Section 1. Ornamental fishes of Kerala

Section 1 Ornamental fishes of Kerala

Chapter 2 Diversity and distribution of freshwater ornamental fishes of Kerala

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous omamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius filamentosus (Valenciennes) 2.1. Introduction The State of Kerala is located at the southern extremity of the Indian subcontinent, along the shores of Arabian sea covering a distance of 580 km with Karnataka state on the north and north east and Tami! Nadu state on the east and south. Lying between 8 17'30" and 12 47'40" north latitude and 74 51' and 7r24" east latitude, the state is spread over an area of 38855 km 2. One of the striking features of Kerala is the majestic presence of Western Ghats all along its stretch influencing the physiographic and eco-climatic factors of the state (Gopi, 2000), in addition to supporting very rich and diversified biological resources. The water resource of the state covers network of brackish water lakes and estuaries with an area of 2,43,000 hectare, 44 rivers flowing to a total length of 3200 Km, 30 reservoirs having a water spread of 30,000 hectare, small tanks and ponds covering an area of 6,000 hectare. Table 2.1 gives the list of rivers flowing through Kerala along with its total length and catchments area. The watershed of these entire 44 rivers, of which 41 are flowing westwards and 3 are flowing eastwards, are in the Western Ghats. Out of the 30 dams (Table 2.2), nine each were constructed across the various tributaries of Bharathapuzha and Periyar. As a part of Janakeeya Malsyakrishi program of Fisheries department of Kerala, the inland water bodies of the state were analysed and table 2.3 gives the district wise details of water bodies identified for this programme. Freshwater fishes of Western Ghats have attracted the attention of ichthyologists all over the world due to their rich diversity and high degree of endemism. Of the 486 primary freshwater fishes known from India, 287 species are found in Western Ghats (Shaji et al., 2000). Information on the fish fauna of the region is available in the compilations of Day (1878, 1889); Jayaram (1981,1999) and Talwar and Jhingran (1991). Most of the studies on Western Ghat fishes mainly focus on documentation of species (Silas, Diversity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Keraia 34

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius filamentosus (Valenciennes) 1950, 1951 b, 1952; Easa and Basha, 1995; Shaji et al., 1996). However a few have also focused on habitat characteristics (Arun, 1997). The investigations of freshwater fish fauna of Kerala are those of Day (1865, 1878,1889); Pillai (1929); John (1936); Hora and Law (1941); Silas (1951a, b); Remadevi and Indra (1986); Pethiyagoda and Kottelat (1994); Shaji and Easa (1995a, b, c); Shaji et al. (1995); Menon and Jacob (1996); Shaji (1998); Manimekalan and Das (1998); Thomas et al. (1998a, b, c, 1999); Ajithkumar et al. (1999); Biju et al. (1999a, b, 2000); Ramachandran (2001, 2002); Ramachandran et al. (2001, 2002); Kurup (2002) and Kurup et al. (2002, 2004). In this chapter an attempt is made to prepare a consolidated list of freshwater fishes of Kerala by compiling the information from past literature and survey undertaken during the study period. Though the previous attempts have contributed to the knowledge on fish resources, they were not directly useful for judicious utilisation of native fauna for economic benefit of the state. Ornamental fish industry in the state is fully dependent on exotic species. This state of affair is mainly due to the lack of information on the ornamental fishes, their breeding and rearing technologies in the inland waters of the state. No concerted attempt has so far been made to list out the indigenous ornamental fishes in the state considering their potential as a commodity in the international market. Shaji and Easa (2000) published a list of 41 ornamental fishes for breeding and rearing in the aquarium. A list of 13 ornamental fishes has been reported by Arunachalam et al. (2000a). Arunachalam et al. (2000b) listed out 35 species of ornamentals from Western Ghats of south India, out of which 27 were found to inhabit the rivers of Kerala. Ramachandran et al. (2002) made a detailed account of 106 ornamental fishes available in Kerala. The authors created a website (www.ornamentalfishes.org) of indigenous ornamental fishes of Kerala for the benefit of the industry. Jameela Beevi and Ramachandran (2002) had given a brief account of native ornamental fishes of waterbodies of Ernakulam district. Kurup et al. (2004) published a list of 106 ornamental fishes based on his studies on the biodiversity status of fishes inhabiting rivers of Kerala. However precise and Diversity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Keraia 35

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius filamenlosus (Valenciennes) updated information about the ornamental fishes available in Kerala is still lacking. Therefore this attempt is to bring more accurate and authentic information on the freshwater ornamental fishes available in the fourteen major river systems of Kerala with a focus on the development of the ornamental fish industry. 2.2. Materials and Methods A compilation of available reports and literature regarding the studies on the freshwater fishes of Kerala up to the year 2004 was made to generate a complete database on the freshwater fishes of the state. This study was carried out as part of the research project entitled" Indigenous ornamental fishes of Kerala for the development of markets in India and Abroad" funded by Marine Product Export Development Authority and implemented in the School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology in the year 2000-2002. As part of the project work, a preliminary survey was conducted in 20 river systems to find out the diversity and distribution of freshwater fishes of Kerala. 14 river systems viz., Bharathapuzha Pamba, Periyar, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil, Kallada, Neyyar, Chalakudy, Chaliyar, Kabbini, Valapattanam and Chandragiri were selected for sampling and monitoring. Fig. 2.1 illustrates the rivers of Kerala. Survey was based on the information available in previous literature regarding the distribution of the fish species, available water spread and other accessibility criteria. Along the 14 rivers, 120 locations were selected for regular sampling and monitoring (Appendix. 1 ). Each river system was categorised into several divisions including upper, middle and down stream areas and sampling locations were fixed with a distance of approximate 15 kilometres for periodic assessment of the fish distribution. At each sampling station an approximate 200 m area were surveyed to get a clear picture on the fish diversity and its distribution. Studies were mainly done in pre monsoon and post monsoon seasons. However, some collections were made during monsoon periods. Sampling was done by using various fishing methods Diversity and distjibution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 36

76" ' o SCALE!ta1O 10 0 3D 40 10 eo IUIIDI'II. "UI ~ AI..., (!)." AT1 to " v"flu.,..",l,... @ unu..,. TAMILNADU o. - 4J.".t;i\... LEGEND RIvers and Streams ~ BaslI'Boondary RIV8rCo<!e Number (!) 015100 Headquarters g. 0' 75"0' 76 0' Fig. 2.1: Kerala map showing rivers surveyed

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius filamentosus (Valenciennes) like cast nets (10 mm, 16 mm, and 18 mm), gill nets (30 mm, 38 mm, 64 mm and 78 mm), scoop nets, dragnets and traditional fishing practices. The relative abundance of the fishes in the 14 rivers was assessed based on their occurrence. Fishes enjoying a distribution in more than 12 river systems were considered as very common and those found in 6-12 rivers were treated as common species. Fishes distributed only in 3-6 rivers systems were treated as rare and those fishes having a restricted distribution in less than three rivers were classified as very rare. Fishes col/ected from each sampling locations were preserved in 10% formaldehyde and brought to the laboratory for Identification of the species. Standard references such as Day (1958); Talwar and Jhingran (1991); Jayaram (1981, 1999); Dutta Munshi and Srivastava (1988) and Menon (1999) were used for the classification and identification. Confirmation of the systematic position of the doubtful species were done by Zoological Survey of India. Live samples were also brought to the lab and maintained in aquarium conditions in the laboratory to assess the aesthetic appeal and performance. Essential Information regarding the indigenous ornamental fishes such as trade name, local name, appearance, current distribution and trade status were collected. Fishes were categorised into three groups such a.s indigenous ornamental fish, exotic ornamentals and food fish based on the information from literature as well as local fisher folk, ornamental fish traders and Marine Products Export Development Authority, Cochin, India. 2.3. Results A consolidated list of freshwater fishes recorded so far from Kerala state and their distribution in various waterbodies including, status as per the IUCN criteria and extent of endemism are given in the table 2.4. A database of 175 freshwater fishes belonging to 72 Genera of 28 families and 11 orders was created based on the secondary data. According to this the most represented order was Cypriniformes followed by Perciformes and Diversit)' and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 37

ba, Kallada, Chittar, Manimala. Chaliyar and Periyar

Idldl\UUV, Pamba, Periyar,

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Punlius filameniosus (Valenciennes) Siluriformes. The family with maximum number of representatives was Cyprinidae. Most abundant genus was Puntius followed by Mystus and Nemacheilus. As per the classification based on the IUCN criteria (Biju et al., 2000, Kurup et al., 2004), out of the total 175 species, 50% were under the threatened category, 35% non-threatened, 13% data deficient category and the rest 2% were introduced into the water bodies of Kerala (Fig.2.2). It was also found out that 23 species were extremely endemic to Kerala of which 9 are exclusively distributed in the Western Ghat region of Kerala. 33 fishes were endemic in nature to the rest of the areas of Western Ghats, 6 are endemic to India. Exotic and species transplanted were 2 and 4 respectively. The table 2.5 depicts the list of freshwater fishes collected and identified form the 14 rivers of Kerala during the period of January 2000 to December 2002, along with the details regarding distribution of the species (based on the occurrence) and commercial importance. 114 species belonging to 26 families, 10 orders and 57 genera were collected from 14 rivers during the present study. Highest number of species (56 species) were from the family Cyprinidae. This was followed by family Bagridae with 10 and Balitoridae with 8 species. Ambassidae was represented by 5 species followed by Channidae with 3 species included in the. Dominant genus was. Puntius with 17 species. Genus Mystus included 7 species. Other prominent genera were Gonoproktopterus, and Garra with 5 species each followed by Barilius with 4 species. The survey results point out that fish diversity was maximum in Periyar river system, which contained 68 species (Table.2.5). 63 species were recorded from Bharathapuzha followed by 60 species from Chalakudy river. Piscean diversity of other rivers were as follows. Chaliyar and its tributaries (58 species), Pamba (57 species), Muvattupuzha (57 species), Kabbini river (56 species), Chandragiri (50 species), Achencoil (54 species), Manimala (46 species) and Meenachil 44 species). Species diversity was found to be Diversity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 38

Ornamental + + + Food fish + + + Cultivable I - I - I - I + I + I - I + I + I - I Cultivable - - - - - - - - - Cultivable + + + + + + + + - + I + I - I + I + I + I + I + I + I + + + - I + I + I - I + I - + + - + + + + + + - I + I + I + I + I + +, + Rare, Mi.n"'.lo+nnl Common, Introduced Rare, Introduced Very common Common Very rare Very rare Very rare, Introduced

