Mekong River Commission Flood Management and Mitigation Programme

U Mekong River Commission Flood Management and Mitigation Programme Final Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin Covering period from 1 st June to 31 st December 212 Prepared by Regional Flood Management and Mitigation Centre December 212

Certification of Approval of Internal FMMP Technical Document Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin Covering period from 1 st June to 31 st December 212

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Table of Contents Table of Contents... i List of Figures... i List of Tables... ii 1. Flood season 212... 1 1.1 Rainfall situation... 1 1.2 General Behaviour of the Mekong River and Seasonal Flood Situation... 6 2. Flood Forecast in 212...13 2.1 Data collection for models and flood forecast bulletin dissemination... 13 2.2 Accuracy and limitations in forecasting... 13 2.3 Lesson learned and actions to be taken... 15 Annex A Graphics and Tables... 19 Annex B Accuracy and performance... 41 Annex C Season Water Level Graphs... 49 List of Figures Figure 1 1 Total depth of rainfall in the flood season of the years 2, 22, 28, 29, 21, 211, 212 and the long term average flood seasonal rainfall... 1 Figure 1 2 Weather map for Southwest Monsoon in the end of July... 2 Figure 1 3 Weather maps for ITCZ in the end of August and mid October.... 3 Figure 1 4 VICENTE Storm Track.... 4 Figure 1 5 Weather map for VICENTE Typhoon on 24th July 212, before landing... 4 Figure 1 6 Weather map for VICENTE Tropical Depression on 25th July 212, after landing... 4 Figure 1 7 TEMBIN and BOLAVEN Storm Tracks.... 5 Figure 1 8 TEMBIN and BOLAVEN weather chart.... 5 Figure 1 9 GAEMI Storm Track... 6 Figure 1 1 Weather map for GAEMI in the afternoon 6th Oct, before landing.... 6 Figure 1 11 Weather map for GAEMI in the evening 6th Oct, after landing.... 6 Figure 1 12 Quick rising of water levels at stations: Xieng Kok and Chiang Saen during 26th 29th July 212... 9 Figure 1 13 Water level rising at stations: Pak Beng, Chiang Khong, Muong Ngoy and Luang Prabang during 26th 29th July 212.... 1 Figure 1 14 Water levels rising at stations: Vientiane, Nong Khai and Paksane during 26th 29th July 212... 11 Figure 2 1 Forecast performance based on original results by URBS and Regression.... 14 Figure 2 2 Forecast performance based on original results by URBS and ISIS... 15 Figure A1 Monthly rainfall distribution for Jinghong, Chiang Saen, Luang Prabang and Chiang Khan.... 2 Page i

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Figure A2 Monthly rainfall distribution for Chiang Khan, Vientiane, Nong Khai, Paksane and Nakhon Phanom.... 21 Figure A3 Monthly rainfall distribution for Thakhek, Mukdahan, Savannakhet and Khong Chiam.... 22 Figure A4 Monthly rainfall distribution for, Pakse, Stung Treng, Kratie and Kompong Chiam.... 23 Figure A5 Monthly rainfall distribution for Phnom Penh (Bassac and Port), Koh Khel and Neak Luong.... 24 Figure A6 Monthly rainfall distribution for Prek Kdam, Tan Chau and Chau Doc.... 25 Figure A7 Monthly rainfall in June for main stations along the Mekong River.... 26 Figure A8 Monthly rainfall in July for main stations along the Mekong River.... 28 Figure A9 Monthly rainfall in August for main stations along the Mekong River.... 3 Figure A1 Monthly rainfall in September for main stations along the Mekong River.... 32 Figure A11 Monthly rainfall in October for main stations along the Mekong River.... 34 Figure B1 Average flood forecast accuracy along the Mekong mainstream... 41 Figure B2 Data delivery times for flood season 212 from June to October.... 45 Figure B3 Missing data for flood season 212 from June to October.... 46 Figure B4 Flood forecast completion time.... 47 Figure B5 Flood forecast stations without forecast.... 47 Figure B6 Second forecast needed.... 47 List of Tables Table 1 1 The flood peaks of main locations along the Mekong mainstream during 212 flood season... 8 Table A1 Monthly observed rainfall in flood season 212... 19 Table A2 The characteristics of flood events for station from Chiang Saen to Vientiane/Nong Khai... 36 Table A3 The characteristics of flood events for stations from Paksane to Pakse... 37 Table A4 The characteristics of flood events for stations from Stung Treng to Kompong Cham... 38 Table A5 The characteristics of flood events for stations from Phnom Penh Bassac/Phnom Penh Port, Koh Khel/Neak Luong to Prek Kdam... 39 Table A6 The characteristics of flood events for stations from Tan Chau and Chau Doc (**)... 4 Table B1 Achievement of daily forecast against benchmarks... 42 Table B2 Benchmarks of success (Indicator of accuracy in mean absolute error)... 43 Table B3 Overview of performance indicators for flood season 212 from June to October... 44 Page ii

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 1. Flood season 212 1.1 Rainfall situation The critical rainfall situation in the Lower Mekong Basin, as previous year, was concentrated in July and August, a period of Southwest Monsoon activity, low pressure troughs, storm and typhoon s appearances in the South China Sea. In terms of total seasonal rainfall, the general picture was one of the average years (see Figure 1 1). It can be seen that the total rainfall in the flood season 212 at all stations in LMB (except Luang Prabang, Chiang Khan, Kratie, Kompong Cham and Phnom Penh Bassac) is lower than the long term average and all is lower than those of the previous flood season 211. The spatial variation of rainfall is high indicating that the intensity of heavy rain situations along the Lower Mekong Basin from upstream to downstream took place as a function of time (Annex A: 1. Graphs and Tables for monthly observed rainfall distribution during flood season 212): The wet season started in early June; the heavy rain mostly occurred in upper reach of the LMB. During July August, the intensive and continued rain covered the most of upper and middle reaches of LMB and appeared more frequently in August. From September to October was the time of intensive rainfall in lower reach, especially from Kratie to Kompong Cham. 4 35 Total depth of rainfall in 212 flood season (mm) 3 25 2 15 1 5 2 22 28 29 21 211 212 ChiengSaen LuongPraBang ChiengKhan Vientiane NongKhai Paksane Thakhek NakonPhanom Mukdahan Savannakhet KhongChiam Pakse STrungTreng Kratie KongPongCham PhnomPenhBassac NeakLuong Tan Chau Chau Doc Stations Figure 1 1 Total depth of rainfall in the flood season of the years 2, 22, 28, 29, 21, 211, 212 and the long term average flood seasonal rainfall Page 1

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 In 212, three main weather patterns caused heavy rains, which are presented below: Southwest monsoon: influenced the Mekong River basin from early June to mid October; the critical activity mostly occurred from the end of July to the end of August and from the mid September to mid October. As a common phenomenon, there was after mid October that a moderate to weak SW monsoon prevailed over lower parts of Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia and Viet Nam. Figure 1-2 shows an illustration of weather map for Southwest Monsoon in the end of July. Figure 1 2 Weather map for Southwest Monsoon in the end of July. Tropical Low Pressure (TLP) and Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ): these periodically appeared from early June to the mid of October with on average 3 to 7 days duration. In the flood season 212, the frequent appearances of TLP and ITCZ during almost the entire flood season were one of the main phenomena which caused continuous heavy rain and rising water along the Mekong River. In August, TLP and ITCZ were observed and had significant influence on the upper and middle reaches of the LMB while the influence on the lower reach took place mostly in October. Figure 1 3 shows an illustration of the appearances and influences of TLP and ITCZ to the LMB in August and October. Tropical depressions (TD), tropical storms (TS) or typhoons (TY): Same as previous year, there were about 8 tropical depressions, storms and typhoons which came to South China Sea and affected the Mekong River basin with different levels. Of these, the five storms DOKSURI, VICENTE, TEMBIN, BOLAVEN, and GAEMI were the most noticeable. Page 2

