 30 40 18 40 221 4 15 4 36 6 4 66 55 59 156 405 Subtotals (tusks, skin pieces & other trophy parts) - Importer 666 10 20 17 9 21 30 182 75 98 1128 41 50 37 109 48 20 276 569 688 604 2442 15 Table 7: Indirect exports of wild-sourced (source W and U ) Loxodonta africana trophy items and leather products originating in South Africa to the EU-28, 2003-2012 (no trade was reported in 2008). Values rounded to one decimal place, where applicable. Term Units Purpose Reported by 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total leather products - P Importer 1 1 1 1 T Importer 4850 7 26 49 301 121 152 88 5594 4849 7 29 56 1 4 4946 trophies (skins and trophies ) - P Importer 1 1 1 1 T Importer 1 1 2 4 1 1 2 m 2 T Importer 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 - Importer 2.4 2.4 other trophy parts (derivatives, hair and skin pieces) - P Importer 1 1 1 1 T Importer 1 24 951 1305 2281 2 2

Loxodonta africana 16 Table 8: Direct exports of wild-sourced (source W, U and source unspecified) trophy items and leather products of Loxodonta africana from South Africa to countries other than the EU-28, 2003-2012. Values rounded to one decimal place, where applicable. Term Units Purpose Reported by 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total skins - H Importer 5 5 2 1 25 13 16 57 P Importer 1 2 1 2 6 1 1 7 9 T Importer 457 33 643 1 367 2500 34 4035 28 120 1 1 1 1 278 430 - Importer 2 2 kg T Importer 512 512 m 2 T Importer 5151.2 1740.9 6900.7 1927.2 4662.3 2923.3 3642.6 408.8 275.3 27632.3 3642.8 2831.2 2688.0 1416.7 190.2 10768.8 skin pieces - H Importer 1 2 4 4 34 104 2 24 35 210 1 13 2 64 62 103 92 337 P Importer 1 11 17 2 12 19 62 1 1 3 3 11 17 13 49 T Importer 37 1 362 6 96 4 4 9 9 528 122 28 5 2 157 kg T Importer 20.2 20.2 m 2 T Importer 25 157 704 886 1042.2 370.7 93.3 1506.2 leather products - H Importer 1 8 10 97 7 9 132 33 39 1 12 6 33 42 166 P Importer 3 2 4 53 22 35 21 140 13 4 23 1 20 80 92 61 294 T Importer 11 312 16 275 152 81 205 313 88 20 1473 28 17 114 267 109 50 269 304 573 420 2151 - Importer 2 2 m 2 T Importer 518.1 2595.0 615.0 1233.7 4961.8

Loxodonta africana Term Units Purpose Reported by 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total tusks - H Importer 10 7 6 6 9 13 17 7 16 26 117 16 50 42 24 55 92 12 75 113 99 578 P Importer 3 2 2 113 2 6 128 7 2 6 12 20 25 19 17 4 36 148 T Importer 2 2 6 1 1 2 10 kg T Importer 33003.5 33003.5 50768.3 50768.3 trophies - H Importer 31 30 64 46 36 52 49 68 48 41 465 6 10 7 34 8 25 62 16 30 57 255 P Importer 1 1 5 9 2 18 1 6 1 2 12 22 T Importer 1 1 1 1 other trophies (bodies, skulls and tails) - H Importer 1 3 3 3 1 8 7 26 4 1 5 158 180 25 373 P Importer 1 4 5 12 5 27 1 1 2 1 10 8 17 40 T Importer 1 1 other trophy parts (bones, derivatives, ears, feet, genitalia, hair, ivory pieces, and teeth) Subtotals (skins, trophies & other trophies) Subtotals (skin pieces, tusks & other trophy parts) - H Importer 55 1 12 10 5 34 493 5 43 26 684 55 1 2 52 442 451 208 1209 P Importer 15 17 4 4 84 152 51 44 78 449 1 45 4 1 12 121 30 161 467 125 963 T Importer 35 16 14 44 19 13 5065 1520 806 7532 97 12 26 49 14 10 2087 2484 9080 13859 kg T Importer 17764.8 17764.8 - Importer 31 488 98 693 37 425 2563 118 75 56 4584 7 10 37 160 11 28 75 212 237 412 1189 - Importer 141 42 400 46 162 199 800 5254 1661 1007 9714 121 96 70 255 168 263 192 2855 3639 9655 17312 17