Ornamental Ornamental Puntius vittatus (Day) Ornamental Tor khudree (Sykes) Ornamental + + + + I + I + Common, Introduced + + Very rare + + I + + + + + 'Very common + Rare Rare + + + +, + 'Very common + + I + + + + + 'Very common +, -, -, - 1-1 - 1 - -, +, +, +, -, + I + I + I + I + - I Common 1 + 1-1 -1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1 Very rare + 1 + I + I + I + I + I + I + I + 1 + I + I + I + I + I Very common +, +, +, +, +, +, +, +, +, +, +, +, +, + 'Very common +, +, +, +, +, +, +, +, +, +, +, +, +, + 'Very common

Ornamental - - - - - - - - - - - - - + Very rare Salmostoma acinaces (Valenciennes) Ornamental + + + - + + + + - + + + - - Very common Ornamental + + + + + + + - + + - + + + Very common Ornamental + - + + + + + + + + + + - + Very common Ornamental - - - + + - + - - - - - + - Rare Ornamental + I + I + I + I + I + I + I + I + I + I + + I + I + IVery common + I - I + - I - I + I - I - I - I - I - I - I - I - I Rare R I + + + + + + + - + + + + + + Very common Oanio aequipinnafus (McClelland) I Ornamental + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Very common Ornamental + + + + + + + + + + - + - + Very common Ornamental - - + - - - - - - - - - - - Very rare Ornamental I + I + I + I + I + I + I + I + I + I + I + I + I + I + I Very common + I + I - I - I - I - I - I Very rare

+ + I + + + + I + + + Very rare Very rare + + + I + + + + I + I + 'Very common Ornamental I + + I + + + I + + I + I + + + + I +, + 'Very common Very rare + + I + + + + + I + + + + I + I Very common Ornamental + I + + + + + Care

+ + I + + + I + + + + Ornamental I + I + I + + + I + + I + I + + + + I + I + I Very common Ornamental I + I + I + + + I + + I + I + + + + I + I + I Very common + Very rare

Ornamental + + + Rare + I + I + + + Ornamental + + + I + + + + Common Very Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) I Cultivable I + I + I + I + I + I + I + I + I + I + I + I + I + I + I common, Introduced Etrop/us maculatus (Bloch) I Ornamental + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Very common I Ornamental + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Very common Ornamental + + + I + + + + I + Common Ornamental I + + I + + + I + + I + I + + + + I + + I Very common

rarnny; g8iun~iu"''', Macropodus cupanus (Valenciennes) Ornamental + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Very common "lif "e=----:::-----:::-:-----:--:---------+--------l----l--t---+-+-+--+--ii--+--+-+-+--+--i---t-----.h' Family: Channidae ljjffi~l~ Channa marulius (Hamilton- Ornamental + + + + _ + + _ + + + + + + Very common W ;f!;'!!.!i'il,:i,,;.. 1." _I~ Buchannan' 11 \ ~r,illl Channa orientaus Bloch & Schneider Ornamental - - + + - - - + - - - - - - rare :~~liii Channa striatus (Bloch) Ornamental + + + + + + + + + - + - + - Very common ~:!~]I Family: Mastacembelidae m!~[i~,..,~ Macrognathus aral (Bloch & \~k11~~ '.\ Ornamental - - - - - - - - - - + - - - Very rare <~f!hi!ill.f.: Schneider} H~~2:1 Macrognathus guentheri (Day) Ornamental - - + - - - - + + + + + + - Common q:;~l!him::f /[i,1~!a~ Mastacembalus armatus (Lecepede) Ornamental + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Very common ~,;:::::;!2;!!i ::~j;llh: Order: T etradontiformes I :::Ct:::i; Family: Tetradontidae 'i,t,',;\"" :'1J4.n: Tetraodon travancoricus Hora & Nair Ornamental - - - + + + + + + + + + - - Common ::"" ';';':i':': Total No of species 50 46 56 58 63 60 69 57 44 46 54 57 43 40 Rivers 1 Chandragiri 2 Valapattanam 3 Kabbini 4 Chaliyar 5 Bharathapuzha 6 Chalakkudy 7 Periyar 8 Muvattupuzha 9 Meenachil 10 Manimala 11 Achanciol 12 Pamba 13 Kallada 14 Neyyar Below 3 very rare *Exotic ornamentals 3 to 6 rare 6 to 12 common Above 12 Very common

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Pun/ius filamen/osus (Valenciennes) minimum in Neyyar (40 species) followed by Kallada river (43 species) and Valapattanam river (43 species). 6 invasive species, Oreochromis mossambica, Cat/a cat/a, Cirrhinus mrigala, Cyprinus carpio, Labeo rohitha and L. fimbriatus, are introduced species collected from the survey. The presence of these exotic fishes especially Cyprinus carpio, Oreochromis mossambica and Catla cat/a were noted from most of the major reservoirs. Megalops cyprinoides and Mystus gulio are the two migratory species collected during the survey. They were very common in the brackish water areas but occasionally found in the freshwater areas. Their distribution was noted only from the down stream areas in the present study. Out of the 114 species collected, 95 species (84%) were indigenous ornamental fishes. Food fishes were 16 in number (14%), including both indigenous and exotic cultivable fishes (Fig. 2.3). The rest 3 (2%) were ornamental fishes, which have now established themselves in our water bodies. The present status of ornamental fishes in the international fish trade is depicted in Fig.2.4. 56% of the ornamental fishes are popularised in the international ornamental fish market, whereas the remaining 44% are not popular but has potential to be popular in the international ornamental fish industry if properly introduced and positioned. The status of distribution ornamental fishes based on their occurrence in the river systems are given in fig. 2.5. Of the total 95 indigenous ornamental fishes, 30.5 % fishes were found to be in the very common category as per present survey. They are Amb/ypharyngodon melettinus, Ambassis gymnocepha/us, Ap/ocheilus Jineatus, Barilius bakeri, B. ga ten sis, Channa marulius, C. striatus, Danio aequipinnatus, D. maiabaricus, Etrop/us maculatus, E. suratensis, Garra mul/ya, G/ossogobius giuris, Lepidocepha/us thermalis, Macropodus cupanus, Mastacembalus armatus, Mystus armatus, Nemacheilus triangularis, Ompok bimacujatus, Parluciosoma daniconius, Puntius amphibious, P. Diversity and distribution of omamenta! fishes of Kerala 39

.Critically Endangered (CR) 13% 11% ~~= =~[>-' 13% 17% Endangered(EN) CVulnerable{VU) C low risk near threatened (lrnt) low risk least concern (lric) Introduced (Intr).00 (Data deficient) Fig.2.2. Status of freshwater fishes as per the IUCN criteria _Indigenous omamentals Exotic omamentals CFoodfishes - - ----- 1 Fig. 2.3. Categorisation of the fishes collected from the river systems of Kerala 44% DPopular 56% Unpopular Fig. 2.4. Categorization of omamental fishes based on the populatity in the intemational market

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius filamenfosus (Valenciennes) fasciatus fasciatus, PJilamentosus, P. ticto, P. vittatus, Sa/mostoma acinaces, S. boopis, Tor khudree and Xenentodon cancilla. The species such as Anabas testudineus, Awaous gutum, Bhavania australis, Gonoproktopterus curmuca, Heteropneustes fossilis, Horabagrus brachysoma, Macrognathus guentheri, Mystus ma/abaricus, M. vittatus, Nandus nandus, Nemacheilus guentheri, Notopterus notopterus, Parambassis dayi, P. thomassi, Pristolepis marginata, Puntius denisonii, P. sarana subnasutus and Tetraodon travancoricus were the 'common' ornamentals observed during the survey, which formed 18.9% of the total. 25.3% were 'rare' ornamental fishes which included Amblypharyngodon microlepis, Anguil/a bengalensis benga/ensis, Barilius bendelisis, B. canarensis, Batasio travancoria, Chanda nama, Channa orientalis, Garra mcclellandi, G. surendranathinii, Gonoproktopterus thomassi, Horadandia attukorali, Microphis cuncalus, Mystus cavasius, M. oculatus, Nemacheilus semiarmatus, Ompok malabaricus, Osteobrama bakeri, Osteochilichthys nashii, Puntius conchonius, P. cho/a, P. dorsalis P. jerdoni, Sicyopterus griseus and Wallago attu. 25.3% of the indigenous ornamental fishes were observed to be 'very rare'. Achanthocobitis moreh, Aplochei/us blockii, Brachydanio re rio, Chanda ranga, Chela dadiburjorj, C. fasciata, C. labuca, Esomus danricus, Garra gotyla stenorhynchus, G. hugi, Glyptothorax madraspatanum, G. annandalei, Horabagrus nigricol/aris, Labeo nigrescens, Macrognathus aral, Mystus montanus, Nemacheilus den/sonii denisonii, Neolissochilus wynadensis, Puntius arulius, P. bimaculatus, P. melanos.tigma, P. parrah, P. sophore, Travancoria eiongata and T. jonesi were the 'very rare' species found during the present study. The status of indigenous ornamental fishes as per the classification based on IUCN criteria were extracted from the literature available on the status of freshwater fishes of Kerala (8iju et al., 2000 and Kurup et al., 2004) is given in the Fig. 2.6. 46.3% of the total ornamental fishes came under the threatened category and the rest 53.7% under the non-threatened category. 3% of the fishes were listed as critically endangered, 21 % as endangered and 22% as vulnerable. 18% of ornamental fishes fell under Diversity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 40

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius filamentosus (Valenciennes) low risk near threatened category and 30% fell under low risk least concern category. The rest 6% were considered as data deficient. On comparison of the results of the present survey with that of the past literature, it becomes obvious that some species noted by the earlier workers were not recorded during the present survey. Table. 2.6. lists those species which are recorded by earlier investigators, with river source, but not observed during the present study. 63 species out of the 175 species, reported by the earlier workers were not obtained during the present survey. Of these 63 species, absence of three is justifiable because they were reported from other river sources and backwaters of Kerala, which are not included in the present survey. The stream originating from Chokkenpetty and reaching the Periyar lake covering vast area of Periyar tiger reserve also could not be included in the survey due to the practical difficulty of regular sampling and restriction from forest departments. This may be one of the reasons for the absence of rare end endemic species like Lepidopygopsis typus, Garra periyarensis, Nemacheilus menoni, N. keralensis, etc. which were reported by previous investigators from the tiger reserve area above Thannikkudy. Other reasons for the disappearance of the fishes may be indiscriminate fishing practices, mass poisoning pollutions, etc. (Kurup, 2002; Kurup et al., 2004). Other disparities were also noticed in the distribution many species between the secondary and primary data. Significant among them was the presence of exotic species from the two new localities ie, green sword tail, Xiphophorus helleri from Azhutha river, Peermedu, a tributary to Manimala river and common platy, Xiphophorus maculatus, obselved from the Mattupetty reselvoir of Periyar river. Labeo nigrescens hitherto reported only from Perumthenaruvi, Pamba river was found to be distributed in obselved Vettilappara and Athirapilly locations of Chalakudy river as well as Parisakuthu and Pooyamkutty locations of Periyar during the sulvey. The essential details of indigenous ornamental fishes of Kerala in alphabetical order, including the trade name, local name, appearance Diversity and disllibu!ion of ornamental fishes of Kerala 41

_ Very Common _Common CRare C Very Rare Fig. 2.5. Status of distribution of omam.ntal flshh in the riv... of Kerala 6% 3% I_ '_Critically Endangered (CR) Enclangered(EN) ICVulnerable(VU), I C low risk near threatened (lrnt) I I_lOW risk least concern (lrlc), I_DD ~Oata ~ent) Fig. 2.6. Status of indig.nous ornamental fishh of K.rala as per the IUCN criteria.

