RRF DELTA TUBE FLOW ELEMENTS

RRF DELTA TUBE FLOW ELEMENTS CONTENTS Page No. 1. Theory and Principe of Operation... 1. Introduction to Deta Tube... 3. Sizing and Seection of Probes... 3 4. Quick Seection Guide Deta Tube Fow Eements... 4 5. Instaation Notes... 5 6. Orientation and Instaation Detais... 6 7. Recommended Aignment for Optimum Accuracy... 7 8. Metering Section Configuration... 8 9. Deta Tube A Comparison with Orifice Pates... 9 10. Permanent Pressure Loss and Energy Costs Comparison of Deta Tube with Orifice Pate... 10 11. A Typica Comparison of Rates of Deta Tube with Orifice Pate... 13 1. Appication and Features of Primary Fow Eements A Comprehensive Data... 14 13. Essentia Physica Data... 16 14. Unit Conversions... 17 15. Detais Required for Deta Tube Sizing and Cacuations... 19

THEORY AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION Fow Metering An Overview Fuid Metering is one of the most important aspects of process contro and recent technoogica deveopments have provided the user with a wide range of fow measurement techniques. Generay seection of a fow meter depends upon it s performance features but in the recent times greater emphasis is being given for consistency in accuracy, simpicity of operation and Energy Conservation. To meet this chaenging demand of today s process industries RRF offers a simpe fow measuring sensor Deta Tube with immense features and advantages over other conventiona primary fow eements such as Orifice Pate Assemby, Fow Nozze, Venturi etc. Generay Fow rate is inferentiay measured by measuring veocity through a known area i.e., Q = A V Where Q = Voumetric Fow Rate A = Cross Sectiona area of Pipe V = Fuid Veocity Hence reiabiity in fow measurement depends upon the correct measurement of the Area and the Veocity terms. Other factors which affect the fow of fuids in cosed conduits are: Veocity of the Fuid It depends on the head pressure which forces the fuid through the conduit. A greater head pressure (other factors ike Cross Sectiona Area, Temperature, etc., remaining constant) wi induce a faster fow rate. Friction of the Fuid in Contact with the Pipe Was Pipe friction is a negative factor which reduces fow rate of fuids through pipes. The fow rate of the fuid is sower near the was of the pipe when compared to the fow rate at the center of the pipe. Bends, reducers add to friction and infuence the fow rate. Viscosity of the Fuid By viscosity we mean the moecuar friction within a Fuid affecting the fuid fow rate. It works in unison with pipe friction to decrease the fow rate further near the was of the pipe. Viscosity changes with temperature and especiay for iquids it decreases with increase in temperature. Specific Gravity of the Fuid Specific gravity of the fuid is the ratio of the density of a fuid to that of water / air and it affects fow rate in the sense that a denser fuid requires more head to achieve a desired fow rate in a cosed conduit. Deta Tube fow eements have evoved from the famiy of Head Fow Meters which are unarguaby the most common type of meters in today s process industries mainy due to their simpicity in design, reiabiity in operation and their fexibiity to suit a wide range of appication.

INTRODUCTION TO DELTA TUBE Introduction to Deta Tube Deta Tube is a ow cost, ow maintenance and a highy accurate fow sensor for use in iquid, gas and steam fow ines. Manufactured with our own technoogy these fow eements are rugged in construction and reiabe in their functionaity. Deta Tube is avaiabe in different modes each specificay designed to suit a variety of fow appications. Whatever be the fow appication, instaing this simpe and efficient fow eement wi provide high accuracy, ow permanent pressure oss, ow instaation and operating costs for energy savings and years of troube-free operation. Saient Features Offers a uniform accuracy of ±1% of actua fow and there is no ong term drift in accuracy as there are no moving parts and simpicity in design. Rangeabiity is high due to a very high turn down ratio of 4 : 1. Probes with retractabe faciity faciitates on-ine maintenance without any process shut-down. Suitabe for circuar pipes from 1/" to 7" as standard and for ine sizes above 7" avaiabe on request as specias. Specia Modes (mode 307 and mode 308) for square, rectanguar or (circuar) ducts with ength or width or dia ranging from 6" to 7" as standard and upto 144" as specias avaiabe on requirement. No wear and tear due to absence of moving parts. Important aspect of a woud be the energy saving aspect since it offers a very ow permanent pressure oss i.e., maximum pressure oss is esser than 5% of the differentia pressure generated by the fow eement. This eads to a ow consumption of energy for operating prime movers ike fans, pumps etc., and thereby ensures ower operating costs. Principe of Operation Deta Tubes are averaging pitots designed to produce a differentia pressure output having a cassica square root reationship with fow rate. Based on Chebyshev cacuus for averaging observations, the muti-ported Deta Tube s strategicay ocated sensing ports continuay sampe the impact and static pressures produced by the Deta Tube s obstruction of the fow stream profie. Within the probe, the impact and static pressures sensed by the upstream and downstream ports are continuay averaged in separate penum chamber. Secondary instruments ike RRF Differentia Pressure Indicator / Switches (or Differentia Pressure Transmitter) can be used for switching monitoring or for direct measurement of the differentia pressure generated by the Deta Tube. High Pressure Signa HIGH P H (avg) Low Pressure Signa LOW P L (avg) 3

