Lutjanus xanthopinnis, a new species of snapper (Pisces: Lutjanidae) from the Indo-west Pacific, with a redescription of Lutjanus madras (Valenciennes 1831) 22 Abstract YUKIO IWATSUKI Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan E-mail: yuk@cc.miyazaki-u.ac.jp FUMIYA TANAKA Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan E-mail: nb11003@student.miyazaki-u.ac.jp GERALD R. ALLEN Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Perth, Western Australia 6986 E-mail: gerry.tropicalreef@gmail.com A new species of snapper of the genus Lutjanus is described from the Indo-western Pacific region, and the related species with which it frequently has been confused, Lutjanus madras (Valenciennes 1831), is redescribed. Lutjanus xanthopinnis n. sp. is described from 11 specimens, 56 192 mm SL, from Kagoshima in southern Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka. It differs from L. madras in meristics, color, and squamation of the preopercular flange. The new species is distinguished by several embedded scales on the preopercular flange, 4 or 5 scale rows on the cheek, and mostly uniform thin yellow to brownish stripes on the body on adults, missing the well-contrasted and much broader mid-lateral stripe characteristic of L. madras. In contrast, L. madras lacks scales on the preopercular flange, has 7 or 8 scale rows on the cheek, and has a broad (up to pupil diameter), wellcontrasted yellow to brownish stripe along the lateral midline. Comparison of the barcode mitochondrial COI genetic marker reveals a 6.4% minimum interspecific divergence (uncorrected pairwise) between the two species. We also conclude that L. madras, formerly considered to be widely distributed in the Indo-western Pacific region, is actually restricted to the Indian Ocean (Zanzibar, Seychelles, Oman, Sri Lanka, and southern India), with the two species apparently sympatric in Sri Lanka. The yellow-lined snapper complex of the Indo-Pacific is clarified, including morphological and marking differences, genetic relationships, and species distributions. Key words: taxonomy, ichthyology, coral reef fishes, Indian Ocean, phylogenetics, biogeography, DNA barcoding.
Introduction The 39 species of Indo-Pacific snappers of the genus Lutjanus were reviewed by Allen & Talbot (1985) and Allen (1985). More recently four additional species were added, including L. ophuysenii (Bleeker 1860) and L. boutton (Lacepède 1802), which were resurrected by Iwatsuki et al. (1993) and Allen (1995), respectively, and L. indicus and L. papuensis described as new species by Allen et al. (2013). The present paper describes a new snapper species based on specimens from Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia and Sri Lanka that were previously considered to be L. madras (Valenciennes 1831), and also provides a redescription of true L. madras as well as genetic comparisons to the other members of the yellow-lined snapper complex. Lutjanus madras was formerly believed to be wide ranging across the Indian and western Pacific Oceans and was diagnosed and illustrated in the review of the genus by Allen & Talbot (1985). They included it in the yellow-lined snapper complex along with L. adetii (Castelnau 1873), L. lutjanus Bloch 1790, L. mizenkoi Allen & Talbot 1985, and L. vitta (Quoy & Gaimard 1824), all of which exhibit similar color patterns featuring thin yellow to brownish stripes on the body. After their review, an additional member of the complex, L. ophuysenii, was recognized as valid by Iwatsuki et al. (1993). It occurs in temperate seas of the East Asian Shelf and northwestern Pacific Ocean, but is more common in Japan than in China and Taiwan (Iwatsuki et al. 1993; this study). Specimens of the new species L. xanthopinnis from Indonesia, Malaysia, southern China, and Taiwan have been frequently misidentified as L. ophuysenii in databases. Illustrations of putative L. madras appearing in Allen & Talbot (1985), Allen (1985), and Allen & Erdmann (2012) indicate the presence of two color morphs from the Indo-western Pacific. More recently, L. madras was also reported by Manilo & Bogorodsky (2003) and Iwatsuki et al. (2013) from the Arabian Sea, including Oman. In addition, Tanaka et al. (2010) reported the first record of putative L. madras from Japanese seas on the basis of a specimen from the Yaeyama Islands. To clarify the status of the species in the region, we have obtained additional Japanese specimens, as well as new material from Indonesia, Taiwan, and Sri Lanka. Morphological examination of these specimens in conjunction with analysis and comparison of the barcode COI mtdna marker, from these and other specimens in the Barcode database BOLD, reveals that putative L. madras is clearly divisible into two distinct taxa. In addition, we evaluate the genetic relationships for the broad yellow-lined snapper complex, including L. bitaeniatus (Valenciennes 1830) and L. lemniscatus (Valenciennes 1828), both of whose juvenile stages show a dark stripe along the lateral midline of the body, similar to that found in other members of this species complex. Materials and Methods Institutional codes follow Sabaj Perez (2014), except for the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB; formerly RUSI). Counts and measurements follow the methods of Allen & Talbot (1985) and Iwatsuki et al. (1993). The nomenclature for genetic sequences for type specimens follows Chakrabarty (2010) and Harrison et al. (2011). Muscle tissue samples were taken from fresh specimens and stored frozen in 99.9% ethanol. Genomic DNA was extracted from muscle tissue by proteinase K digestion followed by a standard phenol chloroform method (Sambrook & Russell 2001). Primers used for the amplification of the cytochrome-c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene were Fish F1 5 -TCAACCAACCACAAAGACATTGGCAC-3 and Fish R1 5 - TAGACTTCTGGGTGGCCAAAGAATCA-3 (Ward et al. 2005). The thermal regime consisted of an initial step of 2 min at 95 C followed by 35 cycles of 40 s at 94 C, 40 s at 54 C and 1 min 10 s at 72 C, followed by final extension for 10 min at 72 C. The PCR products were visualized on 1.2 % agarose gels. Sequencing of the samples was performed by the Dragon Genomics Center, Takara Bio Inc. (Otsu, Japan). The sequences were aligned using CLUSTAL X (Larkin et al. 2007), and 612 bp of the COI gene were obtained for the analyses. The average p divergences (%) were calculated using the Kimura two parameter (K2P) distance model (Kimura 1980) from the partial sequences of COI gene (Table 3). A neighbor-joining (NJ) tree of K2P distances was created to provide a graphic representation of the divergence pattern between species (Saitou & Nei 1987), following bootstrapping using MEGA6 software with 1,000 replications (Tamura et al. 2013). 23
Figure 1. Lutjanus xanthopinnis, fresh holotype (reversed), MUFS 33019, 160 mm SL, Kagoshima, Japan (F. Tanaka). Lutjanus xanthopinnis, n. sp. Yellowfin Snapper Japanese name: Imoto-fuedai Figures 1 5 & 10 11, Tables 1 & 2. Lutjanus madras (non Valenciennes) Allen & Talbot 1985: 21 (in part, Pacific); Allen 1985: 61 (in part, Pacific); Allen 1997: 124 (SE Asia); Allen in Randall & Lim 2000: 618 (South China Sea); Anderson & Allen 2001: 2883 (in part, Western Central Pacific); Allen & Adrim 2003: 39 (Indonesia); Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003: S108 (?in part, Arabian Sea); Iwatsuki & Satapoomin 2009: 140, uppermost color plate (Andaman Sea); Tanaka et al. 2010: 16 (Yaeyama Is., Japan); Allen & Erdman 2012: 451 (underwater photograph from Brunei, not Raja Ampat Islands as listed); Fricke et al. 2014: 86 (Papua New Guinea). 24 Holotype. MUFS 33019, 160 mm SL, Kishira, Kimotsuki, Uchinoura Bay, Kagoshima, Japan, 31 11 26 N, 131 00 3 E. Paratypes. MUFS 46172, 140 mm SL, Negombo fish market, Negombo, Sri Lanka, 7 12 34 N, 79 49 48
E; MUFS 46204, 46205 & 46216, 3 specimens, 142 164 mm SL, Beruwara, Sri Lanka, 6 29 2 N, 79 59 0 E; MUFS 46558, 46565, 2 specimens, 170 192 mm SL, Keelung, Taiwan, 25 9 17 N, 121 46 9 E; CSIRO H 7360-03, 56 mm SL, Banyuwangi (East Java), Indonesia, 8 9 S, 114 23 E, W. White, Oct. 27, 2008; CSIRO H 7841-01 & H 7842-01, 2 specimens, 161 181 mm SL, Kedonganan fish market, Jimbaran Bay, Bali, Indonesia; 8 45 S, 115 10 E, W. White, July 14, 2008; MZB 22955, 169 mm SL, Kedonganan fish market, Jimbaran Bay, Bali, Indonesia, 8 45 S, 115 10 E, W. White, Nov. 1, 2010. Diagnosis. A species of Lutjanus with the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin rays X,13; anal-fin rays III,8; pectoral-fin rays usually 16 or 17; lateral-line scales 48 50: horizontal scale rows above lateral line 5 6; scale rows on cheek 4 or 5; several embedded scales on preopercular flange; gill rakers on first arch 7 8 (6 7 rudiments) + 14 15 (4 5 rudiments), total gill rakers= 22 23 (including rudiments); pair of small rounded to elliptical nostrils on each side of snout, without conspicuous flap on outer edge of either nostril; predorsal scales extending forward to middle of interorbital; thin yellow to brownish stripes on the body below lateral line, adults with relatively uniform width stripes or, at most, a more prominent slightly wider stripe from behind the eye to the upper caudal peduncle, occupying only a single scale row and well less than half pupil width (juveniles may have a wider lateral stripe); fins mostly yellow. Description. Dorsal-fin rays X,13; anal-fin rays III,8; pectoral-fin rays usually 16 or 17; lateral-line scales 48 50; horizontal scale rows above lateral line 5 6; scale rows on cheek 4 or 5; several embedded scales on preopercular flange; gill rakers on first arch 7 8 (6 7 rudiments) + 14 15 (4 5 rudiments), total gill rakers= 22 23 (including rudiments). Body slender and elongate to moderately deep