Table. 2.6: Fish species absent during the present survey, which were reported earlier from the waterbodies of Kerala. ~~~

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Punlius filamenlosus (Valenciennes) current distribution, status as per the IUCN criteria, and status of captive breeding are given below, with the intension that they would serve as a scientific database of ornamental fish resources of Kerala (Plates I to X). 1. Acanthocobitis moreh (Sykes) Trade name: Truncate Finned Loach. Local name: Aira, Koima. Appearance: Ground colour is Olivaceous with 12 blackish bands descending below the lateral line. A black ocellus on the upper angle of the caudal fin base. Caudal fin with 5 posteriorly directed 'V' shaped dark bands. Current distribution: Vythiripuzha, a tributary to Kabbini. Remarks: Usual size is 6cm. It inhabits only in running hill streams. Very attractive bottom dwelling fish; can be used as an aquarium fish. IUCN status: Non- threatened (LR-nt) (Kurup et al., 2004). 2. Ambassis gymnocephalus (Lecepede) Trade name: Bald Glassy Perchlet. Local name: Nandan. Appearance: Glassy with a bright longitudinal lateral band. Fins hyaline and yellowish. Spinous dorsal fin dusky between second and third spines. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Kabbini, Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil, Chalakudy, Kallada, Neyyar, Chaliyar, Valapattanam and Chandragiri. Remarks: Attain a maximum size of 10 cm. Commonly found in the lower stretches of rivers as well as brackish water and estuarine ar~as. This is a popular aquarium fish. IUCN status: Non- threatened (LR-Ic) (Kurup et al., 2004). 3. Amblypharingodon melettinus (Valenciennes) Trade name: Indian Glass Barb. Local name: Vayambu. Appearance: Greenish along back, silvery on flanks and belly. A bright greenish yellow band divides the colour of the back from the silvery line along the sides. Fins hyaline. Diversity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 42

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Pun/ius filamenlosus (Vaienciennes) Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil, Chaliyar, Chalakudy, Neyyar, Kabbini and Chandragiri. Remarks: The fish attains a length of 8 cm. Found mainly in the lower stretches of the rivers and backwaters of Kerala. Very attractive in aquarium. IUCN status: Data deficient (DD) (Kurup et al., 2004). 4. Amb/ypharyngodon micro/epis (Hamilton -Buchanan) Trade name: Indian Carplet. Local name: Vayambu. Appearance: Bronze on upper side flanks brassy to golden with a broad dull greenish silver longitudinal band from operculum to base of caudal fin. Belly whitish. Fins hyaline to yellowish. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Periyar, Kallada and Chaliyar. Remarks: It attains maximum 10 cm length. Found in the lower stretches of rivers and backwater areas. IUCN status: Non -threatened (LR-nt) (Kurup et al., 2004). 5. Anabus testudineus (Bloch) Trade name: Climbing Perch. Local name: Karippidi. Appearance: Greenish to dark grey on dorsal side and flanks and fading to pale yellow on belly. Juveniles often posses four vertical bands on flanks. A distinct dark spot at the base of caudal fin often fades with age. Usually a black spot is present at the pectoral fin base. Dorsal and caudal fins are dark grey. Pectoral and anal fins are pale yellow. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Kabbini, Muvattupuzha, Manimala, Achencoil, Chalakudy, Neyyar, Chaliyar, Valapattanam and Chandragiri Remarks: This species mainly inhabit the mid and low land streams and backwaters. It attains a maximum length of 25 cm. IUCN status: Non- threatened (LR-Ic) (Biju et al., 2000) Vulnerable (VU) (Kurup et al., 2004). Captive breeding: Breeding technology has been perfected (Sarkar et al., 2005) Diversity and distribution of ornamental fishes 01 Kerala 43

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Pun/ius filamenlosus (Valenciennes) 8. Anguilla benga/ensis bengaiensis (Gray) Trade name: Brown Snake Eel. Local name: Malanjil. Appearance: Elongated cylindrical body. Typically yeuowish to olive brown in colour, mottled with dark brown, lighter below. Juveniles are not mottled. Current distribution: Valapattanam, Chaliyar, Muvattupuzha and Pamba Remarks: Maximum length 120cm. It inhabits the lower stretches of rivers. This species found common in the brackish water and estuaries. IUCN status: Endangered (EN) (Kurup et al., 2004). 7. Ap/ocheilus block; (Arnold) Trade name: Dwarf Panchax. Local name: Manathukanni, Poochootty. Appearance: Yellowish green with a metallic sheen with alternating rows of brassy-yellow and similar red spots. Belly shining blue green. A pearly white spot on occiput and a black spot at the base of dorsal fin. Ventral fins lemon yellow with magnificent red to brown dots in male. Anal fin in male bordered with red. Current distribution: Valapattanam and Muvattupuzha. Remarks: Attains a length of 5cm. Purely a freshwater species found inhabiting stationary and sheltered waters of rivers and tanks. IUCN status: Data Deficient (DD) (Kurup et al., 2004) 8. Ap/ochei/us lineatus (Valenciennes) Trade name: Striped Panchax. Local name: Manathukanni, Poochootty. Appearance: Males olive brown, flanks paler. Belly yellowish. Rows of metallic golden green and red spots on the body, which are often united in to longitudinal bands. Dorsal fin with dark blotch at the base. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Kabbini, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil, Chalakudy, Kallada, Neyyar, Chaliyar, Valapattanam and Chandragiri Remarks: This fish grows up to a length of 7cm. Inhabits hill streams and reservoirs at high altitudes, wells low lying paddy fields and backwater areas. This is a popular ornamental fish. Diversity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 44

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous omamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Punlius filamentosus (Valenciennes) IUCN status: Non- threatened (LR-Ic) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). 9. Awaous guttum (Hamilton- Buchanan) Trade name: Giant Goby. Local name: Poolon. Appearance: Body olive green. Belly yellowish. Head with irregular black spots and two longitudinal blackish streaks from eye to maxilla. Body with blackish spots. A blackish spot on the base of caudal fin and also on the base of pectoral fin. Fins yellowish. Dorsal fins with dark longitudinal streaks. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha. Pamba, Kabbini, Muvattupuzha. Meenachil, Manimala. Achencoil and Kallada. Remarks: The species attains a length of 15 cm. Usually found in the lower reaches of rivers and backwater areas. IUCN status: Non- threatened (LR-Ic) (Kurup et al., 2004). 10. Barilius baker; Day Trade name: Blue Dotted Hill Trout. Local name: Pavukan. Appearance: Silvery body with a horizontal row of bluish spots along the body. Fins are yellowish. Dorsal and anal fins beautifully pattered with black and white. Current distribution Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Achencoil, Chaliyar, Chalakudy, MuvaUupuzha, Meenachil, Manimala, Neyyar, Kabbini, Kallada, Valapattanam and Chandragiri. Remarks: Popular ornamental fish with an established market. It is endemic to Western Ghats of Kerala region. Found plenty in hill stream with high velocity water. IUCN status: Non-threatened (LR-nt) (Biju et al 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). 11. Barilius bendelisis (Hamilton-Buchanan) Trade name: Hamilton's Bari!. Local name: Pavukan. Appearance: Silvery with slender body back is darker than sides. Fins are yellowish to brown dark bands descending towards the lateral line, which become indistinct in adults. Diversity and distribution of omamental fishes of Kerala 45

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius filamentosus (Valenciennes) Current distribution: Chandragiri, Kabbini and Chalakudy. Remarks: It is fast swimming. Always found in flowing waters. It has a peaceful nature and can be an excellent aquarium fish in medium sized tanks. IUCN status: Vulnerable {VU} (Biju et al., 2000). 12. Barilius canarensis (Jerdon) Trade name: Jerdons Hill Trout. Local name: Pavukan. Appearance: Body with greenish colour above and golden on flanks. A double large vertical blue spots along the body. Fins grey with broad white margins. Current distribution: Periyar, Pamba and Bharathapuzha. Remarks: it is a fast swimming fish usually inhabits hilly areas where inflowing water current in available. It attains a length of maximum 15 cm. IUCN status: Data deficient (DD) (Kurup et al., 2004). 13. Barilius gatensis (Valenciennes) Trade name: Metalic Hill Trout. local name: Pavukan Appearance: Silvery with vertical bluish bands on the body Dorsal and anal fins have dark base and light edges. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Meenachil, Manimala, Chaliyar, Chalakudy, Neyyar, Kabbini, Achencoil, Kallada, Valapattanam and Chandragiri. Remarks: Popular aquarium fish. Very active, shoaling fish found in hill streams. This is endemic to central and southern Western Ghats. IUCN status: Non-threatened (LR-Ic) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). 14. Batasio travancoria Hora and low Trade name: Malabar Batasio. Local name: Koori. Appearance: Body uniform grey colour with a narrow streak along the lateral line. Head portion is yellowish. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Periyar and Pamba. Diversity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 46