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Figure 1 3 Weather maps for ITCZ in the end of August and mid October. 1. DOKSURI was formed in the Philippines on 27 th June, located in the South China Sea at latitude 22 o N and longitude 112.8 o E with maximum sustained wind about 65 kilometres per hour and moved West Northwest ward and landed over China territory on 3 th June. 2. VICENTE was formed in the South China Sea on the 22 nd July, upgraded to the Typhoon on 23 rd July afternoon when moving north west ward close to South China coastline and made landfall on 24 th July. It was downgraded into a tropical depression on 25 th July and became a low pressure after moving deep into the mainland of China. Figure 1 4 presents the recorded track of Typhoon VICENTE and weather maps before and after landing were shown in Figure 1 5 and Figure 1 6, respectively. 3. TY TEMBIN and TY BOLAVEN were formed in the East of the Philippines on 19 th and 2 th August 212, respectively. TEMBIN moved westward to the South of Taiwan while BOLAVEN moved northward to China, Korea and Japan. Figure 1 7 and 8 show a Storm Track and weather chart of TAMBIN and BOLAVEN Typhoons, respectively. 4. GAEMI was formed on 3 th September 212 on the South China Sea, upgraded to severe Tropical Storm named GAEMI on 4 th October and made landfall over Binh Dinh and Phu Yen provinces in the Central of Viet Nam in the afternoon 6 th October. After moving deep into Viet Nam territory, the tropical storm GAEMI downgraded into tropical depression in the evening 6 th October and became a low pressure later. Figure 1 9 presents the recording storm track of GAEMI and weather maps of the GAEMI before and after landing over the northern part of Central Viet Nam are showed in Figure 1 1 and Figure 1 11, respectively. Page 3

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Figure 1 4 VICENTE Storm Track. Figure 1 5 Weather map for VICENTE Typhoon on 24th July 212, before landing. Figure 1 6 Weather map for VICENTE Tropical Depression on 25th July 212, after landing. Page 4

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Figure 1 7 TEMBIN and BOLAVEN Storm Tracks. Figure 1 8 TEMBIN and BOLAVEN weather chart. Page 5

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Figure 1 9 GAEMI Storm Track. Figure 1 1 Weather map for GAEMI in the afternoon 6th Oct, before landing. Figure 1 11 Weather map for GAEMI in the evening 6th Oct, after landing. 1.2 General Behaviour of the Mekong River and Seasonal Flood Situation The terms flood and flooding may world wide have different meanings. Therefore the definitions as used in this report are basically adopted from the Mekong Annual Mekong Flood Forums: Flood: natural abundance of water in response to storm, rainfall, snowmelt, etc... ergo the flood season on the Mekong... however, this does not necessarily lead to flooding; Page 6

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Flooding: the inundation of areas, which usually are not submerged. The 212 flood season started later than previous flood years. The first flood event occurred on the fourth week of July with the appearances and influences of South West Monsoon and two tropical storms: DOKSURI and VICENTE. In general, the water levels at upper reach of LMB started below the long term average (LTA) while stations in middle and lower reaches of LMB were about or above the LTA. After the influences of VICENTE in July; TEMBIN and BOLAVEN in August, water levels of all stations rose up and were about or above the LTA except those in lower reach still below the LTA, in which only water level at Nong Khai was above alarm level of 11.4m (as defined by the national agencies) on 4th August (see Table 1 1). From September to the end of flood season, water levels recessed below LTA in many stations; except those in lower reach of LMB with the arrival flood water from the upper and middle reaches, water levels rose up steadily below LTA with average intensity of.1.2m/day. Regarding the downstream stations at Tan Chau and Chau Doc, the water levels were most of the time below the long term average. The water levels at Tan Chau was above alarm level of 3.m on 3 rd October, Chau Doc was above alarm level of 2.5m on 3 rd October (see Table 1 1 for detail and Annex C presents the hydrographs of 22 main hydrological stations along the Mekong River). In 212, although there were about the same numbers of tropical depressions, storms and typhoons, their influences were less than last flood season year. Table 1 1 shows the flood peaks of main locations along the Mekong mainstream during 212 flood season. Page 7

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Table 1 1 The flood peaks of main locations along the Mekong mainstream during 212 flood season ID Station Alarm level Flood Level Day/Month of Peak Hmax (m) Comment 151 Chiang Saen 11.5 11.8 29 Jul 7.91 Below alarm level 1121 Luang Prabang 17.5 18. 23 Aug 15.25 Below alarm level 1193 Chiang Khan 17.32 17.4 2 Aug 13.28 Below alarm level 1191 Vientiane 11.5 12.5 25 Aug 1.28 Below alarm level Above alarm 121 Nong Khai 11.4 12.2 4 Aug 11.66 level 1273 Paksane 13.5 14.5 12 Aug 12.42 Below alarm level 1311 Nakhon Phanom 12.6 12.7 13 Aug 1.22 Below alarm level 1312 Thakhek 13. 14. 13 Aug 11.31 Below alarm level 1342 Mukdahan 12.5 12.6 13 Aug 9.99 Below alarm level 1341 Savanakhet 12. 13. 13 Aug 8.85 Below alarm level 1381 Khong Chiam 16. 16.2 4 Sep 11.17 Below alarm level 1391 Pakse 11. 12. 4 Sep 9.4 Below alarm level 1451 Stung Treng 1.7 12. 5 Sep 9 Below alarm level 1491 Kratie 22. 23. 6 Sep 19.55 Below alarm level 1983 Kompong Cham 15.2 16.2 7 Sep 13.46 Below alarm level 211 Phnom Penh Port 9.5 11. 29 Sep 7.7 Below alarm level Phnom Penh 3341 1.5 12. Bassac 29 Sep 8.56 Below alarm level 3342 Koh Khel 7.4 7.9 17 Sep 6.94 Below alarm level 1986 Neak Luong 7.5 8. 1 Oct 6.12 Below alarm level 212 Prek Dam 9.5 1. 1 Oct 7.76 Below alarm level 1983 Tan Chau 3.5 4.5 13 Oct 3.19 Below alarm level 3981 Chau Doc 3. 4. 13 Oct 2.86 Below alarm level (Alarm level, flood level are defined by the national line agency) The main hydrological situations along the Mekong River are presented in more detail below: For stations from Chiang Saen to Vientiane/Nong Khai During the 212 flood season, water levels at stations Chiang Sean, Luang Prabang, Chiang Khan, Vientiane/Nong Khai were most of the time below the long term average (LTA), except for some periods in July and August that rose up above LTA. There were two flood events with amplitudes over 2 meters which occurred at those stations (see more detail in Annex A, Part 3, Table A2). Influences of VICENTE in July and later TEMBIN and BOLAVEN in August, resulted in moderate to heavy rainfall in this upper reach of LMB. Some recorded of two month rainfalls (July and August) were over 3mm, such as at Cheang Saen (568.7mm), at Luang Page 8