SIZING AND SELECTION OF PROBES Differentia Pressure Cacuation [approximate Sizing ] For Liquid DP = Q Sf C 4 3. 1149 f D For Gas DP = Q W s C 4 35.8 f D W f For Steam DP = Q C 4 18967 f D W f Equivaent Diameter in inches for Rectanguar/ 0.65 Sqaure Ducts D 13. (h w) e = 0.5 ( h + w) For precise cacuations refer offer. Where, Q = Fow in GPM for iquid, in PPH for steam (or) in SCFM for gas. S f = Specific gravity of iquid at fowing conditions W s = Density in Lb / Ft 3 of gas at standard conditons W f = density in Lb / Ft 3 of gas at fow conditions C f = fow coefficient (Refer Tabe) DP = Differentia Pressure in inches water coumn D = Pipe ID in inches D e = Equivaent circuar pipe ID in inches h = Height of the duct in inches w = Width of the duct in inches ID = Inside Diameter Sizing and Seection Approximate sizing wi enabe the end-user to seect the range of the secondary instrument (Differentia Pressure Indicator / Differentia Pressure Transmitter) but actua seection of a Deta Tube fow eement sha be best eft to RRF due to foowing reasons: Deta Tube s are rated for a Maximum Aowabe Differentia Pressure which is a measure of the probe s withstandabiity and rigidity for a particuar ine size and the specified fow parameters. Pipe Reynod s number which is a dimensioness number has to be checked to ascertain the fuid fow profie (whether the fow is aminar or turbuent). During probe seection and sizing the critica fow region for the given fow / ine parameters wi be identified and subsequenty a suitabe probe wi be chosen so that the critica fow region is either we above the Maximum System Fow or we beow the minimum system fow for the given conditions of pressure and temperature. Hence the probe size and the support i.e., singe or doube, wi be decided as demanded by the appication parameters ony. Operation of Deta Tube s within the critica fow region of the fowing medium wi cause excessive vibrations of the probe eading to meta fatigue and eventua probe faiure. The beow-said sampe cacuation expains the above said points. SIZING Parameters Medium Air Norma Pipe Size 14" Pipe Inner Dia 13.5" Pipe Outer Dia 14" Pressure at Fow Conditions 0.3 bar (G) Temp. at Fow Conditions 40 C Density at Base 1.0 Kg / M³ Density at Fow 1.460 Kg / M³ Maximum Fow Rate 10000 NM³ / Hr Norma Fow Rate 7000 NM³ / Hr Minimum Fow Rate 500 NM³ / Hr Seection Cacuations for Mode 30 with Singe Support Probe Dia 1" Cacuated vaues of differentia pressure and veocity Critica Veocity Range Critica Fow Range 18.45 to 7.68 M / Sec. 6937 to 10406 NM³ / Hr From the above resut it can be observed that there is a Critica Fow Overap around the specified Norma Fow Rate. Hence Mode 30 with Singe Support is not compatibe to the given fow parameters. Aternativey the above mode with Doube Support can be sized to check whether the critica fow region gets shifted to a region either we outside the maximum fow rate or we beow the Minimum Fow Rate. Cacuations for Mode 30 with Doube Support Probe Dia 1" System Fow Rates NM³ / Hr Critica Veocity Range Critica Fow Range Veocity M / Sec. Differentia Pressure InWc Maximum 10000 6.5990 4.9539 Norma 7000 18.6193.454 Minimum 500 6.6498 0.309 System Fow Rates NM³ / Hr Veocity M / Sec. Differentia Pressure InWc Maximum 10000 6.5990 4.9539 Norma 7000 18.6193.454 Minimum 500 6.6498 0.309 51.7 to 77.57 M / Sec. 19443 to 9164 NM³ / Hr. Here the Critica Fow Range is substantiay eevated above the operating fow rate as we as the Maximum Fow Rate. Hence for the given fow appication Mode 30 with Doube Support is the idea choice. 4

