Insert your logo here Change and Continuity in the Profile of Homeless People Registered in Madrid over the Past Decade (2006-2016) Pedro José Cabrera Universidad Pontificia Comillas de Madrid pcabrera@comillas.edu Manuel Muñoz Universidad Complutense de Madrid mmunozlo@ucm.es Mª Rosario H. Sánchez Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia msanchez@poli.uned.es
A decade tracking Homelessness in Madrid 8 census processes and surveys Year Date 2006 12/12/2006 2008 26/02/2008 2008 (*) 25/06/2008 2009 03/03/2009 2010 24/02/2010 2012 11/12/2012 2014 13/12/2014 2016 15/12/2016 (*) Counting made in Summer (June 2008)
A Collective and Citizen Research Sponsored by the Madrid City Council With the participation of: Forum of Organizations Working with Homeless People in Madrid Hundreds of volunteers Academics from three Universities
A Tested Methodology Tracking and counting homeless/roofless people sleeping in the streets Street teams (SAMUR and Volunteers from NGOs) City cleaning services Survey through a personal interview On the street Survey a through personal interview On the street In Collective Accommodation Centres (shelters, night centres) and lately, in Housing Projects
An Example: Some Figures AREA DELIMITATION THAT ONE OF THE PARTICIPANT TEAMS IN THE COUNTING HAS TO COVER. CENTRAL DISTRICT, ROYAL PALACE NEIGHBOURHOOD AREA
8 General Reports Results Several Methodological Reports Its data has been used in nearly a dozen of Doctoral Theses. Its methodology was largely incorporated into the National Surveys to Centres and Homeless People of INE Background and reference for other counts Other cities: Barcelona, Bilbao, Zaragoza, Sevilla, etc. Other Latin American countries: Chile, México, Argentina
Volunteers Thousands of mobilized people over this ten years Year Volunteers registered Volunteers that attended 2006/07 510 448 2008 457 365 2008 (*) 307 217 2009 629 490 2010 625 460 2012 900 645 2014 864 650 2016 649 520 Average 662,0 511,1 (*) Counting excluded from the average
Number of Homeless People Detected in the Streets of Madrid Year Homeless People Δ Intercensuses 2006/07 621-2008 651 +4,67 2008 (*) 650 + 0,15 2009 553-15,05 2010 596 + 7,78 2012 701 +17,6 2014 764 + 8,9 2016 524-31,4
Trend People People
People staying in Apartments 414 people 20% Homeless People in Madrid VIII Counting (December 15 th 2016) People on the Streets 524 people (26%) People in Centres 1121 people (54%)
Roofless People by Gender (%) Men Women Unknown 16.1 12.7 15.2 9 11 11.7 11.5 11.6 9.5 9 12.7 15.2 12.5 17.4 72.3 77.9 75.8 78.3 73.8 75.8 71.0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2014 2016
Age Pyramides (2007-2016) 2016 7.8 14.7 16.4 27.6 33.6 2014 11 13.5 17.8 25.2 32.5 2012 2010 2009 7.3 9 9.1 10.7 13.2 14.2 16.6 18.1 22 25.4 24.9 26 29.3 36.6 37.9 > 60 years 50-59 40-49 30-39 < 30 years 2008 5.2 10.8 18.6 30.9 34.6 2007 5.3 10.4 16.7 30.1 37.6
Signs of Aging Average Age 48 43 41.73 41.45 43.42 43.76 46.36 45.1 46.5 38 33 28 23 18 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2014 2016
Marital/Civil Status Cohabitant Accompanied 26% Alone 74% Married Separated Widower Divorced Never married 2016 2014 2012 2010 2009 2008 2007 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00%
Citizenship (%) 45 55 47 53 41.8 59.2 51.6 52 48.4 48 44.8 55.2 36.8 63.2 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2014 2016 Nationals Foreigners
"Where did you live before becoming homeless?" 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 At home 46.4 43 44.8 47.0 42.9 51.0 With friends With relatives 2.4 4.0 4.0 5.4 7.8 8.1 8.5 13.0 14.9 10.4 8.9 20.8 2007 2008 2009 Room/Shared apartment B&B/Hostal 5.2 4.7 10.9 7.3 8.9 9.8 7.4 3.0 2.9 2.4 5.4 16.0 2010 2012 2014 2016 Institutional failure 10% Shelter or otther institution In jail 7.8 7.4 5.0 7.5 4.9 5.4 3.9 3.4 2.3 2.3 3.7 0.9 Other 3.4 5.0 10.5 12.6 22.0 21.4
In your opinion, what were the main reasons that led you to sleep on the streets? 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2014 2016 Lack of job/unemployment 27.2 42.4 42.4 41.2 59.6 62.6 63 Lack of money 10.0 10.0 12.5 20.6 18.8 27.7 26.1 Other 13.5 13.5 13.6 12.1 20.1 18.1 17.6 Irregular immigrants 0 6.6 6.6 6.7 8.4 13.1 13.4 Affective breakdown/family problems 7.9 10.0 10.0 11.8 15.2 17.3 21.1 Alcohol 3.9 3.9 3.6 6.3 7.2 7.6 9.8 Voluntarily (by choice) 0 2.6 2.6 6.5 3.3 4.8 6.7 Illness 3.1 2.6 2.6 3.7 2.1 2.4 2.5 Drug addiction 1.7 4.2 8.5 8.3 8.3 9.8 10.8
In your view, what were the main reasons that led you to sleep on the streets? (Average 2007-16) Lack of job/unemployment 48.3 Lack of money Affective breakdown/family problems 13.3 18.0 Irregular immigrants Drug addiction Alcohol Voluntarily (by choice) Illness 9.1 7.4 6.0 4.4 2.7 Other 15.5