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 prabang (498mm), at Vientiane (371.1mm) and Nong Khai (45.4mm). Therefore during mid July to August, the rising water level occurred at all stations from Chiang Saen to Vientiane/ Nong Khai and reached the 212 flood peak during this period (see Table 1 1 for details). It should be noted that flood amplitudes for the stations Chiang Sean to Vientiane/Nong Khai were over 4m (Annex A, Part 3, Table A2). Figure 1 12 shows quick rising of water levels at stations: Xieng Kok and Chiang Saen during 26 th 29 th July 212 with amplitudes of 4.67m and 7.38m, respectively. Xieng Kok is an upstream station of Chiang Saen, located on the mainstream of Mekong river at the border of Lao PDR and Myanmar. 12 11 1 9 8 H_Chiang Saen H_Xieng Kok ΔH Xieng Kok = 7.38m H (m) 7 6 5 4 ΔH Chiang Saen = 4.67m 3 2 Figure 1 12 22-Jul 23-Jul 24-Jul 25-Jul 26-Jul 27-Jul 28-Jul 29-Jul 3-Jul Time (days) Quick rising of water levels at stations: Xieng Kok and Chiang Saen during 26th 29th July 212. Water levels at Luang Prabang rose 4.62m during 26 th 29 th July 212 and other upstream stations such as Chiang Khong, Pak Beng were also rose sharply; particularly at Pak Beng with the amplitude of 11.86m during 26 th 29 th July 212. The hydrograph at those stations was shown in Figure 1 13. From September to the end of season, influence of low pressures as well as ITCZ across upper Lao PDR, Northern Thailand, Viet Nam and Myanmar did not affect much in this region, no flood amplitudes over 2m had happened (Annex A, Part 3, Table A2). Page 9

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 22 18 H_Luang Prabang H_Chiang Khong H_Pak Beng H_Muong Ngoy ΔH Pak Beng = 11.36m H (m) 14 1 ΔH Luang Prabang = 4.62m 6 ΔH Muong Ngoy = 6.89m ΔH Chiang Khong = 5.82m 2 Figure 1 13 22-Jul 23-Jul 24-Jul 25-Jul 26-Jul 27-Jul 28-Jul 29-Jul 3-Jul Time (days) Water level rising at stations: Pak Beng, Chiang Khong, Muong Ngoy and Luang Prabang during 26th 29th July 212. For stations from Paksane to Pakse During the 212 flood season, water levels from Paksane to Pakse were most of the time below the long term average (LTA), except for some periods in July and August that rose up above or about LTA. There was one flood event with amplitudes over 2.5 meters which occurred at those stations (see more detail in Annex A, Part 3, Table A3). The same influences of VICENTE in July and later TEMBIN and BOLAVEN in August, resulted in moderate to heavy rainfall in this middle reach of LMB. Some recorded of two month rainfalls were over 3mm, such as at Paksane (119.7mm), at Nakhon Phnom (967.5mm), at Thakhek (856.2mm), at Mukdahan (342mm), at Savannakhet (418.2mm), at Khong Chiam (81.3mm) and at Pakse (55.7mm). Therefore during mid July to August, the rising water level occurred at all stations from Paksane to Savannakhet and reached the 212 flood peak during August; only Khong Chiam and Pakse had reached flood peak a bit later at the beginning of September (see Table 1 1). It should be noted that flood amplitudes for the stations Paksane to Pakse were over 2.5m (Annex A, Part 3, Table A3). Figure 1 14 shown waters level rising at stations: Vientiane, Nong Khai and Paksane during 26 th 29 th July 212. From September to the end of season, influence of low pressures as well as ITCZ across upper Lao PDR, Northern Thailand, Viet Nam and Myanmar did not affect much in this reach, no flood amplitudes over 2m had happened (Annex A, Part 3, Table A3). Page 1

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 12 11 1 9 8 H_Vie ntiane H_Nong Khai H_Paksane ΔH Paksane = 2.99m H (m) 7 6 5 4 3 2 ΔH Nong Khai = 4.66m ΔH Vientiane = 4.35m 22-Jul 23-Jul 24-Jul 25-Jul 26-Jul 27-Jul 28-Jul 29-Jul 3-Jul Time (days) Figure 1 14 Water levels rising at stations: Vientiane, Nong Khai and Paksane during 26th 29th July 212. For stations from Stung Treng to Kompong Cham During the 212 flood season, water levels from Stung Treng to Kompong Cham started above the long term average (LTA) and continue to rise up above LTA till end of September, then fall below LTA. The same influences of VICENTE in July and later TEMBIN and BOLAVEN in August, resulted in moderate to heavy rainfall in this lower reach of LMB. Some recorded of two month rainfalls were over 5mm, such as at Stung treng (733mm), at Kratie (715.8mm) and at Kompong Cham (52.1mm). As a result of flood water from the upper and middle reaches of LMB together with heavy rainfall, the rising water level occurred at all stations from Stung Treng to Kompong Cham and reached the 212 flood peak in early September and their flood amplitudes were over 2 meters at Stung Treng and over 3 meters at Kratie and Kompong Cham (see more detail in Annex A, Part 3, Table A4).. From September to the end of season, water levels were more or less stable and finally recessed at the end. No flood amplitudes over 2m had happened (Annex A, Part 3, Table A4). For stations from Phnom Penh to Koh Khel/Neak Luong During the 212 flood season, water levels from Phnom Penh to Koh Khel/Neak Luong were most of the time below the long term average (LTA), except for some periods in July and August that rose up about LTA. The same influences of VICENTE in July and later TEMBIN and BOLAVEN in August, resulted in moderate rainfall in this reach of LMB. Some recorded of two month rainfalls were over 1mm, such as at Phnom Penh (Bassac Chaktomuk) (279.5mm), at Koh Khel (226.7mm), at Neak Luong (46.9mm) and at Prek Kdam (165.9mm). As a result of flood water from the Page 11

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 upper and middle reaches of LMB together with local rainfall, the rising water level occurred at all stations from Phnom Penh to Koh Khel/Neak Luong and reached the 212 flood peak in end of September and early October (see Table 1 1). It should be noted that flood amplitudes for the stations Phnom Penh to Koh Khel/Neak Luong were over 1m in August (Annex A, Part 3, Table A5). From September to the end of season, water levels were more or less stable and finally recessed at the end. No flood amplitudes over 1m had happened (Annex A, Part 3, Table A5). Tan Chau and Chau Doc During the flood season 212 stations recorded water levels that most of the time remained below the long term average, except in the first half of July when flood water from the upper and middle reaches of LMB had arrived together with local rainfall that water levels of these two stations rose above LTA. From August to the end of flood season, water levels of these stations rose steadily with average intensity of.1.15m/day levels and then recessed at the end. No flood amplitudes over 1m had happened (see more detail in Annex A, Part 3, Table A6). Page 12

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 2. Flood Forecast in 212 2.1 Data collection for models and flood forecast bulletin dissemination Daily data collection consisted of hydrological and meteorological data (observed water level and rainfall) by HydMet from Line Agencies, Satellite Rainfall Estimate (SRE) and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) obtained from NOAA which served as inputs for the Mekong Flood Forecasting System (FFS). The performance indicators are shown in the Tables and graphs of the forecast achievement, Annex B (Table B3, Figure B2 to Figure B4). The results of the evaluation show that the data from most of LAs normally arrived before 9 AM (Annex B, Table B3 and Figure B2). The manual data collected by HydMet was checked by LAs; hence, the quality of data is in general terms fairly good. However, there are a number of unavoidable problems in data transmission such as the late transfer of data, errors and especially missing data during five months of this flood season (see more detail in Table B3 and graphs in Performance, Annex B). Satellite Rainfall Estimation and Numerical Weather Prediction inputs for the URBS/FEWS, were the most important factors to determine forecast results. Following the investigations and comments of the forecaster in charge in the weekly reports throughout the 212 flood season, it is found that the high variability in both SRE and NWP was one of the main reasons which lead to large errors of forecast results, especially when the weather patterns caused heavy rain as tropical storms, south west monsoon and ITCZ. Performance indicators of bulletin delivery (Annex B, Table B3 and Figure B4) shows that the flood bulletins containing flood situation information were disseminated timely to the registered national Line Agencies, MRC website, and other interested users around 1h3 AM, which is a prescribed time in the Operational Manual. It can be seen that the time of flood forecasting bulletin delivery in the first three months of the flood season was a bit later than 1h3. This was due to two main factors: The late transfer and incomplete of data from LA s usually occurred during flood season. The low water level together with significant tidal effect in the downstream of the LMB, which resulted in difficulties for forecaster in charge in analysing and adjusting forecast results and which consequently lead to the late bulletin dissemination. During the 212 flood season, the data of some stations was sometimes not updated by national Line Agency for 2 to 3 continuing days, and in case data were missing over 2 3 days it was not possible to provide a forecast at those stations. Figure B5 in Annex B shows that during the 212 flood season there was one station without forecasts in July. 2.2 Accuracy and limitations in forecasting During the 212 flood season, the degree of accuracy varies from station to station. The shorter the lead time, the more accurate of the forecast (see Annex B, Table B1). The Page 13