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius filamentosus (Valenciennes) Remarks: This species is endemic to Kerala, which attains a length of 10cm. inhabiting in streams of hilly areas. IUCN status: Endangered (EN) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). 15. Bhavania australis (Jerdon) Trade name: Western Ghat Loach. Local name: Parepatti. Appearance: Dark greenish on the dorsal side with dark spots, which are irregularly distributed on the body but regular rows of spots are present on the fins. Fins usually pale yellowish to dusky. In adult males pectoral and pelvic fins are reddish in appearance. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Kabbini, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Chalakudy, Chaliyar and Kallada. Remarks: Prefers a habitat with rocky surface as substrate. Often seen in high altitude where high velocity waster current and low water temperature is available. Attains a length of 9 cm. IUCN status: Non- threatened (LR-nt) (Kurup et al., 2004). 16. Brachidanio rerio (Hamilton-Buchannan) Trade name: Zebra Danio. Local name: Thuppalam kothi. Appearance: Back silvery grey, belly yellowish white, flanks shining Prussian blue, transverse with four well defined beautiful shining gold stripes from head to caudal fin. The two outer bands sharply delimit the blue of the sides above and below. Operculum with golden blotches. Dorsal fin yellow olive at base, others blue with a white tip. Current distribution: Kabbini. Remarks: Very small, reach a maximum length of 5cm.lt usually occurs in rivers, hill streams and stagnant food pools. It prefers clear flowing water to the sandy bed. It is the most sought after, popular aquarium fish. IUCN status: Endangered (EN) Kurup et al., 2004). Diversity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 47

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius filamentosus (Valenciennes) 17. Chanda nama (Hamilton- Buchanan) Trade name: Elongate Glassy Perchlet. Local name: Aringil. Appearance: Transparent body with silvery-yellowish tinge. A silvery longitudinal stripe along the sides of the body. Body with sparsely scattered minute black spots. Upper part of the first dorsal fin deep black. Eyes black. Caudal fins dusky and orange, with a pale outer border. Current distribution: Chandragiri, Chaliyar, Bharathapuzha and Periyar. Remarks: Attains a maximum length of about 11cm. This is very popular aquarium fish. It inhabits fresh and brackish waters both running and stagnant waters. IUCN status: Vulnerable (VU) (Biju et al., 2000), Non- threatened (LR-Ic) (Kurup et al., 2004). 18. Chanda ranga (Hamilton- Buchanan) Trade name: Indain Glass Fish. Local name: Aringil. Appearance: Transparent with greenish-yellow tinge and a silvery gloss on dorsum. A silvery broad lateral stripe on side of the body; a definite dusky spot on the shoulder. Fins hyaline. Dorsal and caudal fins with black edges. Current distribution: Kabbini and Pamba IUCN status: Non- threatened (LR-nt) (Kurup et al., 2004) Remarks: It attains a maximum size of 7 cm. It is commonly found in the streams of up and mid lands. This is a popular aquarium fish. 19. Channa marulius (Hamilton-Buchanan) Trade name: Peacock Snakehead. Local name: Cherumeen. Appearance: Greenish brown in coloured body. Large black blotches adorn the sides of the long body. Both the body and fins have numerous white spots. The young have pale reddish-yellow band along the lateral line. Pectoral and pelvic fins are reddish coloured. Current distribution: Pamba, Periyar, Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil, Chaliyar, Chalakudy, Neyyar, Kabbini, Kallada, VaJapattanam and Chandragiri. Oivetsity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 48

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous omamental fishes of Central KeraJa with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius filamentosus (Valenciennes) Remarks: Attains a maximum length of 180cm. Found in rivers, reservoirs and lakes. It has a carnivorous habit. IUCN status: Non-threatened (LR-nt) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). 20. Channa orientalis (Bloch-Schneider) Trade name: Asiatic Snakehead. Local name: Vara!. Appearance: It is small sized snakehead with blackish colouration and fins bordered with blue or red. Younger fishes are brownish with darker markings. The dorsal fin bears an eyespot near the rear end, which vanish with age. Current distribution: Chaliyar, Kabbini and Muvattupuzha. Remarks: Smallest among the genus. Found in streams, pond, canals and paddy fields. It occurs in hill streams up to 1500m ASL. Small numbers are traded world wide as aquarium fish. IUCN status: Vulnerable (VU) (Biju et al., 2000). Captive breeding: Breeding technology not perfected so far. 21. Channa striatus (Bloch) Trade name: Striped Snakehead. Local name: Vara!. Appearance: Body is dark with white coloured belly and elongated head. Young fishes have dark spot at the rear end of the anal fin there are several vertical band below the lateral line. Juveniles are red in colour and are devoid of any markings. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Periyar, Kabbini, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Achencoil, Chalakudy, Kallada, Chaliyar, Valapattanam and Chandragiri. Remarks: It is a popular ornamental fish exporting from India. It inhabits in freshwater ponds, streams, wetlands and paddy fields. It prefers stagnant muddy water. IUCN status: Vulnerable (VU) (Biju et al., 2000), Non-threatened (LR-Ic) (Kurup et al., 2004). Captive breeding: Induced breeding technology has been perfected (Haniffa et al., 2000). 22. Chela dadyburgori (Menon) Trade name: Burjor's Brilliance. Diversity and distribution of omamentai fishes of Kerala 49

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Keraia with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius filamentosus (Vaienciennes) Local name: Chela. Appearance: Colourless and translucent body. A dark steel blue stripe along the middle of the body with three or four prominent black spots on the sides along with the lateral lines. Fins hyaline with yellowish tinge. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha and Muvattupuzha. Remarks: Very lively fish moving in shoals along the surface. Maximum length is 3cm. IUCN status: Data deficient (DD) (Kurup et al., 2004). 23. Che/a fasciata Silas Trade name: Malabar Hatchet Chela. Local name: Chela. Appearance: Slivery body with a dark broad lateral stripe on sides commencing just behind the eye and run along the middle of the body to the caudal base. Fins slightly yellowish. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha. Remarks: Very lively fish moving in shoals along the surface. IUCN status: Critically Endangered (er) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004) Captive breeding: Breeding technology has been perfected (Mercy, 2004) 24. Chefa labuca (Hamilton and Buchanan) Trade name: Indian G!ass Hatchlet. Local name: Mathiparab. Appearance: Translucent shining silver to greenish grey with a violet luster on cauda! peduncle and steel blue vertical markings on sides of body. A green to deep black longitudinal stripe along flanks. Fins ye!!owish often light orange to delicate brownish. Current distribution: Neyyar. Remarks: It is sma!! in size (5.5cm). Iridescent blue green colour and hardiness make the fish very popular in the ornamental fish trade. IUCN status: Non- threatened (LR-Ic) (Kurup et al., 2004). 25. Danio aequipinnatus (McClelland) Trade name: Giant Danio. Local name: Thuppalamkothi. Diversity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 50

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous omamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius filamentosus (Valenciennes) Appearance: Elongated compressed body with small upwardly directs mouth. Two pairs of short barbels. A well marked dark blue lateral bands along the sides with thinner golden bands above and below. Body slightly broader than D. malabaricus. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Kabbini, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil, Chalakudy, Neyyar, Kallada, Chaliyar, Valapattanam and Chandragiri. Remarks: Recorded in plenty from the upper and lower stretches of rivers, and streams. A popular aquarium fish flourish well in aquarium conditions. IUCN status: Non-threatened (LR-Ic) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). 26. Danio malabaricus (Jerdon) Trade name: Malabar Danio. Local name: Thuppalamkothi. Appearance: Elongated and strongly compressed body. Upwardly directed mouth with 2 pairs of barbels. Three or four steel blue longitudinal bands along the flanks of separated by narrow golden yellow lines. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Manimala, Chaliyar, Chalakudy, Neyyar, Kabbini Valapattanam and Chandragiri Remarks: It is endemic to Western Ghats and inhabits clear flowing rivers, streams and canals. Very hardy fish thrive well both in natural and aquarium conditions. IUCN status: Non-threatened (LR-Ic) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). Captive breeding: Breeding technology has been perfected (Mercy et al., 2002). 27. Esomus danricus (Hamilton-Buchanan) Trade name: Flying Barb. Local name: Meesapparava. Appearance: Most distinguishing character is its golden and black lateral band. Long wing like pectoral fins. Highly extended pair of barbels. Fins are orange red in colour. Current distribution: Muvattupuzha and Chalakudy. Remarks: Usual size is less than 10 cm. Thrive in small waterbodies with profuse vegetation. Diversity and distjibution of omamental fishes of Kerala 51

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous omamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius fi/amenlosus (Valenciennes) IUCN status: Vulnerable (VU) (Biju et al., (2000), Non-threatened (LR-Ic) (Kurup et al., 2004). Captive breeding: Breeding technology has been perfected (Mercy, 2004). 28. Etrop/us maculatus (Bloch) Trade name: Orange Chromide. Local name: Pallathy. Appearance: Small disc shaped fish with large eyespot on either sides of the body. Overall colouration is greenish with orange hue on the belly, sides and fins. A broken line appearing as a series of large squarish spots, run along the sides before and after the eye spot. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Kabbini, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil, Chalakudy, Neyyar, Kallada, Chaliyar, Valapattanam and Chandragiri. Remarks: It attains a maximum length of 8 cm. Inhabit fresh and brackish water areas. Occurs in the middle and lower part of the river system extending up to the costal area. IUCN status: Non-threatened (LR-nt) (Biju et al., 2000), LR-Ic (Kurup et al., 2004) Captive breeding: Breeding technology has been perfected (mongabay.com). 29. Etrop/us suratensis (Bloch) Trade name: Green Chromide. Local name: Karimeen. Appearance: Largest of our native cichtids, which is readily identifies by its blackish green colour, prominent greenish bands across the body and small f10rescent green-yellow spots on the body. Males having a golden hue in breeding season. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar. Kabbini, Muvattupuzha. Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil, Chalakudy, Neyyar, Kallada, Chaliyar, Valapattanam and Chandragiri. Remarks: It attains a maximum length of 40cm.i inhabits in the lower stretches of the rivers, wetlands and brackish water areas. This is a very popular ornamental fish. Juveniles are most preferred as aquarium fish. IUCN status: Non-threatened (LR-nt) (Biju et al., 2000). LR-Ic (Kurup et al., 2004). Captive breeding: Breeding technology has been perfected (Padmakumar et al., 2004). Diversity and distribution of oma mental fishes of Kerala 52

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous omamenta! fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius filamentosus (Valenciennes) 30. Garra gotyja stenorhynchus (Jerdon) Trade name: Nilgiris Garra. Local name: Kallemutti. Appearance: This is a small bluish-grey to brown bottom dwelling fish with it arched dorsal profile. A characteristic proboscis is present, tip of which is appeared as red in colour during the breeding season. There are black spots behind the upper corner of gill cover and base of dorsal fin. Current distribution: Chaliyar and Kabbini. Remarks: It is an active bottom dwelling fish, attains a maximum length of 15 cm. Mostly inhabit rivers and hill streams. Sometimes reported from higher elevations ie., 1000m ASL. IUCN status: Vulnerable (VU) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). Captiye breeding: Breeding technology not perfected so far. 31. Garra hug; Silas Trade name: Cardamon Garra. Local name: Kallemutti. Appearance: Greyish on the upper half and sides. Ventral side of the body is yellowish white. A dark conspicuous lateral band from gill opening to base of caudal fin, which usually ends at the dusky blotch. Upper surface of the outer rays of paired fins are greyish Current distribution: Bharathapuzha and Pamba Remarks: Very small species. Attains a length of maximum 7.5 cm. Found in the streams of high ranges. IUCN status: Endangered (EN) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004) 32. Garra mcclellandi (Jerdon) Trade name: Cauvery Algaeater. Local name: Kallemutti. Appearance: Olivaceous, fading yellowish on flanks and belly. A black spot behind the upper angle of gill opening. Dorsal anal and caudal fins are yellowish with grey markings. Paired fins yellowish with their outer portion dark grey margined with orange. Current distribution: Chaliyar, Chalakudy and Kallada. Diversity and distribution of omamental fishes of Kerala 53