Loxodonta africana 18 The United Republic of Tanzania: Tanzania has submitted CITES annual reports for all years 2003-2012 with the exception of 2007. Tanzania published CITES export quotas for wild-sourced tusks as hunting trophies in every year 2003-2014 (Table 9); combined trade in tusks and trophies (all purposes) appears to be within quota for all years where trade data is available (2003-2012), according to both exporter- and importer-reported data. However, if each trophy is assumed to include two tusks, the quota appears to have been exceeded according to importer-reported data in 2003 (by 47 tusks) and 2005 (by 110 tusks). In both 2003 and 2005, all but 11 of the trophies and tusks reported by importers were recorded by as purpose H. In addition, Tanzania published a zero quota for wild-sourced raw ivory other than hunting trophies in every year 2008-2014; all wild-sourced tusks reported in trade in those years were recorded as either purpose H or P (13 tusks were reported by importers as purpose P from 2008 onwards). Table 9: CITES export quotas for wild-sourced tusks as hunting trophies (reported as number of items) of Loxodonta africana from Tanzania and global direct exports of wildsourced tusks and trophies from Tanzania, as reported by the importers and exporter, 2003-2014 (Tanzania s annual report for 2007 has not yet been received; trade data for 2013-2014 are not yet available). Includes all purposes ( H, P and T ). Reported by 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Quota 200 200 200 200 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 trophies Importer 115 68 149 66 115 138 117 101 85 85 1 2 76 45 20 14 tusks Importer 17 16 12 46 45 24 40 19 40 26 89 70 107 127 52 160 128 64 28 Subtotals Importer 132 84 161 112 160 162 157 120 125 111 90 72 107 127 52 236 173 84 42 Direct trade in L. africana from Tanzania to the EU-28 between 2003 and 2012 principally comprised wild-sourced trophies, tusks and ivory carvings (Table 10). The majority of trade in trophy items was recorded as purpose H and P. The principal EU importers of trophies and trophy items were France, Germany and Spain. Imports of trophies to the EU-28 decreased every year between 2009 and 2011, but increased by 29 per cent in 2012 (Figure 3). Details of all direct trade to the EU-28, by EU Member State, are available at https://db.tt/swarx2as. Although importer-reported volumes of trophies exceeded those reported by Tanzania in all years, quantities of tusks and other trophy parts reported by Tanzania exceeded those reported by importers. A permit analysis revealed that a notable proportion of the export permits reported by importers for trophies were not reported by Tanzania, indicating that the discrepancy is primarily due to differences in the volume of trade reported rather than differences in reporting practices for trophies (reporting whole trophies versus trophy parts).

Loxodonta africana Table 10: Direct exports of wild-sourced (source W and source unspecified) trophy items of Loxodonta africana from Tanzania to the EU-28, 2003-2012 (Tanzania s CITES annual report for 2007 has not yet been received). 19 Term Purpose Reported by 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total trophies H Importer 83 36 105 26 40 16 33 24 13 14 390 1 1 41 26 8 5 82 P Importer 11 1 9 20 82 23 26 19 30 221 T Importer 1 1 tusks H Importer 7 3 4 14 10 14 13 4 13 2 84 33 28 50 54 20 90 76 35 12 398 P Importer 1 2 3 2 2 10 other trophies (skins, skulls and tails) H Importer 1 3 3 3 2 12 other trophy parts (bones, derivatives, ears, feet, genitalia, skin pieces and teeth) 39 14 15 68 H Importer 4 15 4 4 27 95 61 67 1 224 Subtotals (trophies & other trophies) Importer 94 38 114 29 63 98 59 50 34 44 623 1 1 80 41 23 5 151 Subtotals (tusks & other trophy parts) Importer 7 8 4 29 16 14 16 6 19 2 121 33 28 50 54 20 185 137 102 13 622

Loxodonta africana 20 120 H P 100 No. Imported 80 60 40 20 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Figure 3: Importer-reported direct trade in wild-sourced (source W and source unspecified) Loxodonta africana trophies (skins, skulls, tails and trophies) from the United Republic of Tanzania to the EU-28, by purpose, 2003-2012. Indirect trade in L. africana from Tanzania to the EU-28 between 2003 and 2012 principally comprised leather products, all of which were reportedly wild-sourced and re-exported via South Africa to the United Kingdom; the majority were recorded as purpose H (Table 11). Smaller quantities of trophies, tusks and other trophy parts were also traded, the majority of which were recorded as wild-sourced and reported as purpose H. Direct trade in L. africana from Tanzania to countries other than the EU-28 between 2003 and 2012 primarily consisted of trophies, tusks and other trophy parts, the majority of which were reported as purpose H (Table 12). With the exception of six tusks reported as source F by importers in 2007, all trade in trophy items was wild-sourced. In addition, the United States and New Zealand both reported imports of small numbers of seized/confiscated items. The principal importer was the United States. Importer-reported trade in all trophy items exceeded that reported by Tanzania in both 2011 and 2012.