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 evaluation of forecast achievement is presented in Table B2 by indicating the % of days successful against a respective benchmark. In general, the forecast errors for all lead time show decreasing trend from upper to lower reaches, except Luang Prabang, those stations in middle reach and Kratie where the accuracy for 2 3 day forecasts lead time was less than expected, if following the benchmarks of success. Based on the weekly flood situation reports, the large errors on 2 3 day forecasts at three those stations mainly occur during the first two months of flood season when tropical storms were active in the areas. Through forecast performances at other stations in the lower reach of Mekong River, it can be seen that the use of a regression model is quite promising. Downstream stations start from Phnom Penh Bassac to Chau Doc, show average errors for 1 day and 2 day forecasts smaller than.3m and.1m respectively; while average errors for 3 day to 5 day forecasts are smaller than.2m at stations from Koh Khel to Tan Chau. Based on investigations and forecasting experiences of the RFMMC, the main factors that influenced forecast accuracy can be summarized as below: 1. Internal model functionality in forecasting at tidal affected stations in downstream: The forecast performances by mean absolute error in using original forecast results from both regression and ISIS models were presented in Figure 2 1 and Figure 2 2 respectively. It is easily realized that the average error results by URBS and Regression for 3 day to 4 day forecasts at Tan Chau and Chau Doc were over.1m; and for 5 day were around.25m. It didn t achieve the benchmarks of success at those two stations for 3 day to 4 day forecasts, as is shown in Table B2, Annex B. Flood Forecasted Performance_Regression_SRE Absolute Difference cm 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 1 day 2 day 3 day 4 day 5 day Chiang Saen Luang Chiang Khan Vientiane Nongkhai Paksane Nakhon Thakhek Mukdahan Savannakhet Khong Chiam Pakse Stung Treng Kratie Kompong PP (Bassac) PP Port Koh Khel Neak Luong Prek Kdam Tan Chau Chau Doc Figure 2 1 Forecast performance based on original results by URBS and Regression. Page 14

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Flood Forecasted Performance_ISIS_SRE Absolute Difference cm 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 1 day 2 day 3 day 4 day 5 day Chiang Saen Luang Chiang Khan Vientiane Nongkhai Paksane Nakhon Thakhek Mukdahan Savannakhet Khong Chiam Pakse Stung Treng Kratie Kompong PP (Bassac) PP Port Koh Khel Neak Luong Prek Kdam Tan Chau Chau Doc Figure 2 2 Forecast performance based on original results by URBS and ISIS. 2. The high variability of satellite rainfall estimate (SRE) and Numerical Weather Prediction (MWP): SRE rainfall is used, as the NWP model provided a 7 day GFS rainfall forecast. Throughout the 212 flood season, the output for the URBS model, as can be seen from the results of daily forecast, is really sensitive to both SRE and NWP. SRE can be either under or overestimated if compared with the observed rainfall. NWP can provide high variable rainfall forecast leading to high variation of forecast results, especially at stations in the upper and middle reaches when critical weather patterns occur such as tropical storms DOKSURI and VICENTE. Based on weekly investigation of the forecasting team, the original forecast results calculated from the model caused relatively large errors compared with observations. This is a practical difficulty for forecaster in charge in forecast adjustment. 3. The quality and accuracy of forecast is also determined by the quality of forecast adjustment, which is usually performed by forecaster in charge so their knowledge, expertise and experiences are also the prominent determinant of the final forecast result. 2.3 Lesson learned and actions to be taken The following lessons have been drawn from the 212 flood season, which can serve as the main factors that need to be taken into account by the flood forecasting team of the RFMMC in improving the forecast results: 1. The availability and quality of both hydrological and meteorological (rainfall) data as inputs for models are always the highest priority because these are the deciding factors for forecast results and accuracy. The corrected SRE had been used in the forecast but its quality depended very much on observed rainfall data that contained lots of missing data (see Annex B; Table B3) 2. The data from stations in the upstream of the Mekong River system in China is very important for analysing and forecasting in the LMB, not only during the flood season but also during the dry season. Hydrological and meteorological data from Page 15

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 stations belonging to China need as much and as often as possible to be shared during dry season of 212 213. 3. Strengthening the relationship and cooperation with Line Agencies in exchanging and collecting observed water level and rainfall data at stations on the Mekong mainstream in order to collect daily data on time and to minimize the missing and incorrect data. 4. Improving model calibration by updating the rating curves and other parameters at stations in the MRC s member countries to be supported by LAs. 5. The forecaster in charge needs to have more understanding of sub basin characteristics, flow regime of left bank tributaries in the middle part of the LMB where frequently intensive rainfall and flooding occurs as well as more understanding of influences of tidal regime to the downstream of the LMB. Aside from above mentioned lessons in order to improve the accuracy of flood forecasting for next flood season 212, a number of additional actions need to be undertaken as follows: 6. Performance of the ISIS model in the Cambodian Floodplain and the Mekong Delta should be compared with that of the Regression Model during the 212 flood season. It is found that the discharges generated in ISIS are not consistent with the observed water levels. It is recommended to replace the old version in the MRC Mekong Flood Forecast System with the latest version of ISIS. 7. Continue to efficiently use water level and rainfall of the existing two stations: Jinhong and Manan of China. Analyse the impact of water release from dams to the water levels at Jinhong and to water level changes at stations in the upper part, such as at Chiang Saen and Luang Prabang, especially during transitional period between dry and wet season. 8. Watch closely situations of the sudden increasing water levels of left bank tributaries in the middle part of the LMB, such as Sre Pok River at Lumphat, Se Kong River at Vuen Khen, Se Bang Fai River at Mahaxai, when the weather patterns would inflict intensive rainfall such as Typhoon or Tropical Depression occurrences in South China Sea, the creations of low pressure trough line and Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and sometimes the critical activity of South West monsoon. 9. Through the 212 flood season, forecast results of water levels at stations in downstream of the LMB by using Regression model were evaluated as fairly good, however the error for 2 day to 3 day forecasts at hydrological stations affected by tidal from Neak Luong to Tan Chau/Chau Doc are quite high, based on benchmarks of success (Annex B, Table B2). Therefore, additional reference of tidal regime forecast documentation in 212 provided by National Centre for Hydrometeorology of Viet Nam can be referred to in improving the accuracy at those stations. 1. Learn more about the weather products of rainfall forecast published on the websites of the World Meteorological Organization and their practical applications. 11. Study the possibility of having 2 nd run of daily flood forecast and medium term forecast (6 1 days) data availability and other requirements of the system by having further evaluation of the system s performance by using historically similar rainfall patterns. Page 16

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 For more details see the following Annex: Annex A; - Graphs and Tables for monthly observed rainfall distribution during flood season 212 - Graphs for monthly rainfall in flood season from 2 to 212 and long term average along the Mekong River - Tables of flood event characteristics along the Mekong River during flood season 212 Annex B: - Graph for accuracy - Table of forecast achievement - Tables and graphs for performance Annex C: - Seasonal Water Level Graphs Page 17