and laterally compressed, greatest depth 2.7 2.9 in SL, head length 2.5 2.7, both in standard length; snout 3.2 3.5, eye 3.1 3.5, interorbita1 5.3 6.2, maxilla 2.5 2.7, and preorbital depth 5.7 6.6, all in head length; preopercular notch and interopecular knob poorly developed or indistinct; vomerine teeth in diamond-shaped patch with medial posterior extension; tongue with patch of fine granular teeth; head relatively small with pointed snout; snout-forehead profile almost straight; pair of small rounded to elliptical nostrils on each side of snout, without conspicuous flap on outer edge of either nostril; body, opercle, and preopercle with finely ctenoid scales; predorsal scales extending forward to middle of interorbital; body scales on back rising obliquely above lateral line; preopercular margin finely serrate (serrae increasing in size ventrally); sharp, flattened, leathery projection at middle of opercular margin, with blunt bony spine (mostly Figure 2. Lutjanus xanthopinnis, underwater photograph, about 160 mm SL, Brunei (G.R. Allen). 25
26 TABLE 1 Proportional measurements (as percentage of SL with range [mean]) for Lutjanus xanthopinnis n. sp. and L. madras L. xanthopinnis holotype range, paratypes (n=10) L. madras holotype range, non-types (n=3) Body depth 39 34 38 (36) 32 34 37 (36) Body depth at 1st anal spine 34 29 34 (31) 29 29 30 (30) Head length 36 37 40 (38) 38 38 40 (39) Body width 17 15 18 (16) 18 13 15 (14) Snout length 11 10 12 (11) 13 11 13 (12) Orbit diameter 11 10 13 (12) 9 10 11 (10) Dermal eye opening 9 9 11 (10) 8 9 (9) Interorbital width 7 6 7 (7) 9 8 (8) Interobital width + membrane 9 8 9 (8) 10 10 (10) Upper jaw length 14 11 16 (15) 17 11 16 (14) Suborbital depth 6 5 7 (6) 5 4 5 (5) Caudal peduncle depth 12 12 (12) 12 12 (12) Caudal peduncle length 19 18 21 (20) 17 18 19 (19) Predorsal length 40 37 44 (41) 39 40 42 (41) Preanal length 66 63 68 (65) 77 65 67 (66) Prepelvic length 38 36 42 (40) 44 40 41(41) Dorsal-fin base 48 47 54 (51) 48 49 51 (50) Anal-fin base 15 13 15 (14) 15 15 15 (15) Caudal-fin length 26 23 29 (26) 24 25 29 (27) Pelvic-fin spine length 14 12 21 (14) 10 12 14 (13) Pelvic-fin length 23 19 23 (21) 17 21 22 (21) Pectoral-fin length 31 28 34 (31) 26 27 31 (30) First dorsal-fin spine 6 5 6 (6) 4 5 6 (6) Second dorsal-fin spine 11 11 13 (12) 7 9 11 (10) Third dorsal-fin spine 13 14 16 (15) 10 13 14 (14) Fourth dorsal-fin spine 14 14 17 (15) 12 14 16 (15) Fifth dorsal-fin spine 14 13 16 (14) 12 14 (14) Sixth dorsal fin spine 13 11 15 (13) 13 9 14 (12) First soft dorsal-fin ray 12 11 13 (12) 9 10 12 (11) First anal-fin spine 4 3 7 (5) 4 3 4 (4) Second anal-fin spine 12 11 14 (12) 9 10 (10) Third anal-fin spine 13 11 14 (12) 8 9 10 (10) First soft anal-fin ray 15 13 16 (15) 11 13 15 (14)
TABLE 2 Meristic counts for Lutjanus xanthopinnis n. sp. and L. madras L. xanthopinnis holotype range, paratypes (n=10) L. madras holotype range, non-types (n=3) Dorsal-fin rays X,13 X,13 X,13 X,13 Anal-fin rays III,8 III,8 III,9 III,9 Pectoral-fin rays (i+15+i) 17 16 17 17 17 Lateral-line scales 48 48 50 50 49 51 Horizontal scale rows above lateral line 6 5 6 7 6 7 Scale rows on cheek 4 4 5 8 7 8 Scale rows above/ below lateral line 6 ½ / 11 ½ 6 ½ 7 ½ / 11 ½ 14 ½ 7 ½ / 17 ½ 7 ½ / 16 ½ 17 ½ Gill rakers, upper and lower limb totals (rudiments) = total including rudiments 8 (7) + 14 (4)=22 7 8 (6 7) + 14 15 (4 5) =22 23 8 (6) + 17 (7)=25 8 9 (7 8) + 17 18 (7 8) =25 27 Figure 3. Lutjanus xanthopinnis, fresh paratype, CSIRO H 7360-03, 56 mm SL, Banyuwangi, Indonesia (W. White). 27
Figure 4. Lutjanus xanthopinnis, fresh paratype, MUFS 46205, 161 mm SL, Sri Lanka (F. Tanaka). 28 covered by scales) immediately above its base; margins of opercle, interopercle, and subopercle otherwise smooth; upper jaw with pair dagger-like canine teeth anteriorly, with smaller canine teeth between these and symphysis, remaining lateral portion of upper jaw with series of embedded caniniform teeth; lower jaw with about 6 10 small canine teeth on each side, mostly embedded and scarcely visible when mouth closed; dorsal-fin outline moderately incised, fourth or fifth spines longest, remaining spines gradually decreasing in length; profile of soft dorsal-fin relatively low and weakly rounded; pectoral fins pointed, caudal fin emarginate. Proportional measurements as percentages of standard length (SL) for the holotype and paratypes of Lutjanus xanthopinnis in comparison to the holotype and non-type specimens of L. madras are presented in Table 1 and comparative meristic counts in Table 2. Color in life. (Figs. 1 5) Generally reddish to pinkish to silvery-gray background on upper half with whitish abdomen, becoming darker on upper head and back; a series of narrow yellow horizontal stripes (one per scale row) on lower sides of body below the lateral line, the mid-lateral stripe originating at the mid-eye often a little