Loxodonta africana Table 11: Indirect exports of wild-sourced (source W ) trophy items and leather products of Loxodonta africana originating in Tanzania to the EU- 28, 2003-2012 (no trade was reported in 2004-2006 or 2009). Term Purpose Reported by 2003 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 Total leather products H Importer 39 39 47 47 P Importer 3 3 tusks H Importer 2 4 6 12 2 2 2 2 6 4 18 T Importer 2 2 trophies H Importer 1 2 3 1 1 other trophies (skins, skulls and tails) H Importer 2 2 4 other trophy parts (ears, feet and skin pieces) H Importer 2 7 9 5 13 4 22 P Importer 3 3 - Importer 1 1 Subtotals (trophies & other trophies) Importer 1 2 3 2 3 5 Subtotals (tusks & other trophy parts) Importer 2 6 17 25 2 2 2 7 22 9 44 21

Loxodonta africana 22 Table 12: Direct exports of wild-sourced (source W ) Loxodonta africana trophy items from the United Republic of Tanzania to countries other than the EU-28, 2003-2012 (Tanzania s CITES annual report for 2007 has not yet been received). Term Purpose Reported by 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total trophies H Importer 21 31 35 40 55 40 61 50 53 41 427 1 35 18 12 9 75 P Importer 1 1 tusks H Importer 10 12 6 32 33 4 24 13 25 24 183 56 42 57 73 32 70 52 30 16 428 P Importer 2 6 8 other trophies (bodies, skins, skulls and tails) H Importer 2 1 2 7 1 8 10 31 13 75 22 19 3 44 other trophy parts (includes bones, bone pieces, derivatives, ears, feet, hair, skin pieces and teeth) H Importer 19 2 26 20 23 69 43 202 82 25 34 141 P Importer 1 4 5 Subtotals (trophies & other trophies) Importer 23 32 37 47 56 40 69 61 84 54 503 1 57 37 15 9 119 Subtotals (tusks & other trophy parts) Importer 29 12 10 59 33 10 44 36 94 71 398 56 42 57 73 32 152 77 64 16 569

Loxodonta africana Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe has submitted CITES annual reports for all years 2003-2012. Zimbabwe published CITES export quotas for wild-sourced tusks as hunting trophies in all years 2004-2014 (no quota was published in 2003; Table 13); combined trade in tusks and trophies appears to be within quota for the years where trade data is available (2003-2012), according to both exporterand importer-reported data. However, if each trophy is assumed to include two tusks, the quota appears to have been exceeded according to importer-reported data in 2009 (by 96 tusks). Fiftythree tusks and trophies (potentially equating to 84 tusks) were recorded by importers with purposes other than H ( P and T ). In addition, trade in tusks and trophies was reported by weight 4. 23 Table 13: CITES export quotas for wild-sourced tusks as hunting trophies (reported as number of items) of Loxodonta africana from Zimbabwe and global direct exports of wild-sourced tusks and trophies from Zimbabwe, as reported by the importers and exporter, 2004-2014 (no quota was published in 2003; trade data for 2013-2014 are not yet available.) Includes all purposes ( H, P and T ). Values rounded to whole numbers, where applicable. Reported by 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Quota 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 trophies Importer 193 248 316 229 241 453 364 229 350 24 23 32 18 24 126 212 2 32 trophies (kg) Importer 180 1 tusks Importer 164 166 162 125 383 190 247 142 203 323 483 539 295 566 117 102 36 tusks (kg) Importer 3147 648 161 329 32 2541 4790 11870 Subtotals (excluding kg) Importer 357 414 478 354 624 643 611 371 553 347 506 571 313 590 243 314 38 32 Zimbabwe also published a zero quota for wild-sourced raw ivory other than hunting trophies in every year 2007-2012. The majority of wild-sourced tusks and ivory pieces reported in trade in those years were recorded as either purpose H or P ; ivory recorded as purpose T was reported in trade in 2009 (32 kg tusks reported by Zimbabwe; four tusks, 2555 kg tusks and 1207 kg ivory pieces reported by importers 5 ) and 2012 (two ivory pieces reported by Zimbabwe only). The export permit numbers reported with the ivory pieces in 2012 were not reported by the importers; Zimbabwe did not specify whether its annual reports are compiled on the basis of permits issued or actual trade. Direct trade in L. africana from Zimbabwe to the EU-28 between 2003 and 2012 principally consisted of trophies, tusks and other trophy items (Table 14); with the exception of 157 tusks and smaller numbers of other trophy parts reported without a source specified, all trade in trophy items was wild-sourced. The majority of trade was reported as purpose H. In addition, four EU Member States reported imports of small numbers of seized/confiscated items. The principal importers were the United Kingdom, Germany and Spain. Imports of trophies to the EU-28 decreased in both 2010 and 2011 but increased by a third in 2012 (Figure 4). Details of all direct trade to the EU-28, by EU Member State, are available at https://db.tt/swarx2as. 4 A portion of this trade may be associated with the sale of government-owned ivory stocks that was authorised at CoP14 in July 2007 (see Notification to the Parties No. 2007/022). 5 This trade again may be associated with the sale of government-owned ivory stocks mentioned above.