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Annex A Graphics and Tables 1. Graphs and Tables for monthly observed rainfall distribution during flood season 212 Table A1 Monthly observed rainfall in flood season 212 Unit in mm Jinghong Chiang Saen Luang Prabang Chiang Khan Vientiane Nong Khai Paksane Thakhek Nakhon Phanom Mukdahan Savannakhet Khong Chiam Pakse Stung Treng Kratie Kompong Cham Phnom Penh Port Bassac Chaktom uk Neak Luong Tan Chau Chau Doc 212 June 17. 64.9 147.5 157.6 69.8 87.7 164.4 173.7 136.3 145.6 17.8 164.6 128. 137.4 333.3 184. 1.5 67.1 2.8 16.8 July 318. 115.3 238. 223.9 12.1 141.4 29.8 218.2 181. 183.5 15. 27.5 166.4 178.3 426.1 265.9 157.4 16.5 41.4 33.5 August 265.8 182.6 398.8 367.2 272.4 38.7 359.4 328.8 295.5 287. 25.8 315.2 259.3 241.5 534.5 358.1 216.2 15.3 64.5 5. N o D ata Septeber 194. 142.8 34.9 299.8 21.7 24.6 292.2 267. 233.2 226. 193.2 274.2 225.9 23.9 54.4 378.6 248.6 176.4 86. 7.6 October 4. 124.7 249.8 248.6 146.5 167.9 27.6 175. 137.7 132. 97.9 159.3 119.8 158.3 411. 289.9 233.6 169.6 88.8 8. Season 798.8 63.2 1,338.9 1,297.2 819.5 946.2 1,233.4 1,162.7 983.7 974.1 799.7 1,12.7 899.4 946.4 2,245.2 1,476.5 956.3 669.9 31.6 25.9 (*) Observed data for Jinhong from 15 th June to 15 th October Page 19

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 5 4 3 2 1 58. Jinghong 36. 182.8 124. 23. 5 4 3 2 1 243.8 Chiang Saen 449.7 311.4 293.1 78.5 5 4 3 2 1 154.4 Luang Prabang 41.6 278.4 145.6 55. 5 4 3 2 1 97.2 Chiang Khan 455. 289.5 43.7 213.9 Monthly Rainfall (mm) June July Aug. Sep. Oct. M onthly R ainfall (m m ) June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Monthly Rainfall (mm) June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Monthly Rainfall (mm) June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Figure A1 Monthly rainfall distribution for Jinghong, Chiang Saen, Luang Prabang and Chiang Khan. Page 2

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 1 8 6 4 2 262.5 Vientiane 669.7 198.2 199.9 71.6 1 8 6 4 2 Nongkhai 659. 21.4 213.5 32.1 45.4 1 8 6 4 2 573.5 Paksane 736.8 619.2 613.9 125.7 1 8 6 4 2 175.1 Nakhon Phanom 513. 411.2 219.5 189.7 Monthly Rainfall (mm) June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Monthly Rainfall (mm) June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Monthly Rainfall (mm) June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Monthly Rainfall (mm) June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Figure A2 Monthly rainfall distribution for Chiang Khan, Vientiane, Nong Khai, Paksane and Nakhon Phanom. Page 21

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 ` Thakhek 1 8 6 4 2 524. 386.3 167.5 23.2 22.9 1 8 6 4 2 197.9 Mukdahan 641.9 113.5 29.8 215.7 1 8 6 4 2 215.6 Savannakhet 57.9 158. 166.7 194.6 5 4 3 2 1 211.6 Khong Chiam 38.2 229.6 222.6 179.6 June July Aug. M onthly Rainfall (m m ) Sep. Oct. M onthly R ainfall (m m ) June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Monthly Rainfall (mm) June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Monthly Rainfall (mm) June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Figure A3 Monthly rainfall distribution for Thakhek, Mukdahan, Savannakhet and Khong Chiam. Page 22

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 5 4 3 2 1 164.7 182.8 Pakse 458.2 29.7 167.4 5 4 3 2 1 99.2 Stung Treng 233.4 173.4 121.8 25.4 5 4 3 2 1 167.4 185.2 Kratie 323.9 214. 23.2 5 4 3 2 1 316.2 Kompong Cham 236.5 159.3 137.5 288.5 Monthly Rainfall (mm) June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Monthly Rainfall (mm) June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Monthly Rainfall (mm) June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Monthly Rainfall (mm) June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Figure A4 Monthly rainfall distribution for, Pakse, Stung Treng, Kratie and Kompong Chiam. Page 23

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 5 4 3 2 1 172.1 Phnom Penh (Bassac) 246.3 278.7 165.6 443.8 Phnom Penh Port Monthly Rainfall (mm) June July Aug. Sep. Oct. June July Aug. Sep. Oct. 5 No measurement 1 8 6 4 2 191.1 Koh Khel 19.1 135.5 183.9 552.5 5 4 3 2 1 98.2 Neak Luong 23.1 229. 163.9 357.8 Monthly Rainfall (mm) Monthly Rainfall (mm) June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Monthly Rainfall (mm) June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Figure A5 Monthly rainfall distribution for Phnom Penh (Bassac and Port), Koh Khel and Neak Luong. Page 24

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 5 4 3 2 1 176.7 Prek Kdam 173.7 73.1 122.5 425.6 5 4 3 2 1 174.7 Tan Chau 178. 113.2 269.8 332.8 5 4 3 2 1 13. Chau Doc 125.9 88.6 15.6 163.5 Monthly Rainfall (mm) June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Monthly Rainfall (mm) June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Monthly Rainfall (mm) June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Figure A6 Monthly rainfall distribution for Prek Kdam, Tan Chau and Chau Doc. Page 25

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 2. Graphs for monthly rainfall in flood season from 2 to 212 and long term average along the Mekong River Chiang Saen LuangPrabang Chiang khan 1 1 1 8 8 8 6 6 6 4 2 318.2 1.2 13 9.3 128.7 189.9 262.4 226.7 243.8 27. 17 8.1 118. 11.5 111.5 64.9 4 2 315.4 269.1 237.6 155.8155.6 28.4 237.6 78.118 5. 188. 154.4 215.3 14 7.5 18.1 73.3 4 2 21.5 275.419 8.6 263.5 223.7 186. 62.5 73.8 89. 13 3.4 157.616 7.4 97.2 29. 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Vientiane 1 Nong Khai PakSane 1 3 8 6 4 2 459. 384.8 346.6 288.3 286.9 338. 297. 255.2 17 7.5 15 1.3 11.3 262.512 3.5 69.8 8 6 4 2 374.1 361.8 287.3194.5 265.7 268.8 268.9 37.4 266.7 243.2 21.415 1.3 92.3 87.7 25 2 15 1 5 1 7 5.7 23.8164.4 1 8 6.6 119 9.3 714.5 821.4 699.9 514.8 584.7 367.4 573.5 646.6 288.6 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Thakhet 1 887.8 1 Nakon Phanom Mukdahan 1 8 6 4 2 672.9 698. 556.3 522. 482.5 414.3 336.2319.2 258.6 238.2 167.517 3.8 17 3.7 8 6 4 2 754. 638. 373. 49. 335. 33. 317. 18.7 226.1 13 4. 17 5.1 139.2136.3 No Data 387.8 31.8 272. 227.7 24.1 26.19 7.9 28.3 152.2 119.9 114. 117. 13 5.2 14 5.6 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 8 6 4 2 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Figure A7 Monthly rainfall in June for main stations along the Mekong River. Page 26