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous omamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius fijamentosus (Valenciennes) Remarks: It attains a length of 17.5 cm. Inhabits running streams and rivers in the mid and upper stretches. IUCN status: Endangered (EN) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). 33. Garra mullya (Sykes) Trade name: Brown Algaeater. Local name: Kallemutti. Appearance: Upper surface of the head and body are darkish. A broad lateral band on sides bordered above and below by incomplete narrow lateral stripes especially in the posterior half of the body. Belly dull white. Distinct black spot is present just behind the opercular angle. A dusky blotch on the caudal fin base. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil, Chaliyar, Chalakudy, Neyyar, Kabbini, Kallada, Va!apattanam and Chandragiri. Remarks: Most attractive among Garra species and is very popular as ornamental fish. Attains a length of about 17cm. The fish is highly adapted to live in fast flowing water. IUCN status: Non-threatened (LR-Ic) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). Captive breeding: Breeding technology has been perfected (Mercy, 2004). 34. Garra 5urendranathinii (Shaji, Arun and Easa) Trade name: Dotted Algaeater. Local name: Kallemutti. Appearance: Dorsal side brownish black and belly white. Scales have black edges. Due to this body appears to have many bands along the lateral side. Head with many black dots and reticulations. Fins are purple in colour at the base with tips marked orange. A black dot is present at the upper angle of the gill opening. Current distribution: Periyar and Chalakudy. Remarks: It grows up to a maximum lenth of 15cm but usual size varies from 8-10cm. Found in the upper stretches of rivers. Preferable habitat is flowing water with rocky bottom. IUCN status: Endangered (EN) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). Captive breeding: Breeding technology has been perfected (Thampy et al., 2006 Personnel communication). Diversity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 54

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius filamentosus (Valenciennes) 35. G/ossogobius giuris (Hamilton- Buchanan) Trade name: Sleeper Goby. Local name: Poolon. Appearance: Yellowish brown with five dark blotches on the flanks. Sides of the head with irregular violet spots. Spots darkest along the spine of second dorsal fin. Current distribution: It enjoys a wide distribution and inhabits primarily freshwater and estuaries. It prefers sandy areas. Found abundant in the middle and lower reaches of rivers. Maximum length is 30 cm. Remarks: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Kabbini, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil, Chalakudy, Kallada, Neyyar, Chaliyar, Valapattanam and Chandrag iri. IUCN status: Non- threatened (LR-tc) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). 36. Glyptothorax annandalei Hora Trade name: Sucker Catfish. Local name: Parakoori. Appearance: Body with dark grey above and lighter below with two longitudinal bands some along lateral line and other above. Pectoral and adipose fin bases black. Thoracic apparatus yellow. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha and Periyar. Remarks: This catfish grows up to 11.5 cm. It inhabits high altitude streams, usually found in small rocky pools. IUCN status: Endangered (EN) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). 37. Glyptothorax madraspatanam (Day) Trade name: Travancore Sucker Catfish. Local name: Parakoori. Appearance: Yellowish with dark bands. Fins yellowish with black bands. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha and Chalakudy. Remarks: This catfish grows up to 11.5 cm. It inhabits high altitude streams, usually found in small rocky pools. IUCN status: Endangered (EN) (Biju et al., 2000). Dmity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 55

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius filamenlosus (Vaienciennes) 38. Gonoproktopterus curmuca (Hamiltom-Buchanan) Trade name: Red Tailed Silver Shark. Local name: Kooral. Appearance: Silvery body lightest on flanks and belly. Caudal fin with blackish tip. In young specimen middle third of the caudal fin is orange, tipped with black Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Kallada, Muvattupuzha, Achencoil, Chaliyar, Meenachil, Chalakudy, Valapattanam, Neyyar and Chandragiri. Remarks: Large fish attains a length of 1.2 meter. Smaller individuals are popular in aquarium trade. Mainly inhabits deep and cool pools in hilly region. IUCN status: Vulnerable (VU) (Biju et al., 2002), Endangered (EN) (Kurup et al., 2004). Captive breeding: Breeding technology has been perfected (Padmakumar et al., 2004). 39. Gonoproktopterus thomassi (Day) Trade name: Red Canareese Barb. Local name: Kooral. Appearance: Silvery along back and whitish on the belly. Each side with a red lunule. Most of the scales have a dark base. Dorsal and caudal fins brownish. Caudal find usually edged with black. Current distribution: Chalakudy, Bharathapuzha and Periyar. Remarks: Inhabits the upper stretches of rivers and dams. Fish attains a length of100cm. It is also popular in ornamental fish industry. IUCN status: Endangered (EN) (Biju et al., 2002; Kurup et al., 2004). 40. Hererppneustes fossilis (Bloch) Trade name: Stinging Catfish. Local name: Kaari. Appearance: Leaden or dark purplish-brown colour above and lighter below. Usually with two lateral yellowish band. Cylindrical smooth body with four pairs of well developed barbels. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Kabbini, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Manimala, Chalakudy, Kallada, Chaliyar and Valapattanam. Diversity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 56

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous omamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius fijamentosus (Valenciennes) Remarks: Fish attains a length of 30cm. Usually inhabits in low land rivers especially in muddy areas and wetlands. IUCN status: Vulnerable (VU) (Kurup et al., 2004). Captive breeding: 2002). Breeding technology has been perfected (Haniffa et al., 41. Horabagrus brachysoma (Gunther) Trade name: Yellowish Catfish. Local name: Mangaletta. Appearance: Greenish yellow above, the flanks golden, belly white with a large round black mark on shoulder surrounded by light yellow ring. Dorsal and anal fins yellowish orange, greyish at the margins. Caudal fin yellow with a semilunar thick black ring at the caudal fin base occasionally present. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar. Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Manimala, Chalakudy and Chaliyar. Remarks: Found in lower reaches of the rivers and backwaters of Kerala. Attains a maximum length of 45cm. This is very popular in aquarium trade. IUCN status: Vulnerable (VU)(Biju et al., 2000), Endangered (EN) (Kurup et al., 2004). Captive breeding: Captive breeding technology has been perfected (Padmakumar et al., 2004). 42. Horabagrus nigricollaris Pethyagoda and Kottelat Trade name: White Collared Imperial Catfish. Local name: Manjakoori. Appearance: Head and body grey brown, darker dorsally. Belly white. A black saddle shaped band, edged in white extends from the humeral region of each side over the black. Caudal fin light yellow edged with black. Pectoral and ventral fins light grey. Dorsal hyaline, dark at the base. Anal and caudal fin edged with black. Current distribution: Chalakudy and Periyar, Bharathapuzha. Remarks: It grows to a maximum of 35cm. Found mainly in the middle and upper stretches of the rivers. This is a popular ornamental fish. IUCN status: Critically Endangered (CR) (Kurup et al., 2004). 43. Horadandia atukorali Oeraniyagala Trade name: Glowlight Carplet. Diversity and distribution of omamental fishes of Kerala 57

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius filamen/osus (Valenciennes) Local name: Kanni. Appearance: An attractive plainly coloured fish. Back is olive brown. A faint dusky stripe runs down the middle of the side from the opercle to the caudal peduncle. A hair thin gold line often shines through the dusky stripe on the posterior half of the body. Belly and eyes are silvery and fins are clear. Current distribution: Muvattupuzha, Meenachil and Achencoil. Remarks: It grows to a length of 2 cm. Found usually in the down stretches of rivers and paddy fields. A beautiful aquarium fish suitable for a mono species aquarium. IUCN status: Endangered (EN) (Kurup et al., 2004). 44. Labeo nigrescens Day Trade name: Karnataka Labeo. Local name: Chekida. Appearance: The fish is distinguished by its deep brown calor. Each scale is provided with a black spot on the base. Fins are black. Current distribution: Chalakudy and Periyar. Remarks: The fish attains a maximum length of 45cm. Young ones are most preferred as aquarium fish. Its distribution in Kerala waters was observed very recently. IUCN status: Endangered (EN) (Kurup et al., 2004). 45. Lepidocepha/us thermalis (Valenciennes) Trade name: Malabar Loach. Local name: Ayira, Koima. Appearance: Slender loach, identified by its irregular markings and a series of spots along the sides. It is mustard yellow in colour and has about 10 black spots on sides. Large spots are present on the caudal fins. Colour pattern of some populations are more intense than others. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Kabbini, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil, Chalakudy, Neyyar, Kallada, Chaliyar, Valapattanam and Chandragiri. Diversity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 58

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Punlius filamenlosus (Valenciennes) Remarks: Grows to a maximum length of 8 cm. Preferred habitats are streams, shallow waters and flood plains. It is capable of ascending hill streams up to about 1500 above msl. IUCN status: Non-threatened (LR-Ic) (Biju et al 2000; Kurup et al 2004). 46. Macrognathus aral (Bloch and Schneider) Trade name: One Stripe Spiny Eel. local name: Aral. Appearance: Brownish or greenish, marbled superiorly, becoming yellowish on the abdomen. Body with two broad pale longitudinal bands extending its entire length, on both side of the lateral line. Dorsal fin pale or orange. Dorsal and caudal fins with numerous fine streaks. Current distribution: Achencoil. Remarks: It attains a length of 38cm. Usually occurs in the low land habitats of river systems. This is a very popular ornamental fish in the international market. IUCN status: Non-threatened (LR-nt) (Kurup et al., 2004). 47. Macrognathus guentheri (Day) Trade name: Peacock Eel. local name: Arakan. Appearance: Olive or greenish brown colour on the back and sides. Dull yellow below. A few black bands radiate from eye and cross below jaws. A light band runs along upper edge of lateral line. Short oblique bars on the body and vertical fins. Current distribution: Pamba, Kabbini, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil and Kallada. Remarks: Usually found in crevices of the boulders and sandy or muddy bottom of the streams, rivers and canals. IUCN status: Non-threatened (LR-nt) (Biju et al., 2000), Vulnerable (VU) (Kurup et al., 2004). 48. Macropodus cupanus (Valenciennes) Trade name: Spike Tailed Paradise Fish. Local name: Karimkana. Diversity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 59