QUICK SELECTION GUIDE DELTA TUBE FLOW ELEMENTS (For further detais ask for individua Data Sheets) Mode No. 300 301, 30 Singe Support 301, 30 Doube Support 307 (For Ducts) 308 (For Ducts) Pipe Size 1/" to 3" 3" to 16" 6" to 36" 6" to 7" 6" to 7" Pr. / Tem. Ratings 910 PSIG at 430 670 PSIG at 370 30 PSIG at 80 980 PSIG at 40 1550 PSIG at 40 540 PSIG at 370 100 PSIG at 430 15 PSIG at 05 15 PSIG at 05 Appication Liquid, Steam, Gas Liquid, Steam, Gas Liquid, Steam, Gas Air, Gas Air, Gas Mode No. 311, 31 31, 3 331, 33 33 341, 34, 343 Pipe Size 3" to 60" 3" to 60" 3" to 60" 14" to 7" 3" to 7" Pr. / Tem. Ratings 100 PSI at 05 1000 PSIG at 430 1500 PSIG at 430 80 PSIG to 430 80 PSIG to 430 Appication Liquid, Steam, Gas Liquid, Steam, Gas Liquid, Steam, Gas Liquid, Steam, Gas Liquid, Steam, Gas Mentioned sizes are standard. For higher ine sizes contact factory. 5

INSTALLATION NOTES Purge Air Arrangement To HP of Secondary Instrument Air Source to purge 1 To LP of Secondary Instrument 3 HP LP 4 1,, 3, 4 Ô Shut off vaves. Note : Purge air source and mating hardware in user s scope. Air Purge for Cog Prevention For dusty services, periodic purging has to be carried out to avoid cogging of ports. Purging arrangement as a permanent feature can be adopted at fied as per the given Purge Air Arrangement sketch. Instruction for Purging 1) Cose vaves 3 and 4 eading to secondary Instrument. ) Open vaves 1 and. 3) Purge fow eement for required amount of time. 4) Cose vaves 1 and. 5) Graduay and simutaneousy open vaves 3 and 4 to initiate fow measurement. Liquid Fow Metering a) Bottom mounting of deta tube fow eements is recommended for iquid services to avoid any air-entrapment in instrument ines. Both high and ow ports of the fow eement shoud be at equa eevation to ensure accurate measurement. Secondary instruments ike transmitters / indicators to be ocated beow the fow eement. b) Instrument Lines to be propery soped (1½" per foot) without high points which may cause air-entrapment. c) Air vent vaves to be bed on a reguar basis during norma operation and during restart. Gas Fow Metering Top mounting of deta tube fow eements is recommended for gas services with the secondary instrument ocated above the fow eements. This arrangement wi avoid any entrainment of condensate or iquids in the instrument piping. Steam Fow Metering Bottom mounting or side mounting is recommended for steam services but, both high and ow ports of the fow eement shoud be at equa eevation to ensure accurate measurement. The secondary instrument can be mounted beow the deta tube so that, the condensates in the instrument or impuse ines wi find its natura eve within the deta tube. Deta Tube (for Vertica Pipe Lines) For iquids and steam services in Vertica Pipe Lines switzer offers Specia Probes so that these fow eement can be mounted with the instrument end connections (HP and LP) at equa eevation. 6

ORIENTATION AND INSTALLATION DETAILS Horizonta Line Top Entry (Liquid) Horizonta Line Bottom Entry (Liquid and Steam) Horizonta Line Side Entry (Liquid and Steam) AIR VENT VALVES () VENT VALVES REQUIRED ON LIQUID FLOWS LP HP LP FLOW HP DELTA TUBE FLOW SENSOR OPT. INST. VALVES () HP FLOW LP FLOW SHUTOFF VALVES () 3 VALVE MANIFOLD EQUALIZING VALVE INDICATOR OR SECONDARY DEVICE SEDIMENT DRAIN VALVES () Horizonta Line Top Entry (Gas) Horizonta Line Bottom Entry (Gas) Vertica Line (Steam, Liquid and Gas) FLOW LP HP LP HP FLOW LP HP FLOW 7

RECOMMENDED ALIGNMENT FOR OPTIMUM ACCURACY (ALL MODELS EXCEPT 300) Not to Exceed ±5 Not to Exceed ±5 FIGURE 1 Not to Exceed ±3 Wed Couping Fitting Assemby 180 Wed Couping End Pug FIGURE 8

METERING SECTION CONFIGURATION S. No. Pipe Geometry Upstream Dimension in Pipe Diameters Without Fow Straighteners With Fow Straighteners Down Stream Dimension in Pipe Diameters In Pane A Out Pane A A' C C' B 1 7 9......... 3 1A...... 6.7 3.3 9 14......... 3 A...... 8 3.6 4.4 3 19 4......... 4 3A...... 9 4.1 4.9 4 8 8......... 3 4A...... 8 3.6 4.4 5 8 8......... 3 5A...... 8 3.6 4.4 6 4 4......... 4 6A...... 9 4.1 4.9 Fow straightener Note : The Deta Tube produces a repeatabe signa in instaations with ess than the recommended upstream and downstream straight pipe engths. These non-optimum ocations sti provide repeatabe fow data and can be used for contro or comparison appications where absoute accuracy is not the primary requirement. 9