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Savannakhet Khong Chiam Pakse 1 1 1 8 6 4 2 447.5 292. 323. 2.1 18.2 27.2158.112 8.1 15 8.3 215.6 216.1 12 1.7 92.9 1 7.8 8 6 4 2 339.8 362.5 313.289.7294.2 333.1 235.1 196.9211.6 No Data 8 6 4 254.1 13 9.8 164.6 2 65.3 475.8 443.7 348.1 286.9 24.2 212.125.6 197. 164.7 259.8 11.7 128. 9.3 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Strung Treng Kratie 1 1 8 8 8 PhnomPenh Bassac 1 6 4 2 449.1 251.8 269.8 43. 35.8 218.6 9. 33.2 12 5. 47.8 99.2 135.6137.4169.7 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 6 4 2 No Data 225.8 356.2348.4 No 77. 112.3 72.6 96. 15.2 16 7.4 Data 335.7333.3 26.8 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 6 4 2 No Data 12 5. 13. 37.4 174. 28. 8. 279.6 74. 129.9172.1 1 6.4 1.5 117.5 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Neak Luong 1 Tan Chau 1 Chau Doc 1 8 8 8 6 6 6 4 4 4 2 No Data 18 7. 119.7 55. 128.7 193. 122. 158.29.8 82.9 98.2 68.8 67.1 12 4.2 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 No Data 99.1 39.5 45.3 11.2 137.133.2 26.3 12.7 6.4 174.7 21.8 2.8 77.9 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 68.2 91.9 92.4 117.6 189.3 117.1 112.7 24.9 14.4 No 1 3. Data 18.4 16.8 88.2 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Figure A7 (cont.) Page 27

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Chiang Saen LuangPrabang Chiang khan 1 1 1 8 8 8 6 242.9 35.6368.9 364. 4 39.8 311. 38.38.83 11.4 299.5 183.7 16 1.9 2 14 8.8 115. 3 6 393.1384.4 4 274.4 286.9 36.9 32.8 19 5.5 196.3 14.2 2.2241.4278.4 238. 259.7 2 6 4 289.5 313.8 223.9 2 11.3 123.4 15 1.8 95. 215.2234.813.3 116. 58.2 84. 93.6 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Vientiane 1 Nong Khai PakSane 1 3 8 6 4 2 439.9 35.4 366. 314.2 276.6 2 11.3 237.1 23.3 198.2 218.9 25.4 13.1 18.1 12.1 8 6 4 2 31.8 214.6 244.6244.619 24.1253.5 25.1257.6 255.7 8.2 213.5 223.5 15.2 14 1. 4 25 2 15 112.4 1112. 3 126.4 1 633.4 718.278.2 715.8677.9 737.8 691.7 675.9 5 619.2326.7 29.8 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Thakhet Nakon Phanom 1 1 Mukdahan 1 8 729.4 736.4747.6 766. 756. 8 8 6 4 2 57. 549. 583. 59.4 47.6 417.3 386.3 319.4 291. 313.8 218.2 6 4 2 542. 585.569.2 482. 56. 411.2 445.4 28.6 242.235. 233.7 18 1. 6 4 2 583.7 519.3 439.2 45. 325.1 276.4 276.7 225.9 28.8 223. 128.7 159.8113 18 3.5.5 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Figure A8 Monthly rainfall in July for main stations along the Mekong River. Page 28

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Savannakhet Khong Chiam Pakse 1 1 1 8 6 4 2 595.4 481.9 491.3 372.9 24.6 271.5 251.2 271.9 219.1211. 15 5.6 15 6.115 8. 15. 8 6 4 2 558.9 54.2 454.1 336.4 358.6 31.8 283.3 185.6 No Data 8 6 31.5 33. 4 229.6 27.5 2 728.7 623.8 468.8 398.748.4 399.9 352.4 379.8 222.7 18 2.8 246.9 166.4 113. 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 846.3 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Strung Treng Kratie 1 1 PhnomPenh Bassac 1 8 8 8 6 4 2 269. 34.8 273.7294. 175.3 236.5 517.9 68.1 111. 149.117 3.4 228.4 17 8.3 229.2 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 6 4 2 2. 1 3.6 28.3 14 7.5 375. No Data 54.4 18 2.5 14 2. 371.6 18 5.2 515.7 426.1 242.7 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 6 4 2 12 5. 13. 32. 244. 14 2. 251. 27. 231.3 12 6. 71. 246.3 199.8157.4157.4 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Neak Luong 1 Tan Chau 1 Chau Doc 1 8 8 8 6 4 2 No Data 96. 97. 24.221.3 17 8.2 12 6. 15 8.1 77.5 88.8 16 3.9 13 4.9 1 6.5 14.7 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 6 4 2 No Data 46.4 71.1 366.9 27. 215.1 73.5 41.2 1.6 18. 113.255.3 41.4 13.5 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 6 4 2 1 9.3 98.1 67. 239.1 61. 24.2 112.7 35. 76.7 15 5.5 12 5.9 41. 33.5 12.5 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Figure A8 (cont.) Page 29

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Chiang Saen LuangPrabang Chiang khan 1 1 1 8 6 4 2 58. 416.5 455.3 374.9 31.3 268.5 34.383.8449.7 362.9 217. 226.7 168.4 182.6 8 6 395.7 414.41.6 398.8 4 233.9 258.9 313.6 322.4 337.5 362.7 316.3 266.3 233. 225. 2 8 6 4 2 521.1 455. 343.8 352.367.2 284. 14 5.7 119.4 166.4 215.4 248.7 77.6 113. 13.5 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Vientiane 1 8 6 8 669.7 6 411.2 417.4 4 34.5 3.9372.2368. 245.8 235.8 288.1 349.7 39.7 271.8272.4 2 Nong Khai PakSane 1 1 4 2 659. 476.3484.5 314.1 253.1 38.9 313.838.7327.3 267.7 19 2.1283.9294.3 15 8.7 826.9 771.8 8 669.2 695.4 671.3 6 4 2 856.1 736.8 666. 588.3 57. 367.5 388.9 359.4 268.6 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Thakhet Nakon Phanom Mukdahan 1 931.1 1 1 8 6 4 2 816.4 757.6 72.4 613.8 623.6 492.4 481.6 51. 524. 555.4 374.1 388.5 328.8 8 6 4 2 759. 672. 61. 629. 558. 518. 523. 513. 472. 494.6 377.8 355.9 295.5 15 6. 8 6 4 2 641.9 393. 414.9418.7279.6 39.335.2 365.6 274.7 287. 315.3 25.8 153.15.2 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Figure A9 Monthly rainfall in August for main stations along the Mekong River. Page 3

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Savannakhet Khong Chiam Pakse 1 1 1 8 6 4 2 389.3 447.7 57.9 333.7323.5 341.3 329.9 284.3 285.9289.8 25.8 32.5 12 9. 12.3 8 6 317.3 38.2427.9 426.2 315.2 4 2 74. 665.1 583.7 57.8 48.2 384.8 44. 291.6 25.624.6 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 458.2 429.4 355.5 259.3 211 212 8 6 4 2 843. 512.9 457.6422. 389.5 383.1 33.8 No Data 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 Strung Treng Kratie 1 1 PhnomPenh Bassac 1 8 6 4 2 36.9 454.6 219.8224. 437. 336. 283.9 389.2 328. 12.5 233.4 299.4 241.5 32.2 8 6 4 2 328. 262.8266.2229.1 18. No Data 253.5 47.9 326. 189.5 323.9 636.6 534.5 328.2 8 6 4 2 84. 13 4. 163.167. 211.26. 239. 278.8 12 5. 69.8 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 278.7278.5 216.218 8.5 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 Neak Luong 1 Tan Chau 1 Chau Doc 1 8 8 8 6 6 6 4 2 No Data 31. 134.114.12.8 69. 143.7 198.828.1 94.8 23.1 198.915.3 162.9 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 4 2 No Data 23. 126.713 1.6 13.6 93.2 155.3 75.4 142.9 16 2.2 178. 1 1.4 64.5 12 8.1 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 4 2 37.4 21.3 12 6.1 18 1.1 86.4 12 1.8 234.7 56.7 251.2 163.3 88.6 78.3 5. 15 1.9 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 Figure A9 (cont.) Page 31