"Do you regularly use any of these centres or social resources? 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2014 2016 Soup kitchens Shelters/Refuges Community clothing exchanges Public bathrooms Drop-in centers Night centres Job-placement Supervised housing Neither of these Other 3 5.1 5.9 6.7 4.9 3.1 4.4 1.9 2.4 4.3 3.1 0.0 1.9 1.1 1.1 1.6 2.0 2.3 0.3 1.2 3.3 0.4 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.3 1.2 0.5 0.0 4.1 4.3 3.7 7.5 6.0 6.4 6.3 6.4 5.5 9.8 9.8 13.3 13.7 12.4 11.0 12.1 13.3 12.4 13.0 22.3 22.8 23.5 20.5 18.1 19.5 17.0 18.4 17.4 20.9 15.4 16.0 17.0 17.8 19.2 16.1 19.2 26.9 27.9 28.0 29.8 30.7
"Do you regularly use any of these centres or social resources? (Average 2007-16) Soup kitchens 26.4 Shelters/Refuges 18.8 Community clothing exchanges 14.1 Public bathrooms 17.3 Drop-in centers 4.7 Night centres Job-placement Supervised housing 0.7 2.1 1.7 Neither of these 8.9 Other 5.3
'What support has asked without obtaining what you thought you needed?' 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2014 2016 Temporary Accommodation Financial Aid Feed Permanent accommodation Clothes Medical care legal assistance, documentation Transport Drug treatment Use of Day / Night Centers Psychological Support Education / Training Alcohol Treatment Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.8 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 2.6 1.7 0.7 0.8 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.8 2.1 2.4 2.5 2.1 2.0 2.3 10.7 9.7 9.1 8.2 9.7 8.4 9.1 10.7 8.4 9.2 9 5.3 10.7 9.7 8.4 9.9 10.3 4.6 7.4 8.3 6.5 5.9 6.6 8.1 6.9 3.3 4.9 6.2 7.2 5.7 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.9 3.5 4.2 3.4 6.2 7.4 3.3 5.2 3.4 4.5 7.6 3.4 4.1 9 9.1 11.7 11.7 11.5 12.3 12.6 12.7 13.1 11.5 13.1 13.9 14.3 15.6 15.6 16.0 15.5 16.0 16.1 16.1 17.9 18.4 18.0 17.3 21.0
What support has asked without obtaining what you thought you needed? (Average 2007-16) Temporary Accommodation 16.2 Financial Aid 14.5 Feed 10.9 Permanent accommodation 9.8 Clothes 9.0 Medical care legal assistance, documentation processing 6.7 6.9 Transport 4.0 Drug treatment Use of Day / Night Centers Psychological Support Education / Training Alcohol Treatment 3.1 2.5 1.8 1.6 1.1 Other 12.0
"What kind of accommodation would you like to have?" 2008 2009 2010 2012 2014 2016 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 A housing for me alone A shared housingwith oher people A housing for my family A hostel / B&B A shelter
The place they prefer "What kind of accommodation would you like to have?" (AVERAGE 2007-16) 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 A housing for me alone 28.4 A shared housingwith oher people 26.1 A housing for my family 16.3 A hostel / B&B 13.2 A shelter 7.9
"Which of the following sources do you obtain your income from?" (AVERAGE 2007-16) Begging on the street 31.0 Social Security 13.9 Firiends 9.3 Other benefit Old age benefits Minimum Income Job Disability Aid Unemployment benefit Relatives 4.4 3.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.6 Other 27.7
Do you have any health problems?" (Yes) Average 2007-16: 39,9% 60 50 46.3 43.5 42.9 40 37.2 38.3 30 31.2 20 10 0 2008 2009 2010 2012 2014 2016
Victimization Have you been a victim of a crime while living as homeless? (Yes) 70 (Average 2007-16: 49,3%) 60 50 40 57 50.7 46.9 48.7 47.1 53.1 41.3 30 20 10 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2014 2016
Main Conclusions The data obtained is quite strong and consistent over time The changes are the indicative of the changes: In the overall situation in the country Labour Market Migration Policy Guarantee of income and social benefits Housing and accommodation policy In the models and intervention policies at local level Intervention on the streets: Samur Social; Mental Health Collective Accommodation Centres (Shelters) vs. Living in apartments
Progressive Ageing Young people Non institucionalized leavings Ex: Occupation Paradox of going for the permanent solutions in housing as a performance criteria: eligibility for the nationals of the percentage of foreigners on the streets
Around in 10% of the cases people end on the streets after leaving an institution Year after year, homeless people express their wish to live in a house, and not in a centre (shelter, centre, etc.) Surprisingly, they do not COMPLETELY excluded or separate from the society, but they feel a part of it
To which extent do you feel part of the society of Madrid?
To which extent do you feel part of the society of Madrid? Housing Centres Streets