wider and more prominent (but still a single scale row); similar thin yellow to brownish yellow lines above lateral line, but running obliquely upward and along oblique scale rows; dorsal, caudal, anal, and pectoral fins vivid yellow; pelvic fins whitish with yellow tinge; iris reddish to golden yellow. Juvenile similar, but midlateral stripe wider, nearly two scale rows in height and up to about one pupil diameter wide (Fig. 3). Color in alcohol. Generally yellowish tan on body and fins, with a series of faint brown lines on sides as in live markings; fins tan or yellowish. Etymology. This species is named xanthopinnis (Latin: yellow-finned ) with reference to the prominent yellow fins of this species. Distribution. The new species occurs widely in the western Pacific Ocean from southern Japan to the East Indies and extends into the Indian Ocean. Previous records of L. madras from the Pacific Ocean (e.g. Allen & Talbot 1985, Allen 1985, and Allen & Erdmann 2012) are attributable to L. xanthopinnis. The distribution includes the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, western Indonesia (from the Malay Peninsula to Bali), and northward to China, Taiwan, and Japan. The range extends westward into the eastern Indian Ocean, with records from the Andaman Sea off the coast of western Thailand by Iwatsuki & Satapoomin (2009, p. 140, as L. madras ) and Sri Lanka (this study) where it is apparently sympatric with true L. madras. The photograph of this species, as L. madras, purportedly from the Raja Ampat Islands in West Papua, Indonesia in Allen & Erdmann (2012, p. 451)
Figure 5. Lutjanus xanthopinnis, fresh paratype, MUFS 46565, 192 mm SL, Keelung, Taiwan (R. Miki). was actually taken in Brunei, on the island of Borneo (our Fig. 2). The new species was only recently reported (as L. madras ) from the northwestern Pacific Ocean at Japan (Tanaka et al. 2010), despite numerous previous surveys in this region (Masuda et al. 1985, Iwatsuki et al. 1992, Shen 1993, Anderson & Allen 2001). Even though it is apparently common at Keelung in northeastern Taiwan (first author s observations in March 2015), it had not been previously reported from Taiwan despite surveys by the first author in the early 1990s and assessments of snappers from Taiwan by Allen & Talbot (1985) and Shen (1993). One possible explanation is that increased water temperatures due to climate change is responsible for the spread of more tropical marine organisms northward into temperate waters of southwestern Japan (Tanaka et al. 2012). Similar to the situation with L. xanthopinnis, several other tropical lutjanids and caesionids have recently been reported from southern Japan, including Dipterygonotus balteatus, Gymnocaesio gymnoptera, Lutjanus bengalensis, L. dodecacanthoides, L. ehrenbergi, L. johnii, L. timorensis, and Pinjalo pinjalo (see Shimada & Yoshino 1987, Iwatsuki et al. 1989, Iwatsuki et al. 1999, Yoshino et al. 1999, Iwatsuki et al. 2004, and Hayashida et al. 2012). There has been a dramatic increase in abundance of L. bengalensis since it was first reported in Japan in 1999. Both juveniles and adults are now common in southwestern Japan, ranging as far north as the Kii Peninsula (Kimura et al. 2008), Tokai District, and Kanto District near Tokyo (based on the first author s observations). Similar increased sightings are also evident for Lutjanus xanthopinnis (as L. madras ) and L. johnii, which have been observed annually since their first sightings in Japanese waters. 29
Figure 6. Lutjanus madras, fresh topogenetype, KUT 6818, 270 mm SL, Mahé, Seychelles (A. Bentley). Lutjanus madras (Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1831) Indian Snapper Figures 6 11, Tables 1 & 2. Mesoprion madras Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1831: 446 (type locality, Mahé, Seychelles); Günther 1859: 200. Mesoprion machas (as misspelled) Playfair 1868: 849 (type locality, Mahé, Seychelles).?Lutjanus lutjanus [non Bloch] Kyushin et al. 1977: 64 (Laccadive Islands, India). Lutjanus madras Allen & Talbot 1985 (in part): 57 (Zanzibar, Seychelles, & India; Plate VII F); Allen 1985 (in part): 100 (western & central Indian Ocean); Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003: S108 (Arabian Sea). 30 Holotype. MNHN 0000-8338, 254 mm SL, Mahé, Seychelles. Non-type specimens examined. MUFS 33568, 224 mm SL, Madrakah, southern Oman, Oman; MUFS 33576, 241 mm SL, Madrakah, southern Oman, Oman; MUFS 46214, 226 mm SL, Beruwara, Sri Lanka, 6 29 2 N, 79 59 0 E. Diagnosis. A species of Lutjanus with the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin rays usually X, 13; anal-fin rays III,9; pectoral-fin rays 17; lateral-line scales 49 51; horizontal scale rows above lateral line 6 7; scale rows on cheek 7 8; scales absent on preopercular flange; gill rakers on first arch 8 9 (6 8 rudiments) + 17 18 (7 8 rudiments); total gill rakers= 25 27 (including rudiments); pair of small rounded nostrils on each side of snout with very low flap on outer edge of anterior nostril; predorsal scales extending forward to vertical at posterior margin of pupil; thin yellow to brownish stripes on the side of body below lateral line with one prominent broad (up to pupil diameter or 1.5 3 scale rows wide), yellow to brownish stripe on the side, from behind eye to upper caudal peduncle; fins mostly yellow.