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Chiang Saen LuangPrabang Chiang khan 1 1 1 8 8 8 6 4 2 496.3 272.1 177. 26.6 223.6 269.1321.8314. 275. 271. 17 7.4 293.116.9 142.8 6 4 2 363.8 34.9 234.4246.2 16 1.4 222.6 152.2 18 3.3 16 4.117 9. 19 1. 94. 12 2.8 14 5.6 6 4 2 57.5 43.7 38.6 277.3 29.8 322. 22.9 17 3.233. 16.6 13 2. 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 351.3 299.8274.4 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 Vientiane 1 8 6 4 2 372. 247.9 277.279.2297.2 237.6 257. 285. 275.5 137. 16 9.9 199.9 245.1 21.7 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Thakhet Nakon Phanom 1 1 Mukdahan 1 8 8 8 6 4 2 451.7 474.6457. 48. 46.1 351.1 289.8 267. 32.2 27.2 214. 221.323.2 7.2 6 4 2 495. 39. 324.6 348. 321.1 256.1 29. 233. 233.2 261.5 214.5219.5 1 9. 47. 6 4 2 265.2 329.2 289. 341.4 323.2 28.5 234. 265. 68. 97.729.8 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 318.9 226.242.8 212 Nong Khai PakSane 1 1 8 6 4 2 528.7 491.4 382.5 263.2 299.3 26.527.6 243.3 32.1314.824.6 287.1 187.6 82.6 688.3 613.9 573.6569.2 533.6 457.5 376.4 295.2 284.6 37.9 221.1 419.1 372.5 292.2 212 8 6 4 2 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 Figure A1 Monthly rainfall in September for main stations along the Mekong River. Page 32

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Savannakhet Pakse 1 1 8 8 6 4 2 267. 315.2 225.1 272.9 332.5 27. 13.8 19 1. 246. 284.8 16 6.7 19 3.2 226.9 13 2.1 6 4 2 498.7 374.1 388.4 333.4 283. 292.5 232.5 235.2 245.425.624.6 29.7 225.9 16 8. 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Strung Treng Kratie 1 1 8 6 4 2 281.5 247.1257.5 334.5 24.4 32.9327.9 232. 284.38.8 12 1.8 296.4 23.9 265.2 8 6 4 2 182.16.2 42. 27.9 319. No Data 14.6 241. 326. 442.6 214. 634.3 54.4 322.8 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 1 8 6 4 2 Khong Chiam 611.3 556.5 491.6 41.9 419.6 413.4 399.9 384.6 262. 274.2 23.5 222.6 No Data 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 1 8 6 4 2 PhnomPenh Bassac 73. 23.6 17. 86.7 256.3244. 298.339.367.4 16 5.6299.3 248.6 231.5 No Data 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Neak Luong 1 Tan Chau 1 8 8 6 6 4 2 No Data 18 5. 15 7. 145. 238.8236.5 16 2. 113. 24.214.3229.218.8 17 6.4 186.8 4 2 No Data 136.3 17 5.7 13 2.3 217.23.4 34.5 9.8 294. 12 8.8 269.8 12 2.8 86. 18.1 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 1 8 6 4 2 Chau Doc 364.3 15 6.3 13 1.6 86.7 93.9 236.3 29.214 4.8 74.2 97. 15.6 14.8 7.6 14 3.5 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Figure A1 (cont.) Page 33

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Chiang Saen LuangPrabang Chiang khan 1 1 1 8 8 8 6 6 6 4 2 4 198.1 1 6. 114.3 12 7.4 13 9. 15. 25. 267.1249.8 19 2.3 117.1 12 4.7 16 5.5 119.5 2 6.1 8.5 78.5 116. 12 2.5 17. 71. 83. 112.8 1.8 35. 18.6 49.8 55. 4 237. 26. 213.9 272.1 248.6 2 61. 155.4 129. 125.6 77.9 3.6 4.5 2.2 1.8 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Vientiane 1 Nong Khai PakSane 1 1 8 8 8 6 6 6 4 2 312.2 59. 8.9 13 3.6 18 5.7 13 8. 12 2. 14 6.5 84.4 111.6 41.6 71.6 28.9 4 217.7 63.2 98.2 15 7.1145.6146.4 167.9 2 74.4 91.9 93.7 36. 49.5 45.4. 4 2 285. 19 1.9 27.6 71.9 12 7.1 12 2.3 15 5.4 125.7 11.7 55. 16.8 48.9. 7.8 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Thakhet Nakon Phanom 1 1 Mukdahan 1 8 8 8 6 6 6 4 2 328. 277.8 232.5 22.9 17 5. 116.2 59.7 27.9 52.8 82. 55.4 1. 13.8 5. 4 227. 22. 18 9.7 243.2 2 137.712 2.9 83. 71. 54. 4. 17.7 4 2 272. 94.1215.7242.5 16 8. 4.4 7.5 61.9 12. 13 2. 113.1 14. 29.5 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Figure A11 Monthly rainfall in October for main stations along the Mekong River. Page 34

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Savannakhet Khong Chiam Pakse 1 1 1 8 8 6 6 4 2 336. 194.6 15 7.5 22.1 28.5 85.9 97. 78.2 97.9 15.3 27.4 5.2 2.2 326.5 4 257.5 289. 179.6 159.3 165.8157.6176.7 114.6 2 51.2 85. 77.3 33.1.3 18.2 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 268.6 167.4 119.8 134.7 211 212 8 6 4 2 139.8152.7 79.2 17.3.5 17.6 27. No Data 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 Strung Treng Kratie 1 1 PhnomPenh Bassac 1 8 6 4 25.4259. 19 4.4 15.153.2 18.8198. 13.3 14.8 158.3 16 1. 5 2 57.9 64.8 8 6 4 2 597.5 37.6 432.4 42.6 411. 39. 236.153.155.2 225.6 251.7 13 3.3 69.9 91. 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 8 6 4 2 354. 385.1 272. 164. 183. 15 1. 6 443.6 328.3 233.6 279.5 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 Neak Luong 1 Tan Chau 1 1 Chau Doc 8 8 8 6 4 2 345. 317. 349.9 39.9 323.7 357.8 14. 158. 177.5 24.9 255.1 17 2. 169.6 6 4 2 424. 452.3 292.7 269.9 34.4 233.4 267. 262. 214.7 119.1 332.814 4.6 88.8 6 4 2 457.1 34.9 295.9 249.9 251.6375. 239.2 88.5 1 1.7 8.8 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 No Data 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 No Data 163.5 129.5 8. 22.5 211 212 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 Figure A11 (cont.) Page 35

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 3. Tables of flood event characteristics along the Mekong River during flood season 212 Table A2 The characteristics of flood events for station from Chiang Saen to Vientiane/Nong Khai Beginning of Flood Even Peak of flood event Rising Flood Intensity of Flood Rising ID Station Time Amplitude Interval of Imax Imax Iaverage Comment Date Hb (m) Date Hp (m) Tp (day) (m) (Date) (m/day) (m/day) 151 Chiang Saen 24-Jul 3.24 29-Jul 7.91 5 4.67 26-Jul - 27-Jul 1.54.93 TS-VICENTE 19-Aug 5.52 21-Aug 7.83 2 2.31 2-Aug - 21-Aug 1.21 1.16 TY-TEMBIN, TY-BOLAVEN 1121 Luang Prabang 26-Jul 9.23 1-Aug 15.22 6 5.99 26-Jul - 27-Jul 1.54 1. TS-VICENTE 18-Aug 11.96 23-Aug 15.25 5 3.29 2-Aug - 21-Aug 1.21.66 TY-TEMBIN, TY-BOLAVEN 1193 Chiang Khan 21-Jul 6.62 2-Aug 13.28 12 6.66 28-Jul - 29-Jul 1.17.56 TS-VICENTE 16-Aug 1.55 24-Aug 13.27 8 2.72 2-Aug - 21-Aug.65.34 TY-TEMBIN, TY-BOLAVEN 1191 Vientiane 28-Jul 5.6 3-Aug 9.97 6 4.37 28-Jul - 29-Jul 1.3.73 TS-VICENTE 2-Aug 8.5 25-Aug 1.28 5 2.23 2-Aug - 21-Aug.81.45 TY-TEMBIN, TY-BOLAVEN 121 Nong Khai 28-Jul 6.52 4-Aug 11.66 7 5.14 29-Jul - 3-Jul 1.12.73 TS-VICENTE 2-Aug 9.14 25-Aug 11.24 5 2.1 2-Aug - 21-Aug.66.42 TY-TEMBIN, TY-BOLAVEN Page 36