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Punlius filamentosus (Valenciennes) Appearance: Dark olive to green in colour. Darker on back and often with a brown stripe from the eye to corner of opercle. Brown spots on head. A dusky blotch on the caudal peduncle. Scarlet coloured elongated pelvic fin rays. Soft dorsal and caudal fins with rows of black spots. Edges of fins peculiar white that might be called phosphorescent. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Kabbini, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil, Chalakudy, Kallada, Neyyar, Chaliyar, Valapattanam and Chandragiri. Remarks: Inhabits in freshwater ponds, ditches and small streams. It is a hardy species and is more of a jumper nature than most bubble nest builders. It is a very popular ornamental fish attains a maximum length of 7.5 cm. IUCN status: Non- threatened (LR-Ic) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). 49. Mastasembelus armatus (Lecepede) Trade name: Tire Track Eel. Local name: Arakan. Appearance: Long slender snake like fish with a prolonged snout and a spiny back. Dorsal and anal fins are fused with the caudal fin. Rich brown body colour with its bold zigzag markings gives the name as tire track eel. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Achencoil, Chaliyar, Chalakudy, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Manimala, Neyyar, Kabbini, Kaliada, Valapattanam and Chandragiri. Remarks: Maximum length is 75 cm. Very popular ornamental fish usually exported in smaller size. It dwells in rivers both in hills and plains. It prefers water bodies with sand boulder and pebbles. IUCN status: Non-threatened (LR-nt) (Biju et al., 2000), LR-Jc (Kurup et al., 2004). 50. Microphis cuncalus (Hamilton- Buchanan) Trade name: Crocodile Toothed Pipefish. Local name: Not Known. Appearance: Greenish above and dirty white below. Several dusky lines on the back, which intersect each other, form a network. There is a longitudinal spotted stripe along the sides. Eyes silvery, opercle burnish like silver. Caudal reddish. Current distribution: Valapattanam, Chalakudyand MuvaUupuzha Diversity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 60

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius filamenlosus (Va!enciennes) Remarks: It inhabits the lower stretches of rivers, also distributed in low salinity habitats. IUCN status: Vulnerable (VU) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). 51. Mystus armatus Day Trade name: Kerala Mystus. Local name: Koori. Appearance: Body with leaden or brown colour above and lighter below. Often with a brown band along the flanks. Upper half of the dorsal fin darkish. Anal fin is provided with a dark band. A dark blotch is present on the caudal fin. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Periyar, Kabbini, Kallada, Muvattupuzha, Chaliyar, Achencoil, Meenachil, Manimala, Valapattanam, Neyyar and Chandragiri. Remarks: It attains a length of 14.5cm. Found in the middle and down stretches of the rivers. IUCN status: Non- threatened (LR-Ic) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). 52. Mystus cavasius (Hamilton- Buchanan) Trade name: Gangetic Catfish. Local name: Koori. Appearance: Greyish with more or less well-defined mid lateral longitudinal stripe. A dark humeral spot emphasized by a white or pale area along its ventral margin. Dorsal and caudal fin dusky. Paired fins and anal fins are dusky. Current distribution: Muvattupuzha, Achencoil, Chalakudy, Kabbini. Kallada and Valapattanam. Remarks: It attained a maximum length of 40 cm but usual size is 12cm. Commonly found in the streams, rivers and canals of middle and lower stretches. IUCN status: Vulnerable (VU) (Biju et al., 2000), Lr- nt (Kurup et al., 2004). 53. Mystus malabaricus (Jerdon) Trade name: Jerdon's Catfish. Local name: Kallenkoori. OivelSity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 61

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous omamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Punlius filamenlosus (Valenciennes) Appearance: Deep leaden above and belly dull white. A dark band along the lateral line, which terminates in the dusky blotch on the caudal fin. Fins with minute dark spots. Usually a dark blotch will be present on the shoulder. Current distribution: Chaliyar, Kabbini, Periyar, Muvattupuzha, Manimala Valapattanam and Chandragiri. Remarks: The fish grow up to 15-cm. Usually found in rivers of mid and down stretches. IUCN status: Non- threatened (LR-Ic) (Biju et al., 2000). 54. Mystus montanus (Jerdon) Trade name: Wynad Mystus. Local name: Varikallenkoori. Appearance: Silvery above with a tinge of yellow along the abdomen. A silvery line along the flanks terminating in a dark spot at the base of caudal fin. There is one or two light bands along the sides of lateral line. A bluish spot on the shoulder. Fins tinged with green. Current distribution: Kabbini and Muvattupuzha. Remarks: The fish grows up to 15-cm. Abundantly found in the hilly areas of Wayanad district. IUCN status: Endangered (EN) ( Biju et al., 2000). Captive breeding: Breeding technology perfected (Arockiaraj, 2002). 55. Mystus oculatus (valenciennes) Trade name: Malabar Catfish. Local name: Koori. Appearance: Slivery grey above, lighter below. There is a dark spot at the origin of the dorsal fin. Dorsal fin with a dark band along its middle. Current distribution: Chaliyar, Bharathapuzha, Manimala, Achencoil and Pamba Remarks: It attains a maximum length of 15cm. It is common in the mid and low land areas of rivers. IUCN status: Non- threatened (LR-Ic) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). 56. Mystus vittatus (Bloch) Trade name: Pyjama Striped Catfish. Local name: Chillan koori. Divelsity and distribution of omamental fishes of Kerala 62

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Punlius fiiamentosus (Valenciennes) Appearance: Colour variable according to the age. Generally delicate greysilvery to shining golden with four or five lovely pale blue or dark brown to deep black longitudinal bands on flanks. A narrow dusky shoulder spot is present. Fins glassy, often with dark tips. Current distribution: Chatiyar, Periyar, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Achencoil, Pamba and Neyyar. Remarks: It attains a length of 21 cm. It is a popular ornamental fish in the international market. Currently exported from India. IUCN status: Endangered (EN) (Biju et al., 2000). Captive breeding: Breeding technology has been perfected (Mijkherjee et al., 2002). 57. Nandus nandus (Hamilton- Buchanan) Trade name: Leaf Fish. Local name: Mudukkila. Appearance: Greenish brown with brassy reflections. Vertically marbled with three broad patchy blotches. A dusky blotch on the caudal fin base. Some narrow bands radiating from the eyes. Fins greenish. Yellow narrow band of spots across soft portions of dorsal, anal and caudal fins. Current distribution: Chaliyar, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Achencoil, Kallada, Neyyar, and Chandragiri. Remarks: Fish attains a maximum length of 20 cm. Commonly found in low land areas of rivers and backwaters. IUCN status: Non- threatened (LR-Ic) (Biju et al., 2000). Captive breeding: Breeding technology has been perfected (Pal et al., 2003). 58. Nemacheilus denisonii denisonii (Day) Trade name: Ring Loach. Local name: Ayira, Koima. Appearance: It is small and slender fish. Overall coloration is light pink flesh, with 5-14 dark brown to black bands across the body. The dorsal fin is streaked and there is a dark spot on the base. Current distribution: Periyar. Remarks: It attains a maximum length of 7.5 cm. It can be an aquarium species. it dwells in fast flowing streams with sandy or pebbly bottoms. IUCN status: Vulnerable (Vu) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). Diversity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 63

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous omamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius filamentosus (Valenciennes) 59. Nemacheilus guentheri Day Trade name: Guenther Loach. Local name: Ayira, Koima. Appearance: Body dark brown with three rows of white spots at different sizes and form. A deep short vertical bar at the base of caudal fin. There is a spot on the dorsal fin origin. Dorsal and caudal fins with three or four rows of spots. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Kabbini, Chalakudy, Chaliyar. Kallada, Valapattanam and Chandragiri. Remarks: The species grows to a maximum 6.5cm. It is a bottom dwelling popular ornamental fish found in streams of hilly areas. IUCN status: Non-threatened (LR-Ic) (Kurup et al., 2004). 60. Nemacheilus semiarmatus Day Trade name: Fascinating Loach. Local name: Ayira, Koima. Appearance: Body and sides of the head with irregular scattered black spots. Younger once marked with 12 to 13 bands more distinct posterior, and rows of black dots on dorsal and caudal fin. A black band below eye and another in front of it running below the nostrils. Dorsal and anal fins dotted. Current distribution: Kabbini, Chaliyar and Periyar. Remarks: The species grows to a maximum 5.6cm. This is a popular aquarium fish, which inhabits hill streams with running water. IUCN status: Vulnerable (Vu) (Kurup et al., 2004). Captive breeding: Breeding technology has been perfected (Mercy, 2004). 61. Nemacheilus triangularis Day Trade name: Zodiac Loach. Local name: Ayira. Appearance: Ground colour greenish with yellowish bands edged with black on body, usually seven. The anterior five directed obliquely backwards, and the last two vertical. Several yellowish patches of different pattern above lateral line. A dusky blotch on the base of caudal fin. A dorsal and caudal fin with two bands each and anal and pelvic fins with one band each. Diversity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 64

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius filamentosus (Valenciennes) Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Kabbini, MuvaUupuzha, Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil, Chalakudy, Neyyar, Kallada, Chaliyar, Valapattanam and Chandragiri. Remarks: The fish mainly inhabits hilly areas. Also seen in mid land areas with gravel and pebbles as the main substrate. It attains 5.8 cm length and is very popular in the ornamental fish trade. IUCN status: Non-threatened (LR-nt) (Kurup et al., 2004). Captive breeding: Breeding technology has been perfected (Mercy and Jacob, 2002). 62. Notopterus notopterus (pallas) Trade name: Grey Feather Back! Silver Knife Fish. Local name: Thonnivala. Appearance: Silvery white body with a knife like appearance. Numerous fine grey spots on body and head which are dark along the narrow back. Very long anal fin continuous with the caudal fin. Current distribution: Pamba, Periyar, Kabbini, Meenachil, Achencoil, Kallada, Neyyar, and Chandragiri. Remarks: Usually found in the middle and lower reaches of the rivers. Attains a maximum of 61cm, but the common size is much smaller. This is a potential ornamental fish. IUCN status: Non- threatened (LR-nt) (Kurup et al., 2004). Captive breeding: Breeding technology has been perfected (Haniffa et al., 2004). 63. Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch) Trade name: Indian Butter Catfish. local name: Thalamban. Appearance: Silvery short with purple colour. Dorsally dark grey green to brown with a tinge of golden yellow. A large dusky spot on the shoulder on lateral line. A small black spot on the caudal peduncle just above the lateral line. A dark transverse bar is often found across the caudal fin. Current distribution: Pamba, Periyar, MuvaUupuzha, Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil, Chaliyar, Chalakudy, Kabbini, Valapattanam, and Chandragiri. Remarks: It inhabits in rivers ponds, canals and tanks in lower stretches. It attains a length of 45cm. Younger fishes transparent as glass. Diversity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 65