Figure 7. Lutjanus madras, preserved holotype, MNHN 0000-8338, 254 mm SL, Mahé, Seychelles (Y. Fukui). Description. Dorsal-fin rays usually X,13; anal-fin rays III,8; pectoral-fin rays 17; lateral-line scales 49 51; horizontal scale rows above lateral line 6 7; scale rows on cheek 7 8; scales absent on preopercular flange; gill rakers on first arch 8 9 (6 8 rudiments) + 17 18 (7 8 rudiments); total gill rakers= 25 27 (including rudiments). Body elongate to moderately deep and laterally compressed, greatest depth 2.7 3.0, head length 2.5 2.6, both in standard length; snout 3.1 3.4, eye 3.6 3.8, interorbital 4.5 4.7, maxilla 2.5 3.5, and preorbital depth 7.1 7.5, all in head length; preopercular notch and interopecular knob poorly developed or indistinct; vomerine teeth in diamond-shaped patch with short posterior extension; tongue with patch of fine granular teeth; head relatively small with pointed snout; snout-forehead profile almost straight; pair of small rounded nostrils on each side of snout with very low flap on outer edge of anterior nostril; body, opercle, and preopercle with finely ctenoid scales; predorsal scales extending forward to vertical at posterior margin of pupil; body scales on back rising obliquely above lateral line; no scales on interorbital but scaled on preopercle; preopercular margin finely serrate (serrae increasing in size ventrally); sharp, flattened, leathery projection at middle of opercular margin, with blunt bony spine (mostly covered by scales) immediately above its base; margins of opercle, interopercle, and subopercle Figure 8. Lutjanus madras, MUFS 33568, 224 mm SL, Madrakah, southern Oman (Y. Iwatsuki). 31
32 Figure 9. Lutjanus madras, MUFS 46214, 226 mm SL, Beruwara, Sri Lanka (F. Tanaka). smooth; upper jaw with pair of dagger-like canine teeth anteriorly, with smaller canine teeth between these and symphysis, remaining lateral portion of upper jaw with series of embedded caniniform teeth; lower jaw with about 6 8 small canine teeth on each side, mostly embedded, scarcely visible when mouth closed; dorsal-fin outline slightly incised, fourth or fifth spines longest, remaining spines gradually decreasing in length; profile of soft dorsal-fin relatively low and weakly rounded; pectoral fins pointed, caudal fin emarginate. Proportional measurements as percentages of standard length (SL) for the holotype and non-type specimens of L. madras in comparison to the new species L. xanthopinnis are presented in Table 1 and meristic counts in Table 2. Color in life. Generally reddish to pinkish to silvery-gray background on upper half with whitish abdomen, becoming darker on upper head and back; a series of narrow yellow horizontal stripes (one per scale row) on lower sides of body below the lateral line, the mid-lateral stripe originating at the mid-eye distinctly more prominent and wider, usually up to one pupil diameter or more and from 1.5 3 scale rows wide; similar thin yellow to brownish yellow lines above lateral line, but running obliquely upward and along oblique scale rows; dorsal, caudal, anal, and pectoral fins yellow (caudal fin frequently dusky when fresh); pelvic fins whitish with yellow tinge; iris reddish to golden yellow. Color in alcohol. Generally yellowish tan on body and fins, with a series of faint brown lines on sides as in live markings; fins tan or yellowish. The very old holotype is mainly brownish (Fig. 7). Distribution. Probably limited to the western Indian Ocean. The present study confirmed its occurrence on the basis of voucher specimens and matching barcode DNA sequences only from the Seychelles (type locality), Sri Lanka, and Madrakah, southern Oman. It was also illustrated from Tuticorin, India by Allen & Talbot (1985). Specimens reported (as L. lutjanus) from the Laccadive Islands, India by Kyushin et al. (1977) are also likely L. madras. The only record from East Africa is from Zanzibar, reported by Allen & Talbot (1985). Comparisons between L. xanthopinnis and L. madras The new species L. xanthopinnis most resembles L. madras, with which it was formerly confused. However, it differs mainly in scale characters and, to a degree, in markings in the adults. As can be seen in Fig. 10, L. madras has no scales on the preopercular flange, compared to L. xanthopinnis having several embedded scales on the preopercular flange. In addition, L. madras can be seen to have many more scales on the cheek: 7 or 8 rows vs.