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Table A3 The characteristics of flood events for stations from Paksane to Pakse Beginning of Flood Even Peak of flood event Rising Flood Intensity of Flood Rising ID Station Time Amplitude Interval of Imax Imax Iaverage Comment Date Hb (m) Date Hp (m) Tp (day) (m) (Date) (m/day) (m/day) 1273 Paksane 29-Jul 8.25 3-Aug 12.4 5 3.79 3-Jul - 31-Jul 1.25.76 TS-VICENTE 21-Aug 11.16 27-Aug 12.25 6 1.9 25-Aug - 26-Aug.3.18 TY-TEMBIN, TY-BOLAVEN 1311 Nakhon Phanom 3-Jul 6.34 4-Aug 9.78 5 3.44 31-Jul - 1-Aug 1.87.69 TS-VICENTE 23-Aug 9.18 28-Aug 9.85 5.67 26-Aug - 27-Aug.29.13 TY-TEMBIN, TY-BOLAVEN 1312 Thakhek 3-Jul 7.5 4-Aug 1.9 5 3.4 31-Jul - 1-Aug 1.59.68 TS-VICENTE 24-Aug 1.23 28-Aug 1.93 4.7 26-Aug - 27-Aug.26.18 TY-TEMBIN, TY-BOLAVEN 1342 Mukdahan 3-Jul 6.19 5-Aug 9.68 6 3.49 31-Jul - 1-Aug 1.45.58 TS-VICENTE 24-Aug 8.82 28-Aug 9.56 4.74 26-Aug - 27-Aug.22.19 TY-TEMBIN, TY-BOLAVEN 1341 Savannakhet 1-Aug 5.6 5-Aug 8.56 4 2.96 1-Aug - 2-Aug 2.3.74 TS-VICENTE 24-Aug 7.72 28-Aug 8.41 4.69 26-Aug - 27-Aug.21.17 TY-TEMBIN, TY-BOLAVEN 1381 Khong Chiam 31-Jul 7.2 5-Aug 1.85 5 3.65 1-Aug - 2-Aug 1.41.73 TS-VICENTE 24-Aug 9.7 3-Aug 1.97 6 1.27 27-Aug - 28-Aug.4.21 TY-TEMBIN, TY-BOLAVEN 1391 Pakse 1-Aug 6.21 5-Aug 9.1 4 2.8 2-Aug - 3-Aug 1.29.7 TS-VICENTE 25-Aug 7.95 3-Aug 9.16 5 1.21 27-Aug - 28-Aug.36.24 TY-TEMBIN, TY-BOLAVEN Page 37

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Table A4 The characteristics of flood events for stations from Stung Treng to Kompong Cham Beginning of Flood Even Peak of flood event Rising Flood Intensity of Flood Rising ID Station Time Amplitude Interval of Imax Imax Iaverage Comment Date Hb (m) Date Hp (m) Tp (day) (m) (Date) (m/day) (m/day) 1451 Stung Treng 2-Aug 6.53 5-Aug 8.9 3 2.37 3-Aug - 4-Aug 1.19.79 TS-VICENTE 2-Sep 8.8 5-Sep 9. 3.92 3-Sep - 4-Sep.38.31 SW, ITCZ 1491 Kratie 3-Aug 15.27 6-Aug 18.64 3 3.37 3-Aug - 4-Aug 1.73 1.12 TS-VICENTE 2-Sep 18.31 6-Sep 19.55 4 1.24 3-Sep - 4-Sep.55.31 SW, ITCZ 1982 Kompong Cham 2-Aug 9.43 6-Aug 12.53 4 3.1 4-Aug - 5-Aug 1.46.78 TS-VICENTE 3-Sep 12.63 7-Sep 13.46 4.83 3-Sep - 4-Sep.3.21 SW, ITCZ Page 38

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Table A5 The characteristics of flood events for stations from Phnom Penh Bassac/Phnom Penh Port, Koh Khel/Neak Luong to Prek Kdam Beginning of Flood Even Peak of flood event Rising Flood Intensity of Flood Rising ID Station Time Amplitude Interval of Imax Imax Iaverage Comment Date Hb (m) Date Hp (m) Tp (day) (m) (Date) (m/day) (m/day) 3341 Bassac Chaktomuk 3-Aug 5.73 7-Aug 7.39 4 1.66 4-Aug - 5-Aug.79.42 TS-VICENTE 3-Sep 7.82 7-Sep 8.3 4.48 4-Sep - 5-Sep.18.12 SW, ITCZ 211 Phnom Penh Port 3-Aug 4.91 6-Aug 6.47 3 1.56 4-Aug - 5-Aug.75.52 TS-VICENTE 3-Sep 6.92 7-Sep 7.41 4.49 3-Sep - 4-Sep.14.12 SW, ITCZ 3342 Koh Khel 4-Aug 5.28 7-Aug 6.5 3 1.22 4-Aug - 5-Aug.64.41 TS-VICENTE 1986 Neak Luong 4-Aug 4.1 7-Aug 5.18 3 1.8 4-Aug - 5-Aug.62.36 TS-VICENTE 212 Prek Kdam 3-Aug 4.71 7-Aug 6.9 4 1.38 4-Aug - 5-Aug.62.35 TS-VICENTE Page 39

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Table A6 The characteristics of flood events for stations from Tan Chau and Chau Doc (**) Beginning of Flood Even Peak of flood event Rising Flood Intensity of Flood Rising ID Station Time Amplitude Interval of Imax Imax Iaverage Comment Date Hb (m) Date Hp (m) Tp (day) (m) (Date) (m/day) (m/day) 1983 Tan Chau 4-Aug 1.55 7-Aug 2.14 3.59 4-Aug - 5-Aug.27.2 TS-VICENTE 3981 Chau Doc 4-Aug 1.15 7-Aug 1.48 3.33 5-Aug - 6-Aug.2.11 TS-VICENTE (**) Water levels at Tan Chau and Chau Doc are influenced by tidal effect; the WL in the Table A6 were recorded at 7AM during 212 flood season. Page 4

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Annex B Accuracy and performance Accuracy Accuracy describes the accuracy of the adjusted and published forecast, based on the results of the MRC Mekong Flood Forecasting System, which are then adjusted by the Flood Forecaster in Charge taking into consideration known biases in input data and his/her knowledge of the response of the model system and the hydrology of the Mekong River Basin. The information is presented as a graph below, showing the average flood forecasting accuracy along the Mekong mainstream. The graph of average difference between forecast and actual water levels for the whole flood season from the 1 st June to the 31 st October shows the normal pattern. In general terms, the accuracy is good for all forecasts lead time at most stations along Mekong River, however the accuracy for 2 day to 3 day forecasts start from Chiang Saen to Neak luong. The detail analysis is presented in paragraph 2.2. Figure B1 Average flood forecast accuracy along the Mekong mainstream. Forecast Achievement The forecast achievement indicates the % of days that the forecast at a particular station for a lead time is successful against a respective benchmark (Table B2). Page 41

Seasonal Flood Situation Report for the Lower Mekong River Basin, 1 June 31 December 212 Table B1 Achievement of daily forecast against benchmarks Page 42