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Punlius filarnentosus (Valenciennes) IUCN status: Non- threatened (LR-nt) (Biju et al., 2000), Vulnerable (VU) (Kurup et al., 2004). Captive breeding: 1998). Breeding technology has been perfected (Sridhar et al., 64. Ompok malabaricus (Valenciennes) Trade name: Butter Catfish. Local name: Thalamban. Appearance: Deep greyish brown shot with purple. A black spot behind the gill opening. Fins are dusky. The species is distinguished from 0. bimaculatus with its caudal fin, which is forked with rounded tips. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Chaliyar and Valapattanam. Remarks: This fish grows up to 51cm. It is found in rivers in low land areas. IUCN status: Endangered (EN) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). 65. Osteobrama baker; (Day) Trade name: Malabar Queen. Local name: MUllanpaval. Appearance: Strongly compressed body with a bright sliver colour. Dorsal and caudal fins are dusky with reddish colour at the edges. Pectoral and pelvis fins are yellowish. Current distribution: Chandragiri, Periyar, Muvattupuzha and Achencoil. Remarks: It is an endemic fish of Kerala. It attains a length of 11 cm. Fish usually inhabits flowing rivers with higher depth. IUCN status: vulnerable (VU) (Biju et al., 2000), Endangered (EN) (Kurup et al., 2004). 66. Osteochilus nashi (Day) Trade name: Nash's Barb. Local name: Aameen. Appearance: Reddish brown along the back, abdomen silvery. A dark blue lateral band passing from eye to caudal fin. Fins are dusky. Dorsal fin with a dark band on the middle. In young ones lateral bands are terminates in a dusky blotch at the base of caudal fin. ONelSity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 66

ReSOllrce abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius filameniosus (Valenciennes) Current distribution: Chandragiri. Kabbini and Chaliyar. Remarks: Fish is endemic to Western Ghats of Karnataka and Kerala, which attains a maximum length of 18cm. It can be utilized as an aquarium fish. IUCN status: Vulnerable (VU) (Kurup et al., 2004). 67. Parambassis dayi (Sleeker) Trade name: Day's Glassy Perchlet. local name: Aringil. Appearance: Transparent glass like body glossed with purple colouration with a broad lateral brownish band. Fins hyaline. There is a dusky membrane between second and third dorsal fin. Caudal and anal fin is with out dusky appearance. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Periyar. Muvattupuzha Manimala, Achencoil, Chalakudy, Kallada, Neyyar and Chaliyar Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats of Kerala Found in hilly regions of north and Central Travancore. It is adapted for a life in swift current. IUCN status: Non- threatened (LR-nt) (Biju et al., 2000), Vulnerable (VU) (Kurup et al., 2004). 68. Parambassis thomassi (Day) Trade name: Giant Glassfish. local name: Aringil. Appearance: Glassy with slight greenish tinge. Fins are hyaline. Second dorsal spine slightly dusky on its anterior side. Young fishes entirely pale yellow, transparent, with pronounces slivery sheen on flanks. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Periyar, Muvattupuzha, Manimala, Chalakudy, Neyyar, Cha!iyar and Chandragiri. Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats of Kerala and Karnataka. Inhabits in the middle and lower stretches of the rivers. Sometimes found in the hilly streams too. IUCN status: Non- threatened (lr-lc) (Biju et al., 2000), LR-nt (Kurup et al., 2004). Diversity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 67

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous omamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius filamen/osus (Valenciennes) 69. Parlusiosoma daniconius (Hamilton-Buchanan) Trade name: Black Line Rasbora. Local name: Kaniyan Para!. Appearance: The fish is identifies by its golden body coloration and a goldbordered black lateral line. Fins are yellowish or orange in colour. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Kabbini, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil, Chalakudy, Neyyar, Kallada, Chaliyar, Valapattanam and Chandragiri Remarks: Very hardy fish. It attains about 10 cm length. Found in both upper and lower stretches of rivers. IUCN status: Non-threatened (LR-Ic) (Biju et al., (2000), LR-nt (Kurup et al., 2004). Captive breeding: Breeding technology has been perfected (Mercy, 2004). 70. Pristoiepis marginata Jerdon Trade name: Malabar Sunfish. Local name: Chuttichi. Appearance: Body is disc shaped, greenish yellow to greenish brown in colour. Fins usually dark. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Kabbini, Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil, Chalakudy, Kallada, Chaliyar, Valapattanam and Chandragiri Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats of Kerala. Inhabit clear lentic and lotic streams. Occurs usually in the middle streams. IUCN status: Vulnerable (VU) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). Captive breeding: Breeding technology perfected (Mercy, 2004). 71. Puntius amphibius (Valenciennes) Trade name: Scarlet Barb. Local name: Urulan kenda. Appearance: Body is silvery to golden in color with a black blotch at the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal side slightly bluish and belly silvery. Fins are yellowish. In males during the breeding season a scarlet band developed along the sides. CUrrent distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Kabbini, Muvattupuzha, Manimala. Achencoil. Neyyar, Vaiapattanam and Chandragiri. Remarks: Mainly seen in the mid land and low land areas of all rivers.! DIiIarsky and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala,. 68

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Punlius filamen/osus (Valenciennes) IUCN status: Non-threatened (LR-Ic) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). 72. Puntius arulius (Jerdon) Trade name: Aruli Barb. Local name: Aruliparal. Appearance: Fish is olive green on the back, silvery white dashes with reddish green on the abdomen. Fins pinkish in colour. Four to five black blotch on the body. Current distribution: Kabbini, Kallada. Remarks: Very popular ornamental fishes in the international market. Usually inhabits in the upper and middle stretches of the rivers. Maximum size is 12cm. IUCN status: Non-threatened (LR-nt) (Biju et al., 2000). 73. Puntius bimaculatus (Valenciennes) Trade name: Two Spot Barb. Local name: Para!. Appearance: Back olive green. Flanks and belly silvery. A black spot at base of third to eighth ray of dorsal fin. Another black spot at the end of lateral line. A crimson lateral band on spawning individual. Current distribution: Kabbini. Remarks: It attains a maximum length of 6cm and inhabits the hill streams of Kabbini river. Can be treated as an aquarium fish. IUCN status: Non-threatened( LR Ic) (Kurup et al., 2004). 74. Puntius chola (Hamilton- Buchanan) Trade name: Chola Barb. Local name: Para!. Appearance: Uniform silky silvery with strong olive green on back yellowish sheen on flanks. A large rosy spot on the operculum. A deep black blotch often framed in gold near the caudal fin. Eyes iridescent orange colour. Dorsal fin yellow to orange with brownish spots. Other fins yellowish. Males have orange tipped pelvic and anal fins. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Kabbini, Muvattupuzha, Chaliyar, and Chandragiri. Diversity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 69

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius filamentosus (Valenciennes) Remarks: Found in the middle and lower stretches of the rivers of Kerala. This species is peaceful and active. Attains an average size of 12cm. IUCN status: Vulnerable (VU) (Kurup et al., 2004). 75. Puntius conchonius (Hamilton-Buchanan) Trade name: Indian Rosy Barb. Local name: Vattaparal. Appearance: Body is greenish above the dorsal side and silvery along the sides A prominent eyespot near the caudal fin base. Males have pinkish hue along the sides. At breeding time males assume pink colour, dorsally boarded with glistening green. Fins are dark coloured. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Kabbini and Chandragiri. Remarks: This is most popular tropical aquarium fish. it grows up to 14 cm and prefers shallow streams and lakes. IUCN status: Vulnerable (VU) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004) Captive breeding: breeding technology has been perfected (fishpondinfo.com). 76. Puntius denisonii (Day) Trade name: Red Line Torpedo Fish. Local name: Chorakaniyan. Appearance: Body stivery with a black band running from the snout tip to the caudal fin with the lateral line on both sides. A blood red stripe is passing just above this running from the snout to mid caudal. Caudal fin with an oblique black band crossing the posterior third of each lobe. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Periyar, Achencoil, Chalakudy, Chaliyar. Valapattanam and Chandragiri. Remarks: The most popular aquarium fish in the international market. Extremely endemic to Kerala. It attains a maximum length of 15cm. 6em or less is most preferred for export. It Inhabits in the running streams. IUCN status: Vulnerable (VU) (Biju et al., 2000). Endangered (EN) (Kurup et al., 2004). 77. Puntius dorsalis (Jerdon) Trade name: Long Snouted Barb. Local name: Para!. DhersiIy and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 70

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Pun/ius filamentosus (Va!enciennes) Appearance: Olive green-brown and silvery barb with a long pointed snout. Large prominent scales with orange fins. Occasionally a black blotch neat the caudal fin and dark lateral line is present. Some individuals may have golden sheen along the sides. Distribution: Muvattupuzha, Manimala and Pamba. Remarks: Attains a maximum 24 cm. its preferred habitat are rivers, streams, ponds and lakes. Smaller fishes could be used for aquarium trade. IUCN status: Vulnerable (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). 78. Puntius fasciatus fasciatus (Jerdon) Trade name: Melon Barb. Local name: Vazhakkavarayan. Appearance: Body deep dull brick red or light golden brown colour with 3 dark vertical bands. Fins pinkish with black. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil, Chaliyar, Chalakudy, Neyyar, Kabbini, Kallada, Valapattanam and Chandragiri. Remarks: Very attractive and popular ornamental fishes already being exported from India, which is endemic to southern part of Western Ghats. Grow 5-6 cm in length. IUCN status: Non-threatened (LR-Ic) (Biju et al., 2000), LR-nt (Kurup et al., 2004). Captive breeding: Breeding technology has been perfected (Mercy, 2004). 79. Puntius filamentosus (Valenciennes) Trade name: Indian Tiger Barb. Local name: Valechuttiparal. Appearance: The fish characterised by uniform silver colouration, dark olive green with dull rainbow sheen on the sides by reflected light. A distinctive dark oval blotch on sides near the caudal peduncle, Dorsal fin is filamentous with reddish brown in colour, caudal fin reddish with black tips Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Kabbini, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil, Chalakudy, Neyyar, Kallada, Chaliyar, Valapattanam and Chandragiri. Diversily and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 71