Figure 10. Squamation of the preopercular flange: (A): Lutjanus madras, holotype, MNHN 0000-8338, 254 mm SL; and (B): L. xanthopinnis, paratype, MUFS 46565, 192 mm (Y. Iwatsuki). only 4 or 5 scale rows on the cheek of L. xanthopinnis. Additional differences on the head can be seen in Fig. 11, where L. madras has a rounded posterior nostril and the predorsal scales extending to about the level of the posterior edge of the orbit, vs. an elliptical posterior nostril and the predorsal scales extending forward to about the middle of the interorbital space in L. xanthopinnis. The color and marking differences among the yellow striped snappers can be subtle, but it appears that adults of L. xanthopinnis can be distinguished from L. madras by the relative unformity of the lateral yellow stripes below the lateral line. In L. xanthopinnis, the stripes are of about equal width, as in the holotype, or with a midlateral stripe only slightly more prominent, and only a single scale row in width (Figs. 1 5). In contrast, L. madras has a prominent mid-lateral yellow stripe, from 1.5 to 3 scale rows wide (Figs. 6 9). The color pattern difference may not apply to juveniles, since the DNA-confirmed 56-mm SL paratype of L. xanthopinnis has a wide midlateral stripe (Fig. 3). Juveniles of many of the yellow-striped snapper complex have more prominent lateral stripes. Finally, the mitochondrial DNA lineages for the two species are reciprocally monophyletic and diverge by 6.4% (minimum interspecific distance; mean divergence of 7.1%; both uncorrected pairwise). They are part of the strict yellow-lined snapper clade in the neighbor-joining phenetic tree, but are not the closest DNA lineages to each other. Figure 11. Morphology of paired nostrils on left side of snout and extent of anterior predorsal scales (arrow): (A): Lutjanus madras, MUFS 46214, 226 mm SL and (B): L. xanthopinnis, paratype, MUFS 46565, 192 mm (Y. Iwatsuki). 33
The Yellow-lined Snapper Complex The new species belongs to the yellow-lined snapper complex as delineated by Allen & Talbot (1985, their Table 5). The grouping is largely defined on the basis of their shared color patterns, usually featuring numerous thin yellow to brownish stripes on the body often with a more prominent (usually wider or darker) yellow, brown, or blackish stripe mid-laterally on the side of the head and body. The group as originally defined contained five species: L. adetii, L. lutjanus, L. madras, L. mizenkoi, and L. vitta (Figs. 12 & 13). An additional species, L. ophuysenii (Fig. 14), was subsequently recognized as distinct from L. vitta, and therefore is also included in this complex (Iwatsuki et al. 1993), as is the presently described L. xanthopinnis. The distinguishing meristic, morphological, and marking characters of this group are summarized in Table 3, based on the table in Allen & Talbot (1985), with some modifications. TABLE 3 Selected characters of the yellow-lined snapper complex modified after Allen & Talbot (1985) 1 gill rakers including rudiments 2 =horizontal scale rows L. adetii L. lutjanus L. madras L. mizenkoi L. ophuysenii L. vitta L. xanthopinnis Dorsal-fin rays X XI,14 (X )XII,12 X,13 XI,13 X,12 13 X,12 13 X,13 Anal-fin rays III,8 III,8 III,9 III,8 III,8 III,8 III,8 Pored lateral-line scales 48 51 48 50 49 51 47 50 46 49 49 52 48 50 Gill rakers 1 27 29 24 26 25 27 15 16 19 23 17 22 22 23 Scale rows on cheek 6 8 5 8 7 or 8 6 5 7 5 7 4 or 5 Scale rows above lateral line 2 6 or 7 4 or 5 7 or 8 6 8 or 9 8 10 6 or 7 Preopercular flange no scales scaled no scales no scales no scales scaled scaled Posterior extension of vomerine tooth patch absent present present present present present present Stripes on sides broad midlateral yellow stripe thin stripes plus broad midlateral yellow stripe thin stripes plus broad midlateral yellow stripe thin stripes, central stripes wider thin stripes plus broad midlateral dark stripe with spot thin stripes plus broad midlateral dark stripe thin stripes plus thin midlateral yellow stripe Approximate range E Aus-New Caledonia Indo- W. Pacific W. Indian Ocean W. & C. Pacific to NW Aus NW Pacific Indo- W. Pacific W. Pacific- E. Indian 34