Loxodonta africana 24 250 H P T unspecified 200 No. Imported 150 100 50 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Figure 4: Importer-reported direct trade in wild-sourced (source W and source unspecified) Loxodonta africana trophies (skins, skulls, tails and trophies) from Zimbabwe to the EU-28, by purpose, 2003-2012 (excludes trade reported by weight). Although importer-reported volumes of trophies exceeded those reported by Zimbabwe in all years, quantities of tusks reported by Zimbabwe generally exceeded those reported by importers. A permit analysis revealed that while differences in reporting of trophy items between Zimbabwe and its trading partners was apparent (with some instances of the same items being reported as a whole trophy by one trading partner and a trophy part by the other), a notable proportion of the export permits reported by importers for trophies were not reported by Zimbabwe, indicating that the discrepancy is primarily due to differences in the volume of trade reported rather than differences in reporting practices for trophies. Indirect trade in L. africana from Zimbabwe to the EU-28 between 2003 and 2012 primarily comprised wild-sourced skins, skin pieces and leather products, of which the majority were traded for commercial purposes (Table 15). Smaller quantities of trade in trophies, trophy parts and ivory carvings recorded primarily as purpose H, P and T were also reported. In addition, the import of eight seized/confiscated small leather products was reported. The principal importing countries were the United Kingdom, Italy and Germany, while the main re-exporter was South Africa. Direct trade in L. africana from Zimbabwe to countries other than the EU-28 between 2003 and 2012 also primarily comprised skins, skin pieces and leather products, the majority recorded as purpose T ; large quantities of trophies, tusks and other trophy parts were also traded, primarily recorded as purpose H, P or T (Table 16). All trade in trophy items was wild-sourced with the exception of small quantities of skins and skin pieces recorded as source C and R, and a number of items recorded without a source specified or of unknown source. The United States and New Zealand also reported a number of seizures/confiscations. The principal importer was the United States. Again, importer-reported trade in trophies exceeded that reported by Zimbabwe in most years, with Zimbabwe reporting higher numbers of trophy parts than importers.

Loxodonta africana Table 14: Direct exports of wild-sourced (source W and source unspecified) trophy items of Loxodonta africana from Zimbabwe to the EU-28, 2003-2012. Values rounded to one decimal place, where applicable. Term Units Purpose Reported by 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total trophies - H Importer 57 49 68 74 82 17 152 103 55 44 701 10 5 4 5 2 40 72 3 141 P Importer 3 2 7 4 5 4 5 13 7 50 2 7 1 10 T Importer 1 1 2 6 6 tusks - H Importer 37 33 59 57 28 114 63 78 37 67 573 129 173 244 124 158 16 4 25 873 P Importer 12 9 7 13 15 2 58 1 7 8 6 6 28 T Importer 4 4 190 190 kg H Importer 140.7 241.9 74 69 525.6 665.2 1714.1 3047 5426.3 P Importer 33.4 3.7 3.4 40.5 - Importer 157 157 other trophies (skins, skulls and tails) - H Importer 12 9 4 3 10 25 22 23 52 160 1 2 31 165 199 P Importer 1 5 6 1 7 1 3 4 28 5 4 6 3 11 15 44 T Importer 8 6 140 1 3 2 28 62 250 170 113 11 2 63 359 - Importer 4 4 kg P Importer 285 285 25

