Bucking the Tide and Blazing New Trails at the Intersection of Crisis, Opportunity and Leadership Hal Salwasser
Vary by culture and time Dependence exploiter Dominance subdue Avoidance ahimsa Co dependence mutualist Conservator steward Transformer agent of change Ever changing
When crisis or opportunity exist, real or perceived Created by climate, technology, mutation, trial & error experience And leaders with the right stuff Are able to convince/coerce others to follow a new path Punctuated equilibrium in dynamic, complex systems
~ 1.9 million.4 million ybp First Homo to leave Africa, in Eurasia ~ 1.8 million ybp Pyro-hunter-gatherer-tool maker Primitive stone tools, fire, vocalization, rafts? Date of Fossil (years ago) Africa: East Turkana 1,800,000 1,600,000 West 1,500,000 Turkana Olduvai 1,300,000 700,000 Gorge Bouri 1,000,000 Swartkrans 1,800,000 1,500,000 Ternifine 700,000 500,000 Sale 400,000 Israel: Ubeidiya 1,600,000 1,400,000 Europe: Dmanisi 1,750,000 Atapuerca 1,200,000 Java: Modjokerto 1,800,000 Sangiran 1,800,000 1,600,000 Ancestor to H. heidelbergensis, H. neanderthalensis, H. sapiens (NRC 2010, others) Trinil 900,000? Ngandong 400,000 China: Yuanmou 1,700,000? Lantian 800,000 Zhoukoudian 750,000 450,000 Hexian 400,000
Evolved in Africa, spread Africa ~ 800,000 100,000y bp Pyro-hunter-gatherer-advanced tools Primitive language, religion?, bury dead, built shelters Ancestor to H. neanderthalensis, H. sapiens? Hunted megafauna, primitive wooden projectile spears Bodo d'ar 600,000 Broken Hill Israel 700,000 400,000? 400,000 250,000? Gesher Benot 790,000 Europe Arago Cave 450,000 Atapuerca Boxgrove 800,000 400,000 524,000 478,000 Ehringsdorf 245 190,000 Mauer 500,000 Petralona Cave Steinheim 400,000 250,000 400,000 300,000 Swanscombe 400,000 Vértesszöllös China 475,000 250,000 Dali 200,000 100,000 Jinniushan 280,000 (NRC 2010, others) Maba 169,000 129,000
~ 150,000 35,000 ybp NOT ancestral to H. sapiens Evolved in Eurasia, stayed there Cold adapted Sewing/clothes Pyro-hunter-gatherer-angler-sophisticated tools Landscape use of fire, complex shelters, hunted large mammals, jewelry, ritual defleshing/cannibalism?, language?, high frequency healed skeletal injuries similar to rodeo riders (NRC 2010, others)
~ 200,000 present < 10K ybp pyro-hunter-gathererangler Out of Africa Model East Africa: Date of Fossil (years ago) Herto, Middle Awash 160,000 154,000 Omo 1 195,000 Laetoli 120,000 South Africa: Border Cave 115,000 90,000 Klasies River Mouth 90,000 Israel: Skhul and Qafzeh 92,000 90,000 Australia: Lake Mungo 60,000 46,000 Asia: Ordos (Mongolia) 40,000 20,000? Liujiang (China) 139,000 111,000? Shellfishing, fine stone blades, grindstones, stone points, long distance exchange, fishing, bone tools, barbed points, etched items, microlithic blades, beads, images (NRC 2010, others) Zhoukoudian (China) Europe: Peştera cu Oase (Romania) Combe Capelle (France) Mladeč and Předmostí (Czech Republic) Cro Magnon (France) 27,000 36,000 34,000 35,000 30,000 35,000 25,000 27,000 23,000
Estimated arrival date of modern Homo sapiens in different parts of the world in relation to megafaunal extinctions, against the background of changes in global temperature through the Last Glacial cycle 1: NZ 2: Mdgscr 3: NE Siberia 4: NA 5: So Eur 6: Tasmania 7: Australia 2009 by The Royal Society (Johnson, C. Proc. R. Soc. B doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1921)
AND DON T FORGET LANDSCAPE FIRE! 10-12K ybp - present
Deforestation for smelter fuel ~ 5k YBP
Ecosystem transformer as hunter gatherer angler (+) Ecosystem transformer thru above plus fire (++) Ecosystem transformer through above plus cultivator domesticator (+++++) Ecosystem transformer through above plus growth in technology and population (++++++++++?)