Figure 12. Lutjanus adetii (A): about 25 cm SL, Heron Island, Australia (J.E. Randall); and Lutjanus mizenkoi (B): about 25 cm SL, Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea (G.R. Allen). 35
Figure 13. Lutjanus lutjanus (A): MUFS 26860, 122 mm SL, Japan (K. Tsuzaki); and Lutjanus vitta (B): uncatalogued specimen, about 25 cm TL, Okinawa, Japan (D. Miyagi; http://zukan.com/fish/leaf48369; based on zukan.com). 36 Figure 14 (opposite). Lutjanus ophuysenii (A): MUFS 30171 86 mm SL, Kadogawa, Miyazaki, Japan (Y. Iwatsuki); (B): ASIZP 0805692, 152 mm SL, Wujia, Miaoli, Taiwan (K.-T Shao); and (C): MUFS 43780, 174 mm SL, Meitsu, Miyazaki, Japan (Y. Iwatsuki).
37
Allen et al. (2013) presented a genetic matrix of 30 species of Indo-Pacific Lutjanus represented in the BOLD database, utilizing the COI marker (www.boldsystems.org). Their analysis included four of the yellow-lined complex, i.e. L. adetii, L. lutjanus, L. vitta, and L. xanthopinnis (as L. madras ), with average divergences between these species ranging from 6.4% between L. xanthopinnis and L. vitta up to 15.6% between L. adetii and both L. vitta and L. xanthopinnis. Indeed, the range of divergences within the broad yellow-lined complex is similar to the range among all Lutjanus, which have an overall mean divergence in the barcode sequence between species of 13.2% (Allen et al. 2013). A similar analysis of COI divergences between our set of species in the broad yellow-lined snapper complex (plus P. bengalensis) is presented in Table 4. Our results generally match those of Allen et al. (2013), but include L. ophuysenii. Mean interspecific distances range from 4.1% between L. bitaeniatus and L. lemniscatus to 15.1% between L. adetii and L. lutjanus. Among the strictly yellow-lined species of the complex, those with an array of TABLE 4 Mean Interspecific P-distances (uncorrected pairwise) for mtdna COI sequences of 9 species of Lutjanus ade ben bit lem lut mad oph vitt xan L. adetii L. bengalensis 14.1 L. bitaeniatus 12.8 10.5 L. lemniscatus 14.7 10.5 4.1 L. lutjanus 15.1 11.6 7.3 8.0 L. madras 14.5 13.1 6.9 7.5 5.9 L. ophuysenii 13.9 12.1 6.7 7.2 5.8 4.7 L. vitta 14.1 11.2 6.5 6.8 6.6 5.3 5.5 L. xanthopinnis 14.3 12.2 7.8 8.2 7.1 7.1 6.7 6.7 Minimum Interspecific and Maximum Intraspecific P-distances (uncorrected pairwise) for mtdna COI sequences of 9 species of Lutjanus 38 ade ben bit lem lut mad oph vitt xan L. adetii NA L. bengalensis 14.1 NA L. bitaeniatus 12.8 10.5 NA L. lemniscatus 14.7 10.5 4.1 NA L. lutjanus 15.1 11.5 7.2 7.9 0.3 L. madras 14.4 13.1 6.7 7.4 5.7 0.5 L. ophuysenii 13.9 12.1 6.7 7.2 5.7 4.6 0.0 L. vitta 13.7 11.0 6.4 6.7 6.4 5.1 5.4 0.7 L. xanthopinnis 14.1 11.9 7.4 8.0 6.4 6.4 6.5 5.9 1.3
thin yellow stripes, i.e. L. lutjanus, L. madras, L. ophuysenii, L. vitta, and L. xanthopinnis, sequence divergences are less, with mean interspecific distances from 4.7% to 7.1%. Minimum interspecific distances were very similar to mean distances in these analyses, indicating relatively low intraspecific variation and relatively deep divergences between species, i.e. a large barcoding gap. A neighbor-joining tree (Fig. 15) was constructed utilizing sequence data for the members of the yellow-lined complex and relatives (except L. mizenkoi for which samples were lacking). Both L. bitaeniatus and L. lemniscatus are included, since they feature a similar striped pattern in the juvenile stage. In addition, L. bengalensis is included as an outgroup. The tree provides support for recognition of L. xanthopinnis as a distinct member of the yellow- Figure 15. The neighbor-joining phenetic tree of COI sequences for the yellow-lined group of Lutjanus snappers following the Kimura two-parameter model (K2P). The scale bar at lower left represents a 2% sequence difference. Lutjanus bengalensis is used as the outgroup. GenBank accession numbers and collection locations for the sequences are listed. 39