Loxodonta africana 26 Term Units Purpose Reported by 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total - H Importer 21 100 17 39 7 40 64 52 120 107 567 other trophy parts (bones, derivatives, ears, feet, hair, ivory pieces, skin pieces 2 9 11 33 319 377 751 and teeth) P Importer 2 30 5 11 47 33 8 4 140 5 4 25 1 19 34 48 136 T Importer 15 11 26 28 7 11 3 49 - Importer 44 44 kg H Importer 5 5 51.5 9.3 60.8 - Importer 122 122 m 2 T Importer 15 15 Subtotals (trophies & other trophies) - Importer 80 67 217 90 87 33 191 134 127 169 1195 6 180 118 9 5 18 48 86 43 246 759 Subtotals (tusks & other trophy parts) - Importer 70 144 128 114 50 165 180 174 209 178 1412 218 134 173 248 127 206 36 73 384 428 2027 Table 15: Indirect exports of wild-sourced (source W ) trophy items and leather products of Loxodonta africana originating in Zimbabwe to the EU- 28, 2003-2012. Term Units Purpose Reported by 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total skins - H Importer 1 10 11 13 13 T Importer 5 20 168 171 33 165 195 757 9 64 3 76 m 2 T Importer 2.5 153.3 46.2 202.1 2.7 2.7 skin pieces - H Importer 6 5 1 20 32 1 6 1 16 24 P Importer 5 10 15 T Importer 33 9 42 5 20 53 206 284 kg H Importer 40 40 m 2 T Importer 135.3 21.0 156.3

Loxodonta africana Term Units Purpose Reported by 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total 2.8 2.8 leather products - H Importer 4 11 15 4 14 18 P Importer 5 5 1 4 16 21 T Importer 6 6 139 5 31 188 363 m 2 T Importer 15.8 24.24 40.0 28 13.9 62.2 104.1 trophies and other trophies (including skulls and tails) - H Importer 1 15 1 4 3 24 2 3 2 1 5 6 1 3 23 P Importer 1 1 1 1 4 - Importer 2 2 other trophy parts (bones, derivatives, ears, feet, teeth and tusks) - H Importer 4 11 10 2 30 2 59 4 6 4 14 4 29 5 18 22 106 P Importer 2 2 6 10 T Importer 5 5 5 5 - Importer 2 2 kg P Importer 48 48 Subtotals (skins, skin pieces and leather products) - Importer 6 6 29 201 172 58 174 222 868 5 2 30 201 206 70 48 239 13 814 27

Loxodonta africana 28 Table 16: Direct exports of wild-sourced (source W, U and source unspecified) trophy items and leather products of Loxodonta africana from Zimbabwe to countries other than the EU-28, 2003-2012. Values rounded to one decimal place, where applicable. Term Units Purpose Reported by 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total skins - H Importer 27 12 14 68 56 156 333 150 4 9 49 958 1170 T Importer 1371 2227 1863 3074 1830 4162 2473 2061 3110 1251 23422 380 1398 1132 2778 488 2368 1152 76 255 3343 13370 kg T Importer 93.6 93.6 m 2 T Importer 130.0 1305.4 1435.4 229.8 278.4 508.3 skin pieces - H Importer 60 4 43 108 2 129 133 75 163 124 841 3 9 55 27 29 166 283 572 P Importer 1 1 T Importer 10 186 383 1486 875 472 972 510 2239 3320 10453 822 120 744 1498 1013 488 8 1989 110 6792 kg H Importer 9.6 5 14.6 113 49 162 m 2 T Importer 61 61 leather products - H Importer 13 23 13 53 3 135 21 4 18 53 336 2 21 73 7 103 T Importer 19 147 2 300 12 267 317 392 1456 84 32 146 7 6 213 267 294 179 1228 m 2 T Importer 1057.9 397.6 1455.5 trophies and other trophies(skulls and tails) - H Importer 136 141 177 249 148 228 305 225 174 217 2000 14 18 28 13 24 76 117 51 172 513 P Importer 1 1 T Importer 1 1 1 1 74 71 130 279 18 100 118 kg H Importer 179.6 179.6 1 1

