Name Class Date CHAPTER 7 Guided Reading Strategies 7.4 Roman Society and Culture READING THE SECTION As you read the section, use the chart below to write down important elements of each category of Roman life. ROMAN LIFE Government Transportation Army Daily Life Religion Entertainment Science Language and Literature POST-READING QUICK CHECK After you have read the section, explain why common language and laws were important in the Roman Empire. Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. PAGE 68 Holt World History: The Human Journey 31 Guided Reading Strategies
Name Class Date CHAPTER 7 Main Idea Activities 7.4 Roman Society and Culture VOCABULARY Some terms to understand: reinforcements (163): extra troops recreation (164): activities a person does when on vacation or relaxing dormice (164): European animals like small squirrels fungi (164): growth on a tree, related to mushrooms hearth (165): the stone or brick floor of a fireplace satires (165): writings in which humor is used to make fun of something bad or foolish mimes (165): actors who perform without speaking ORGANIZING INFORMATION Fill in the chart by placing each item under the correct category. taught their children at home managed the households helped entertain guests taught daughters to manage the household could accept inheritances could own property made all the important family decisions taught sons the duties of citizenship conducted religious ceremonies FAMILY ROLES IN ANCIENT ROME MEN BOTH WOMEN Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt World History: The Human Journey PAGE 61 69 Main Idea Activities
Name Class Date Chapter 7, Main Idea Activities 7.4, continued EVALUATING INFORMATION Mark each statement T if it is true or F if it is false. 1. To match the needs of the huge empire, the Romans changed the laws. 2. Well-constructed road systems promoted trade and made the army more efficient. 3. The army was not always successful in crushing rebels. 4. All Romans, including the rich, ate simple meals of bread, cheese, and fruit. 5. If you had slaves in the Roman Empire, you lost respect. 6. Early Romans worshipped ancestral spirits. CLASSIFYING INFORMATION These are among the most important legacies of the Roman Empire. In the space provided, mark the letter of the correct category. A. Law and Government B. Engineering C. Science D. Architecture E. Literature F. Languages G. Recreation 1. the Colosseum, the great arena in Rome 2. twenty-three letters of the alphabet 3. Aeneid by Virgil, Metamorphoses by Ovid, Annals by Tacitus 4. Galen s summary of all medical knowledge 5. aqueducts or bridge-like structures that carried water 6. code of Twelve Tables 7. the Ptolemaic system 8. the use of concrete, arch, and vaulted dome 9. basic principles that should apply to all humans 10. Parallel Lives, Greek and Roman biographies by Plutarch 11. Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian 12. gladiators, chariot racing Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt World History: The Human Journey PAGE 62 70 Main Idea Activities
Name Date Class HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY ACTIVITY 5 Roman Roads Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. People in the modern city of Rome still drive over portions of the Appian Way. Started in 312 B.C. by Appius Claudius Caecus, the Appian Way was one of the first Roman military highways. How did the Roman Empire use its roads? Ever since draft animals first pulled wheeled vehicles, people have built roads. The best road builders of the ancient world were the Romans. Road building was a key factor in Roman military conquest, enabling generals to move their legions quickly from one flash point to another in a vast empir e. Roman soldiers could cover 30 miles (48 km) a day if roads were firm and dry. Eventually a network of more than 50,000 miles (80,000 km) of roads, regularly marked with milestones, laced together the Roman Empire. Designed to handle military carts hauling cargo weighing as much as 1,000 Roman pounds (330 kg), Roman roads have lasted for centuries. While earlier roads often meandered along animal trails and contours of the terrain, Roman roads cut a remarkably straight line no matter what obstacles lay in their path swamps, mountains, and even ravines. Construction began with engineers laying out two trenches 40 feet (12 m) apart, enabling them to analyze the composition of the subsoil. Then under the watchful eyes of supervisors, teams of soldiers dug down several feet to prepare the roadbed. On top of the flattened layer of sand came three additional layers that cushioned the top layer of paving stones. Aconvex road surface sloped from the center down toward the sides drained water off the road into ditches. In almost any weather, legions of troops, merchants with carts, and postal carriages could The Appian Way [Appius Claudius Caecus] caused all the paving stones to be polished and cut so as to form angles and had them jointed together without any kind of cement. They adhered so strongly that to look at them they do not seem to be jointed at all but to form one whole mosaic of stone. Sand Curbstones Drainage ditch Paving stones Gravel and concrete Small stones in clay Rocks and rubble Bedrock foundation The Romans adapted their road-building technology to the terrain and also to available building materials. The road shown above would have been constructed on solid dry ground. In an unstable, marshy area, the Romans would have laid a road on timber foundations pinned to the ground by stakes. CHAPTER 5 PAGE 75 129
Name Date Class HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY ACTIVITY 5 (continued) CHAPTER 5 continue their journeys. Most private individuals rode two-wheeled chariots behind a team of two to four horses. The fastest four - wheeled freight wagons were drawn by eight horses in summer and ten during the winter. They sped past most traffic, covering up to 75 miles (120 km) per day. People in different places and at different times have developed a variety of ways to move over distances by land and by sea and, most recently, by air. These methods of travel have been used to carry people, their natural resources, their manufactured APPLYING GEOGRAPHY TO HISTORY DIRECTIONS: Answer the questions below in the space pr ovided. 1. What sorts of things do people need to be able to move? goods, and even their ideas. Over the years, the movement of people develops a regular pattern, in some places following the same major historical trade routes for many centuries. In other places people may carve out new routes of travel. To develop economically and politically, people must create an effective transportation network to link all parts of their territory. In addition, they can improve their means of transportation with technological innovations in, for example, the areas of navigation, shipbuilding, road building, and laying railroad tracks. 2. Why did a system of roads help the Romans develop economically and politically? Critical Thinking 3. Analyzing Information Rome s roads facilitated administering a vast empire. What is the meaning of the expression all roads lead to Rome? 4. Making Comparisons The highways of the ancient Greeks were actually sea-lanes and navigational channels throughout the Mediterranean Sea. Compare the advantages of movement by water for the Greeks with movement by land for the Romans. Activity 5. Modern roads are designed by highly trained civil engineers. Write a paragraph explaining the ways modern roads are similar to ancient Roman roads and ways they are different. What problems might a civil engineer face in designing r oads today? Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 130 PAGE 76
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