DELTA TUBE A COMPARISON WITH ORIFICE PLATES FEATURES DELTA TUBE ORIFICE PLATES Recommended Size Recommended for ine sizes from 1/" to 7" as standard and upto 144" as specias Recommended ony for ine sizes from " to 4" Construction Simpe sensor with ports for averaging observation and without any moving parts Orifice pate requires an assemby of fanges, gaskets, studs, bots, etc., Fexibiity in Instaation Suitabe for circuar pipes as we as rectanguar, square or circuar ducts Suitabe for use with circuar pipes Accuracy ±1% of actua fow Initia accuracy is ±1% to % of FS and reduces significanty for higher sizes. Long-term Stabiity Stabe with no drift in ong-term accuracy since there are no moving parts Accuracy in Orifice pates is significanty affected by wear, buid-up of dust or grease. Turn Down Ratio 4 : 1 3 : 1 Instaation Costs Low initia costs as it requires ony a minimum wed time, cear-up time and minimum ength of wedment. Instaation costs are higher and are more by 0% to 70% (in comparison with Deta Tube's instaation costs) since orifice fanges required pipe cutting, weding preparation, weding cear-up and greater ength of wedment. Straight Run Requirement As a "Thumb Rue" deta tubes require a minimum of "10D" upstream and "5D" downstream straight runs devoid of vaves, bends and other disturbances, so that there is no veocity profie distortion at the points of sensing. For shorter piping geometry fow straightners can be used. It requires a upstream straight run of 0D to 48D based on piping geometry. Energy Saving Maximum permanent pressure oss is ess than 5% of the maximum differentia pressure which means a ower energy consumption for prime movers ike fans & pumps and hence ower operationa costs. Maximum permanent pressure oss is 60% of the maximum differentia pressure inficting a higher energy consumption and eading to higher operationa costs. 10

PERMANENT PRESSURE LOSS AND ENERGY COSTS COMPARISON OF DELTA TUBE WITH ORIFICE PLATE Process Parameters CASE 1 Pipe Size : 10" Schedue 40 Line Pipe I.D. : 10.0" Medium : Steam at 470 F., 150 PSIG Fow Rate : 90,000 LBS / Hr Density : 0.80 LBS / FT³ A. Cacuation of Permanent Pressure Loss DELTA TUBE ORIFICE PLATE ASSEMBLY Mode Number : 301-BL-00-B0 Differentia Pressure (DP) is given by DP = Q 4 ( 3591. ) Cf D Fa y wf Where, Q = Fow Rate in LBS / HR. C f = Fow Co-efficient D = Pipe I.D. in Inches F a = Therma Expansion Factor y = Gas Expansion Factor w f = Density at Fow DP @ 90,000 LBS / HR = ( 90, 000) 4 ( 3591. ) (0.666) (10.0) (1.0557) ( 0.9975) 0. 80 = 45. InWc h L = 0.074 (45.) = 3.35 InWc Assume 100 in InWc Differentia Pressure Cacuate b o for Fow Conditions b o = S M = where k 1 = 0.6 K = 0.06 b o = Beta Ratio Q M = Fow (LBS / HR) N Mr = 358.9 F a = Assume 1.0 r 1 = 0.31 LBS / FT h w = Seected Differentia Pressure = 100 InWc S M = b o = 1 - é æ ö ù 4 ê 1 1 + ç k + K ú ê ç ú ê ë ès M ø ú û N M r QM F a D rf1 hw 90, 000 358. 9 1.0 10.0 0.31 100 é æ ê 0.6 1 + ê ç ë è0.449 1 - ö ù 4 + 0.06 ú ø ú û = 0.449 b o = 1-1 é 1 ( ) ù + 1.336 + 0.06 4 [ 9488] ëê ûú = 4 b o = 0.763 Permanent Pressure Loss (h L ) h L = h L = h L = æ 3ö ç1-0. 4 b - 0. 5-016. h è o bo boø w é 1 0 4( 763) 0 5( 763) 016( 763) ëê -.. -.. -.. 3 ù ûú 100 [ 0. 44] 100 = 44 InWc PERMANENT PRESSURE LOSS = 3.35 InWc PERMANENT PRESSURE LOSS = 44 InWc 11