Imgres2.htm
1800s destruction of wild places and wild life, accelerating post Civil War Weak, unenforced laws No sustainability ethic
William Henry Herbert Frank Forester 1807 1858 John Muir 1838 1914 George Perkins Marsh 1801 1882 Robert Barnwell Roosevelt 1829 1906 Charles Hallock 1834 1917 Gifford Pinchot 1865 1946
John James Audubon 1785 1851 Albert Bierstadt 1830 1902 Thomas Moran 1837 1926 Ralph Waldo Emerson 1803 1882 Henry David Thoreau 1817 1862 John Burroughs 1837 1921
Naturalist since Childhood Multiple Books on Hunting Founder of Boone and Crockett Club THE Conservation President 148 million acres forests reserved (National Forest System) 5 national parks 54 wildlife refuges 18 national monuments 7 national Conservation Conferences Conservation champion post presidency Roosevelt = Darwin (evolution) + Grinnell (ethical hunting) + Pinchot (utilitarian) + Burroughs (naturalist) + Muir (preservation)
Promote manly sport with rifle Promote travel and exploration in wild and unknown lands Work for preservation of wild animal life, especially big game Promote inquiry into and to record observations on the habits and natural history of various wild animals Encourage making results of sport available for study
Stop massive killing of wild animals for meat, hide and plume markets Protect wild places for wild things
Sect. William Hallett Phillips 1898 Rep. John Lacey 1841 1913 Sen. George G. Vest 1830 1904 Madison Grant 1865 1937 J. N. Ding Darling 1876 1962
1909-1920s 1930s-1940s
NEPA 1970 ESA 1973 NFMA 1976
Wild life protected from indiscriminant destruction Wild places protected, some for shared, sustainable and ethical resource uses to enhance well being Re wilding lands and waters Federal, state, tribal conservation laws and regulations Federal, state, tribal conservation agencies Conservation financing user pays Professional education, research, outreach capacity Strategic alliances between resource users, managers, land owners, equipment suppliers
1. Wildlife managed in public trust by states, feds 2. Commerce in dead wildlife illegal 3. Rule of law, democratically determined 4. Access to hunting open to all (right to bear arms) 5. Killing only for legitimate purposes 6. Wildlife as international resources 7. Science informed management (Mahony et al. 2008)
Fair Chase (human animal ethic) hunting as a conservation tool Land Ethic (human land ethic), responsibility to land User pays to shared financing Re wilding game to include top predators Partnerships and shared responsibility Shared, sustainable and ethical uses of natural resources (human human ethic/social justice)
Public attitudes about hunting and conservation ( ) Decline in hunting as a conservation tool ( ) Genetic manipulation for trophy game kills ( ) Commercialization of access (+/ ) Exclusive hunts for those who can pay highest price ( ) Habitat loss/fragmentation ( )
Adapt to societal and global change Bring conservation and environmental communities into common cause Strengthen conservation governance coordination Continue re wilding depleted landscapes Rebuild public veneration for ethical hunters as a voice for conservation (E.O. 13443)
Position hunting as a key tool in restoring ecological diversity and ecosystem resilience Help agriculture learn how to feed more people with less impact on wild life and wild places Discover how to develop domestic energy with minimal impact on wild life and wild places Learn practical means of landscape conservation across ownerships and jurisdictions
Assist wild life adapt to climate change by sustaining habitat diversity, productivity, resilience, and connectivity Use experiential conservation education and youth hunter/angler programs to connect people with nature and build support for shared, sustainable and ethical uses of natural resources Keep working on strengthening the framework of American conservation teamwork beyond AWCP?
Land & species conservation: federal, state, tribal, local, private Conservation laws & policies: federal, state, tribal, local Conservation agencies: federal, state, tribal, local Incentives to conserve lands, waters and wild life: public & private Societal conservation ethic: varies though Re wilding of public & private lands: incl. working lands, ongoing Conservation related sciences: academia, agencies, industry Conservation advocacy groups: transcendental to utilitarian Ever present challenges created by demographic, technological and economic change