Loxodonta africana Term Units Purpose Reported by 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total other trophy parts (bones, bone pieces, derivatives, ears, feet, genitalia, hair, ivory pieces, teeth and tusks) Subtotals (skins, skin pieces & leather products) Subtotals (trophies & other trophies, excluding kg) - H Importer 143 127 124 169 86 257 237 333 196 513 2185 194 310 287 170 315 63 51 269 729 2388 P Importer 2 2 T Importer 3 2 12 51 17 108 2004 29 2226 250 5 6 8 269 kg H Importer 25.8 399.1 405.6 2 260 1092.5 1842.5 3017.9 8788.9 13649.3 T Importer 3761.9 2 3763.9 27 32 59 - Importer 1473 2440 2302 4895 2712 5210 3625 2985 5903 4056 35601 1286 1550 2022 4288 1516 3082 1477 2370 764 4880 23235 - Importer 137 142 177 249 149 229 305 299 245 348 2280 18 14 18 28 13 24 76 217 51 172 631 Subtotals (other trophy parts, excluding kg) - Importer 146 129 124 181 86 308 254 441 2200 544 4413 250 194 310 292 170 315 69 59 269 729 2657 29

Loxodonta africana 30 Conservation status The African elephant Loxodonta africana is assumed to have once been widespread across sub- Saharan Africa, including in tropical swamp forests, savannas and deserts (Blanc et al., 2007; Wilson and Mittermeier, 2011). It currently occurs in 37 countries in sub-saharan Africa and is found in most habitats (Blanc et al., 2007; Blanc, 2008b), but in greatest densities in dry wood/shrublands (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2011). It is categorised as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List (Blanc, 2008b). However, its distribution and abundance varies widely between geographic regions (Blanc et al., 2007), and regional Red List assessments categorise the species as Endangered in Central Africa, Vulnerable in Eastern and West Africa and Least Concern in Southern Africa (Blanc, 2008a). The most comprehensive assessment of elephant conservation status, numbers and range comes from the African Elephant Status Report 2007 (Blanc et al., 2007), for which a provisional update incorporates data up until the end of 2012 (IUCN/SSC AfESG, 2013). At that time, the species had a total estimated range of >3.3 million km 2 with a total estimated population size of >500 000 individuals, of which roughly 88 per cent occur in Southern and Eastern Africa (Blanc et al., 2007; IUCN/SSC AfESG, 2013) (Table 17). Population estimates for 2012 show a reduction 6 in the Definite category compared with 2007, from 472 134 to 436 345 individuals, and an increase in the Probable category, from 82 913 to 89 970 individuals (IUCN/SSC AfESG, 2013). Table 17: Continental and regional totals for Loxodonta africana in 2012 (IUCN/SSC AfESG, 2013). Region Definite Probable Possible Speculative Range Area (km²) Central Africa 16 446 65 104 26 310 46 037 1 005 234 Eastern Africa 130 859 12 966 16 700 7 566 873 318 Southern Africa 270 299 22 552 22 757 49 317 1 312 302 West Africa 7 107 942 938 3 049 175 552 Totals 436 305 89 970 54 689 105 969 3 366 405 The first pan-african aerial survey, scheduled to start in February 2014, will aim to count elephants in 22 countries, constituting >90 per cent of the continents savanna elephants; results of this survey should be available by 2016 (Main, 2013). The main threats to African elephants continue to be the loss and fragmentation of habitat caused by ongoing human population expansion and rapid land conversion, human elephant conflict and illegal killing for ivory and meat, as well as lack of institutional and enforcement capacity (IUCN/SSC AfESG, 2013; Blanc, 2008b; Blanc et al., 2007; African Elephant Range States, 2010; UNEP et al., 2013). Existing elephant range (classed as Known and Possible in Blanc et al. 2007) is heavily impacted by human development with 29 per cent already impacted according to information from the GLOBIO models (which integrate data from satellite imagery with land use changes and other pressures); this may increase to 63 per cent by 2050, particularly in West, Central and Eastern Africa (UNEP et al., 2013). If combined with poaching, elephant ranges are likely to be greatly reduced in parts of Eastern Africa, with elephants eradicated locally across parts of Central and West Africa (UNEP et al., 2013). In an analysis of data collected up until the end of 2011, the CITES Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) programme reported an increase in levels of illegal killing of elephants, with 2011 displaying the highest Proportion of Illegally Killed Elephants (PIKE 7 ) across Africa since 6 This reduction in the Definite category was attributed to degradation of data older than 10 years into the Speculative category (mainly for Zimbabwe), as well as some updated estimates for sites where comparable survey techniques were employed, and a reduction in the area surveyed in Botswana (IUCN/SSC AfESG, 2013). 7 Defined as the total number of illegally killed elephants found divided by the total number of carcasses encountered per year for each MIKE site. PIKE values range from a scale of 0 to 1.