PERMANENT PRESSURE LOSS AND ENERGY COSTS COMPARISON OF DELTA TUBE WITH ORIFICE PLTE B. Cacuation of Energy Costs DELTA TUBE ORIFICE PLATE ASSEMBLY Based on : 4000 hours of operation Energy Cost : Rs.3.50 / kw-hour Based on : 4000 hours of operation Energy Cost : Rs.3.50 / kw-hr HP = hlq 5 38. 10 hr HP = hlq 5 38. 10 hr Where h L = Permanent Pressure Loss HP = 44 90,000 5 38. 10 80 0.31 = 4 HP Q = Fow in LBS / HR h = Pump / Motor Efficiency (Assume 80%) r = Density (0.31 LB / FT 3 at Design Conditions) Energy Cost = 0.75 (HP) (operating hours) (Rs / kw hour) Energy Cost = 4 (0.75) (4000) (3.50) = Rs.4,41,000 HP = 38. 3.35 (90,000) 5 10 0.80 0.31 = 3. HP Energy Cost = 0.75 (HP) (operating hours) (Rs / kw hour) Energy Cost = 0.75 (3.) (4000) (3.50) = Rs.33,600/- ENERGY COST = Rs.33,600 ENERGY COST = Rs.4,41,000 FROM THE ABOVE ILLUSTRATIONS IT IS OBVIOUS THAT THE ENERGY COST WHILE USING DELTA TUBE IS MUCH LESSER THAN THE ORIFICE PLATE FOR THE SAME LINE SIZE AND SAME FLOW CONDITIONS. TOTAL ENERGY COST SAVING IN 4000 HOURS OF OPERATION = (4,41,000 33,600) = RS.4,07,400 1

PERMANENT PRESSURE LOSS AND ENERGY COSTS COMPARISON OF DELTA TUBE WITH ORIFICE PLTE Process Parameters Pipe Size : 18" Standard Pipe Pipe I.D. : 16.876" Medium : Steam at 470 F., 150 PSIG CASE Fow Rate : 90,000 LBS / HR Density : 0.80 LBS / FT³ A. Cacuation of Permanent Pressure Loss DELTA TUBE ORIFICE PLATE ASSEMBLY Differentia Pressure (DP) @50,000 LBS / HR Q DP = 4 ( 3591. ) Cf D Fa y wf Where, Q = Fow Rate in LBS / HR. C f = Fow Co-efficient D = Pipe I.D. in Inches F a = Therma Expansion Factor y = Gas Expansion Factor w f = Density at Fow DP @ 50,000 LBS / HR = ( 50, 000) 4 ( 3591. ) (0.685) (16.876) (1.0557) ( 0.9973) 0. 80 = 40.9 InWc h L = 0.1 (40.9) = 4.09 InWc b o = S M = 50, 000 S M = = 0.41 358.9 (17.5) 031. 100 1 - é æ 0.6 ö ù 4 1 b o = ê 1 + ç + 0.06 ú = - ê ë è0.41 ø ú [ 3. 05] 4 = 0. 747 û b o = h L = é æ ê 1 + ç ê 0.6 ç ê ès ë M N M r 1 - ö ù 4 + 0.06 ú ú ø ú û QM F a D rf hw æ 3ö ç1-0. 4 b - 0. 5-016. h è o bo boø w æ 3ö ç1-0. 4(. 747) -0. 5(. 747) -016. (. 747) 100 è ø h L = (1 0.179 0.90 0.0667)100=46.43 InWc PERMANENT PRESSURE LOSS = 4.09 InWc. PERMANENT PRESSURE LOSS = 46.43 InWc. B. Cacuation of Energy Costs DELTA TUBE ORIFICE PLATE ASSEMBLY Based on : 4000 hours of operation Energy Cost : Rs.3.50 / kw-hr h Q HP = L 5 38. 10 hr Based on : 4000 hours of operation Energy Cost : Rs.3.50 / kw-hr hlq HP = 5 38. 10 hr HP = Energy Cost = 4. 09 ( 50, 000) = 10.85 HP 5 38. 10 0.80 0.31 (10.85) (0.75) (4000) (3.50) = Rs.1,13,95 ENERGY COST = Rs.1,13,95 HP = 46. 43 (50,000) 5 38. 10 0.80 0.31 = 13 HP Energy Cost = (0.75) (13) (4000) (3.50) = Rs.1,91,500 ENERGY COST = Rs.1,91,500 FROM THE ABOVE ILLUSTRATIONS IT IS OBVIOUS THAT THE ENERGY COST WHILE USING DELTA TUBE IS MUCH LESSER THAN THE ORIFICE PLATE FOR THE SAME LINE SIZE AND SAME FLOW CONDITIONS. TOTAL ENERGY COST SAVING IN 4000 HOURS OF OPERATION = (1,91,500 1,13,95) = Rs.11,77,545 13