lined snapper complex, about the same distance from the other members as any other species in the complex. The tree also reveals that L. adetii is well separated from the species with the rows of thin yellow stripes and that L. bitaeniatus and L. lemniscatus are closely related, and outside the main yellow-lined complex, forming a separate clade, which includes several species allied with the recently described L. papuensis by Allen et al. (2013). Comparative material examined. Lutjanus adetii: AMS I. 15384-001, 121 mm SL, Queensland, Australia; AMS I.18747-001, 62 mm SL, Sydney Harbour, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. L. mizenkoi: WAM P28314-001 (paratype), 224 mm SL, Western Samoa. L. ophuysenii: MUFS 30171, 86 mm SL, Iorigawa, Kadogawa, Miyazaki, Japan; MUFS 43780, 174 mm SL, Meitsu, Miyazaki, Japan.: MUFS 30171, 86 mm SL, Iorigawa, Kadogawa, Miyazaki, Japan; MUFS 43780, 174 mm SL, Meitsu, Miyazaki, Japan; MUFS 46670, 139 mm SL, Iorigawa, Kadogawa, Miyazaki, Japan. L. lutjanus: MUFS 33701 33702, 2 specimens, 145 198 mm SL, Oman; MUFS 38108, 109 mm SL, Miyazaki, Japan; MUFS 46176, 126 mm SL, Sri Lanka. L. vitta: specimens listed in Iwatsuki et al. (1993). Acknowledgments We are most grateful to the staff of MNHN including C. Ferrara, R. Causse, G. Zora, P. Pruvost, and D. Duhamel for their assistance and use of facilities during the first author s visit to MNHN and also to Y. Fukui and H. Motomura (KAUM) for measurements and photographs of type material. K.-T. Shao (ASIZP) and W. White (CSIRO) kindly provided barcode data (COI) for L. ophuysenii and L. xanthopinnis, respectively. We also thank H. Al-Busaidi, L.A. Jawad, and L.H. Al-Kharusi (Oman Marine Science and Fisheries Centre, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman), K. Tsuzaki and R. Miki (MUFS), M. McGrouther (AMS), J. Pogonoski and W. White (CSIRO), E. Heemstra and P. Heemstra (SAIAB, formerly RUSI), D. Miyagi (Okinawa, Japan), J.E. Randall (BPBM), A. Bentley (KU Biodiversity Institute), and S. Raredon, S. Smith, and J. Williams (USNM) for the use of laboratory and curatorial facilities including loans, color photographs of specimens, and sampling assistance. M. Allen (WAM) kindly photographed a paratype of L. mizenkoi and R.K. Hadiaty (Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Jakarta, Indonesia) provided registration numbers for Indonesian material. Finally, we are greatly appreciative of the constructive criticism provided by anonymous reviewers. This study was supported in part by a grant awarded to the first author, by the National Research Foundation of South Africa (Grant UID # 70611), plus partial support of grants by the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Tokyo, Japan (Nos. 10640684 and 11640696), and by a grant awarded to the second author by Research Fellowships of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for Young Scientists Tokyo, Japan (13J07972). 40 References Allen, G.R. (1985) FAO species catalogue. Vol. 6. Snappers of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lutjanid species known to date. FAO Fish Synopsis No. 125, Volume 6, FAO, Rome, 208 pp. Allen, G.R. (1995). Lutjanus rufolineatus, a valid species of snapper (Pisces, Lutjanidae) with notes on a closely allied species, Lutjanus boutton. Revue française d Aquariologie Herpétologie, 22 (1 2), 11 13. Allen, G.R. (1997) Marine fishes of tropical Australia and south-east Asia. Western Australian Museum, Perth, 292 pp. Allen, G.R. & Adrim, M. (2003) Coral reef fishes of Indonesia. Zoological Studies, 42 (1), 1 72. Allen, G.R. & Erdmann, M.V. (2012) Reef fishes of the East Indies. Vol. II. Tropical Reef Research, Perth, Australia, 856 pp. Allen, G.R. & Talbot, J.H. (1985) Review of the snappers of the genus Lutjanus (Pisces: Lutjanidae) from the Indo-Pacific, with the description of a new species. Indo-Pacific Fish, (11), 1 87, pls. 1 10. Allen, G.R., White, W.T. & Erdmann, M.V. (2013) Two new species of snappers (Pisces: Lutjanidae: Lutjanus) from the Indo-West Pacific. Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation, 6, 33 51.
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