A TYPICAL COMPARISON OF RATES OF DELTA TUBE WITH ORIFICE PLATE BASIC SPECIFICATIONS (TYPICAL FEATURES) Description Deta Tube Orifice Pate and Fange Assemby Materia 316 SS Orifice Pate 316 SS Fanges Carbon Stee Pressure Rating 300 bs ANSI 300 bs ANSI Type Direct Insertion Square edged Orifice pate with sip on type forged fanges COMPARISON OF RATES Description Deta Tube 10" Line 18" Line Orifice Pate and Fange Assemby Deta Tube Orifice Pate and Fange Assemby Equipment Cost Rs.1,780 Rs.17,0 Rs.18,90 Rs.31,450 Weight 3 Kgs. 91 Kgs. 5 Kgs. 318 Kgs. Freight Rs.690 Rs.1,500 Rs.750 Rs.3,000 Instaation (Less Weding) Rs.80 (1 man hour) Rs.40 (3 man hours) Rs.80 (1 man hour) Rs.40 (3 man hours) Weding Time 5 minutes for 10 inches of wed hours for 00 inches of wed 7 minutes based on 15 inches of wed 3 hours based on 360 inches of wed Weding Cost Rs.60 Rs.1,440.00 Rs.100 Rs.,160 Tota Cost Rs.13,610 Rs.0,400 Rs.19,0 Rs.36,850 Simpicity of Instaation = cost savings An average of 10 times more inear wed distance = Higher instaation costs Low Bockage means negigibe permanent pressure oss (typicay ess than 0 mbar) = operating cost savings High Bockage with arge pressure oss (typicay greater than 500 mbar) = Higher operating costs Long term accuracy is unaffected by wear Typicay oses 5% accuracy with 0.5 mm wear of knife edge and 15% for 1 mm wear 14

APPLICATION AND FEATURES OF PRIMARY FLOW ELEMENTS A COMPREHENSIVE DATA To enabe seect the most suitabe primary Fow Eement for a specific appication, saient features and other essentia points for consideration or tabuated beow in Tabe I and Tabe II. Tabe I gives information on appication and features. Tabe II is an over view on the key positive and negative points of various Fow Eements. TABLE I Appications Features Cean Liquid Dirty Liquid Viscous Liquid Corrosive Surries Cean Gas Dirty Gas Steam Sizes Avaiabe Accuracy Rangeabiity Reynods Numbers Pressure Loss Reative Cost Piping Required Upstream Instaation Maintenance Type of Output Orifice Pate > 1" 3/4% 3/1 > 30,000 H L 10-30D M-H M-H Ö - Integra Orifice 1", 1.5" % 3/1 > 10,000 H L 10-30D L M-H Ö - Fow Nozze > " 1½% 3/1 > 75,000 H M 10-30D M L Ö - Venturi Tube > " 1% 3/1 > 75,000 L H 5-10D M L Ö - Ebow > " 5% 3/1 > 10,000 L L 5-10D M L Ö - Pitot Venturi > 6" 3% 3/1 > 100,000 L L 0-30D M L Ö - Pitot > 3" 3% 3/1 > 100,000 L L 0-30D M L Ö - Deta Tube > 0.5" 1% 3/1 > 40,000 L L 10-0D L L Ö - Magnetic > 0.1" 1/% 10/1 None L H 5D H M Linear Rotameter 3" % 10/1 None M L None L L Linear Turbine > 0.5" 1/% 10/1-50/1 > 10,000 H M 10-0D L M-H Linear Positive Dispacement < 1" 1% 0/1 > 5,000 H H None H H Linear Vortex Shedding > 1" 1% 0/1 > 10,000 M M 15-5D L-M M Linear Dopper > 0.5" -5% 10/1 None L M 5-0D L L Linear Transit Time > 0.5" -5% 10/1 None L M 5-0D L L Linear Mass < 6" 1/4% 5/1 None M H None H L-M Linear Target > 0.5"-4" 1½-5% 3/1 > 100 M L 10-0D L M Ö - Recommended Limited Appicabiity Not Recommended N None L Low M Medium H High 15

APPLICATION AND FEATURES OF PRIMARY FLOW ELEMENTS A COMPREHENSIVE DATA Contd., TABLE II Orifice Pate Fow Nozze Venturi Tube Pitot Venturi Pitot Tube Deta Tube Magnetic Rotameter Turbine Vortex Shedding Utra Sonic Target Mass Positive Dispacement Key Positive Points Low cost Good Working History on many industria appications Priced ower than venturi More stabe at higher temperatures and veocities than orifice Low pressure oss to system Can be used with dirty fuids Short runs of upstream pipe required Low cost and ow pressure oss Can be used in irreguar sized ducts Good for veocity measurement Low cost and ow pressure oss Can be used in irreguar sized ducts Good for veocity measurement Low cost and ow pressure oss Easy instaation (shut-down not required) Insertabiity into existing piping Rangeabiity ³ 10/1 High accuracy unaffected by fuid properties Zero pressure oss Low cost Direct reading no power required Cear or opaque fuids Low-High cost Good rangeabiity ( ³ 10/1) Can measure ow fow rates Easy to insta Accuracy unaffected by fuid properties Good rangeabiity ( ³ 15 0/1) No moving parts Moderate pressure oss to system Non-intrusive Low cost Bi-directiona Moderate cost Suited for dirty and ow Reynods fows Can be direct reading Give direct output in mass units that requires no compensation No obstructions to fow High accuracy and wide rangeabiity Most used for custody transfer Wide rangeabiity/high accuracy Good for viscous fuids Key Negative Points High pressure oss to system Limited rangeabiity Accuracy affected by wear and density High pressure oss (simiar to orifice) Limited rangeabiity Accuracy affected by density Limited rangeabiity Very expensive used at higher Reynods numbers Limited rangeabiity Low accuracy (3%) for voumetric fow Accuracy affected by density Limited rangeabiity Low accuracy (3%) for voumetric fow Accuracy affected by density Low differentia produced at same fow Cogging a probem Limited rangeabiity Not suitabe for surries Very expensive Can ony be used with iquids that have a minimum threshod conductivity Can become expensive in arge sizes Affected by fuid properties Accuracy affected by bearing wear and fuid properties Can ony be used with cean fuids Gas versions tend to read high Must maintain Reynods Numbers ³ 10,000 Cannot be used with viscosities >0 CP Not for dirty, or corrosive, or abrasive fuids Dopper needs suspensoids in fuids Transit time must have cean fuid Can ony be used on iquids Accuracy is ow (4 5%) Accuracy ow (1 5%) and affected by fuid properties Instaation difficut Not generay used for gases or steam Expensive Moving parts Expensive Sedom used for rate measurement Output affected by viscosity <100CS 16

ESSENTIAL PHYSICAL DATA DENSITY TABLE FOR GASES OR VAPOUR AT 3 F AND 1 ATMOSPHERE Gas or Vapour Density bs / ft³ Acetyene... 0.0733 Air... 0.08071 Ammonia... 0.04813 Argon... 0.11135 Carbon dioxide... 0.1341 Carbon monoxide... 0.07806 Hydrogen... 0.00561 Methane... 0.04475 Nitrogen... 0.07807 Nitrous oxide... 0.135 Oxygen... 0.0891 Ozone... 0.1338 Phosphine... 0.09548 Propane... 0.154 Sufur dioxide... 0.187 PHYSICAL DATA SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF LIQUIDS Liquid Temp o F SP GR Acetic acid... 69... 1.050 Acetone... 60... 0.79 Acoho, ethy... 69... 0.789 Acoho, methy... 69... 0.79 Auminium choride... 10%... 69... 1.073 Auminium choride... 0%... 69... 1.154 Auminium choride... 40%... 69... 1.34 Ammonium hydroxide... 10%... 60... 0.960 Ammonium hydroxide... 0%... 60... 0.95 Ammonium hydroxide... 30%... 60... 0.895 benzene... 60... 0.879 Ethyene gyco... 50%... 60... 1.070 Gasoine... 60... 0.751 Kerosene... 60... 0.80 Siicone (DC 00)... 60... 0.90 Turpentine... 60... 0.873 Water... 60... 1.000 Water Sea... 60... 1.05 Media RATIO OF SPECIFIC HEATS (Cp /Cv) FOR GASES AT STD CONDITIONS Cp /Cv Air... 1.4 Acetyene... 1.8 Ammonia... 1.310 Argon... 1.67 Benzene... 1.080 Carbon dioxide... 1.95 Carbon monoxide... 1.410 Combustion products... 1.37 1.39 Ethane... 1.180 Hydrogen... 1.41 Methane... 1.315 Natura gas (Û)... 1.30 Nitrogen... 1.40 Nitric oxide... 1.60 Nitrous oxide... 1.60 Oxygen... 1.397 Propane... 1.130 Propyene... 1.150 Steam (Û)... 1.30 Sufur dioxide... 1.90 Û Indicates average vaues UNIT CONVERSIONS Standard pressure = 1 ATM = 14.6959 b / in² Absoute Pressure = (14.6959 + Gauge Pressure) bs / in² Standard Temperature = 60 F = 50 R (Absoute) where R = F + 460 To Convert M³ / Hr to SCFM SCFM = To Convert NM³ / Hr to SCFM SCFM = NM³ / Hr 0.609 To Convert Density in Kg / M³ to bs / ft.³ bs / ft³ = Kg /M³ 0.0643 To Convert M³ / Hr. to USGPM GPM = M³ / Hr 4.403 To Convert Tons / Hr to bs / Hr bs / Hr = Tons / Hr 05 To Convert USGPM to M³ / Hr M³ / Hr = GPM 0.7 To Convert SCFM to NM³ / Hr NM³ / Hr = SCFM 1.6105 To Convert SCFM to ACMM ACMM = SCFM (Temp in C + 73) 1.033 88 (Pr. in Kg / Cm +1.033 Kg / Cm ) 35.314667 To Convert SCFM to ACMM ACMM = 3 M / Hr 88 (Pr. (in Kg / Cm A) 35.314667) (( 73 + Temp in C) 1.033 60) ( ) To Convert Density at Standard Condition to Density at Fow Condition Wf Ws SCFM Line Pr. (A) = Ws Std. Pr. (A) 3 = S s 0.0763 bs / ft ( Temp in C + 73) Std. Temp (A) Line Temp (A) 1.033 88 Pr. in Kg / Cm + 1.033Kg / Cm 3 Density of Air at Std. Conditions = 0.0763 bs / ft W f = Density of Fuid at Fow Conditions W s = Density of Fuid at Std. Conditions Ss = Specific Gravity of Fuid at Std. Conditons 17

UNIT CONVERSIONS PRESSURE PSI (Lbs / Sq. in) Atmosphere Kg / Cm² In H O @ 15 C mm Hg @0 C In. Hg @ 0 C 1 0.06804 0.07031 7.70 51.71.036 14.696 1 1.033 407. 760 9.9 14. 0.9678 1 394 735.5 8.96 0.03610 0.00456 0.00538 1 1.867 0.07349 0.01934 0.001316 0.001360 0.5357 1 0.03937 0.491 0.0334 0.03453 13.61 5.40 1 VOLUME Gaons (U.S.) Cubic Feet Cubic Inches Barres (OIL) Cubic Centimetres Imperia Gaons 1 0.1337 31 0.0381 3785 0.837 7.481 1 178 0.1781 830 6.9 0.00439 0.0005787 1 0.0001031 16.39 0.003605 4 5.615 970 1 159000 34.97 0.00064 0.0000353 0.0610 6.9 10 6 1 0.0000 1.01 0.1606 77.4 0.0860 4546 1 GRAVIMETRIC FLOW RATE 1b / Sec 1b / Min 1b / Hr gm / Sec gm / Min Kg Hr 1 60 3600 453.6 70 1633 0.01667 1 60 7.560 453.6 7. 0.000778 0.01667 1 0.160 7.560 0.4536 0.0005 0.133 7.938 1 60 3.600 3.675 10 5 0.0005 0.133 0.01667 1 0.6 VISCOSITY DYNAMIC VISCOSITY KINEMATIC VISCOSITY Poise Centi Poise Lb / Ft. Sec Stoke Centi Stoke Sq. Feet / Sec. 1 100 0.067 1 100 0.001076 0.01 1 0.00067 0.01 1 1.075 10 5 14.88 1488 1 99 9900 1 18

DETAILS REQUIRED FOR DELTA TUBE SIZING AND CALCULATIONS GENERAL INFORMATION (Specify with appropriate Units) Tag No. and Quantity Service Medium Pipe Information (if Circuar Pipe) ID : OD : Pipe Size : Duct Information (if Square or Rectanguar Duct) Ht.: Wth.: Thick. : Pipe / Duct Materia Pipe Orientation Horizonta Line Vertica Line Others Pipe Lagging (Insuation) Thickness Pressure at Fow Conditions Temperature at Fow Conditions Fow Rate with Units Max. : Nor. : Min. : APPLICABLE FOR LIQUIDS / WATER SERVICE Sp. Gravity or Density at Fow Conditions Absoute Viscosity APPLICABLE FOR GAS / AIR SERVICE Sp. Gravity or Density at Fow Conditions Absoute Viscosity Ratio of Specific Heat C p / C v APPLICABLE FOR STEAM SERVICE If Saturated or Superheated Density at Fow Conditions Absoute Viscosity Ratio of Specific Heat C p / C v Moisture or Liquid Content in % Degrees of Super Heat Address: R.R. Fowmeters Pvt. Ltd., --1146/d, Tiak Nagar, Hyderabad - 500 044, India Te: +91-40-756-8661; Fax: 756-8664; Web: www.rrfowmeters.com; E-Mai: info@rrfowmeters.com 19