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Punlius liiamenlosus (Valenciennes) Remarks: Inhabits in a whole array of habitats in both hill streams and streams of lower stretches and wetland of plains. This is a popular aquarium fish in domestic and international trade. IUCN status: Non -threatened (LR-Ic) (Biju et al., 2002; Kurup et al., 2004). Captive breeding: Breeding technology has been perfected (Mercy, 2004). 80. Puntius Jerdoni (Day) Trade name: Indian Tinfoil Barb. Local name: Saymeen. Appearance: Body silvery with bluish back yellowish or orange fins. Dorsal and caudal fins tipped with black blotch. It has a very close resemblance with the tinfoil barb. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Chalakudy, Valapattanam and Chandragiri Remarks: It attains a maximum length of 46 cm. It is endemic to South Western India, Inhabits the streams and rivers. It prefers clear water. The younger ones are very attractive and could be used as aquarium fish. IUCN status: Vulnerable (Vu) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). 81. Puntius meianostigma (Day) Trade name: Wynad Barb. Local name: Para!. Appearance: Silver coloured body with a light band on flanks. A deep black blotch on the caudal fin. Dorsal and cauda! fin greyish. Current distribution: Tributaries of Kabbini. Remarks: It attains a length of 8cm. It inhabits the hill streams of Wayanad. Very beautiful in appearance. Can be promoted as an aquarium fish. IUCN status: Endangered (EN) (Kurup et al., 2004). Captive breeding: Breeding technology perfected (Mercy, 2004). 82. Puntius parrah (Day) Trade name: Parrah Barb. Local name: Para!. Appearance: Body is dark greenish on back and lower half is silvery. A dark bluish horizontal line on flanks. Eyes golden and cheek golden paired and anal fins are tinged with yellow. Dorsal and caudal fins are dusky. Diversity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 72

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Punlius filamentosus (VaJenciennes) Distribution: Muvattupuzha. Bharathapuzha. Remarks: It attains a length of 15 cm. Mainly seen in the mid land areas of rivers. IUCN status: Vulnerable (VU) (Biju et al., 2000). 83. Puntius sarana subnasutus (Valenciennes) Trade name: Peninsular Olive Barb. Local name: Kuruva para!. Appearance: Body silvery with orange fins. It has a black blotch behind the gill cover (occasional) and one near the base of the tail. Bases of the scales are black appearing like a thin horizontal stripes on the sides. Tail fin is black tipped. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha. Pamba. Periyar. Achencoil. Chalakudy, Meenachil. Manimala. Kallada, and Chandragiri. Remarks: Commonly found in lower stretches of rivers and backwater areas. Attains a length of 25 cm. Juveniles are more attractive than adults. IUCN status: Non-threatened (LR-lc)(Biju et al., 2000). Vulnerable (VU) (Kurup et al., 2004). Captive breeding: Breeding technology has been perfected (Mercy, 2004). 84. Puntius sophore (Hamilton) Trade name: Sophore Barb. Local name: Paral. Appearance: A small silvery barb with a moderately deep body and clear fins. A black spot on the base of dorsal fin and another one at the base of caudal fin made it a beautiful aquarium fish. Adults have a pink, round spot on the gill cover and pink lateral bond on the sides. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha and Muvattupuzha. Remarks: Normal size is 5-6cm. This fish is usually inhabits in down streams and wetland areas. IUCN status: Vulnerable (VU) (Biju et al., 2000). Non-threatened (LR-nt) Kurup et al., 2004). 85. Puntius ticto (Hamilton) Trade name: Tic Tac Toe Barb. Local name: Para!. Diversity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 73

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Punfius filarnen/oslls (Valenciennes) Appearance: Colour varies sometimes golden yellow to bright silver with black spot behind the gill cover just above the pectoral fin basin. Body has a slight greenish sheen. Fins usually yellowish and dark marking may be present in the dorsal fin. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Kabbini, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil, Chalakudy, Neyyar, Kallada, Chaliyar, Valapattanam and Chandragiri. Remarks: Very active shoaling fish found in shallow waters. It attains a length of10cm. It is popular as aquarium fish due to its small size and bright colours. IUCN status: Non-threatened (LR-Ic) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). 86. Puntius vittatus (Day) Trade name: Siver Barb I Kooli Barb. local name: Para!. Appearance: It has Olive green to silvery coloration, with a gold-bordered black eyespot near the base of its tail. A black blotch at the base of dorsal fin with an orange edged band. Fins are often yellow to orange in colour. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha. Pamba, Periyar. Kabbini, Muvattupuzha. Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil, Chalakudy. Neyyar, Kallada, Chaliyar, Valapattanam and Chandragiri. Remarks: Smallest among the barbs. attains a maximum length of 5 cm. It inhabits in pools, canals, lakes and down streams of rivers. IUCN status: Non-threatened (LR-Ic) (Biju et al., 2000). Vulnerable (Vu) Kurup et al., 2004). Captive breeding: Breeding technology not peliected so far. 87. Salmostoma acinaces (Valenviennes) Trade name: Silver Razorbelly Minnow. Local name: Mathiparal. Appearance: Silvery with a lateral band. Anal and caudal fin edged with black. Body is strongly compressed. Very fast moving in aquarium. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha. Pamba, Periyar, Muvattupuzha. Manimala, Achencoil. Chalakudy, Kabbini, Valapattanam and Chandragiri. Remarks: It attains to a length of 15cm. Mainly seen in the high and mid land regions of the rivers. Diversity and disfjibution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 74

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Pun/ius filameniosus (Valenciennes) IUCN status: species attains a length of 15 cm mainly seen in the high land and mid land regions of rivers. IUCN status: Vulnerable (VU) (Biju et al., 2000). Data deficient (DD) (Kurup et al., 2004). 88. Salmostoma boopis (Day) Trade name: Boopis Razor Belly Minnow. Local name: Mathiparai. Appearance: Silver coloured body with a burnish lateral band. Dorsal anal and caudal edged with black. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha. Pamba, Periyar, Meenachil, Manimala, Chaliyar. Chalakudy, Neyyar. Kabbini. Kallada, Valapattanam and Chandragiri Remarks: Endemic to central and southern regions of Western Ghats. Attains a maximum of 12cm. It occurs in the middle and lower reaches of river systems. IUCN status: Non-threatened (LR-Ic) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). 89. Sicyopterus griseus (Day) Trade name: Clown Goby. Local name: Poolon. Appearance: Yellowish brown colour with eight or nine rings of greenish brown tint encircling the body and wider than interspaces. Fins dark with darker edges. Current distribution: Pamba, Chalakudy, Valapattanam and Chandragiri Remarks: This species attains 6.5 cm length. It occurs in mid and up lands of rivers. This is a beautiful aquarium fish. IUCN status: Vulnerable (VU) (Biju et al., 2000), Endangered (EN) (Kurup et al., 2004). 90. Tetraodon travancoricus Hora and Nair Trade name: Red Green Dwarf Puffer. Local name: Attunda. Appearance: Dorsal side greyish green and belly pale yellowish. Usually two black oval patches on upper lateral surface of the body in front of the dorsal fin. Posterior to these patches. a dark broad band running to the caudal fin and Diversity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 75

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous omamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in PtlntitlS filamentostls (Valenciennes) continuing to the central caudal rays. Usually a dark spot in the middle of course of band. A dark patch above the pectorals and a spot behind it. Fins are yellowish with hyaline tips. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil, Chalakudy and Chaliyar. Remarks: It is the dwarf Malabar puffer. It grows to a maximum 2.5 cm. They are becoming increasingly common in the aquarium trade. IUCN status: Vulnerable (VU) (Kurup et al., 2004). 91. Tor kudree (Sykes) Trade name: Deccan Mahaseer. Appearance: Dorsal side of the body is bluish, turning yellow-gold along the sides. Ventral surface is white in colour and eyes are red. Find blue grey with pink edges. Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Neyyar, Kabbini, Kallada, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil, Chaliyar, Chalakudy, Valapattanam and Chandragiri. Remarks: It grows in large sizes. Juveniles are attractive and can be used as aquarium fish. This fish described as endangered fish in India. IUCN status: Vulnerable (VU) (Biju et al., 2000; Kurup et al., 2004). 92. Travancoria e/ongata Pethyagoda and Kottelat Trade name: Angel Sucker Loach. Local name: Parepatti. Appearance: Greenish brown with dark brown spots as large than eye arranged in three rows. Ventral side creamy white. Ground colour of the head a darker brown than body, mottled with several small blackish spots. A row of 18-19 eye sized spots along the lower margin of the flanks. Dotted fins giving an appearance of transverse bars. Current distribution: Chalakudy. Remarks: It attains a length of 12 cm. Commonly found in hill streams with rocky bottom. Can be a potential ornamental fish. IUCN status: data Deficient (DD) (Kurup et al., 2004). Diversity and distribution of omamental fishes of Kerala 76

Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of Central Kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius filamentosus (VaJenciennes) 93. Travancoria jonesi Hora Trade name: Travancore Sucker Loach. Local name: Parepatti. Appearance: Dark above and pale below and flattened parts. Along the dorsal surface a series of 8 to 10 broad, saddle shaped spots, while head and sides of the body are mauled with black spots, some of which form a black band along the lateral line. Fins with a series of spots. Current distribution: Chalakudy and Periyar. Remarks: The species inhabits the mountain streams. Endemic to Western Ghats of Kerala. Attains a length of 8 cm. IUCN status: Critically endangered (CR) (Biju et al., 2000), Endangered (EN) (Kurup et al., 2004). 94. Wal/ago attu (Schneider) Trade name: Freshwater Shark. Local name: Attuvala. Appearance: Body is silvery with olive golden gloss above, sides dull white. A faint orange yellow band along the lateral line often present. Anal and caudal fins somewhat dusky. Distribution: Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil, Muvattupuzha and Periyar Remarks: One of the largest predatory local cat fish which thrive well in the middle and down stretches of rivers. IUCN status: Non- threatened (LR-nt) (Biju et al., 2000). Captive breeding: Breeding technology has been perfected (Goswami and Devaraj, 1992). 95. Xenentodon cancilla (Hamilton- Buchanan) Trade name: Freshwater Garfish. Local name: Kolan. Appearance: Greenish above, flanks greenish silvery fading to whitish below. A silvery lateral band (with dark margins) extended on flanks of the body. A series of four or five blotches, on sides of body between pectoral and anal find, Dorsal and anal are dark edged. O;;ersity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 77

Resource abundance alld survival of indigenous omamental fishes of Central Keraia with emphasis on handling and packing stress in Puntius liiamenlosus (Valenciennes) Current distribution: Bharathapuzha, Pamba, Periyar, Kabbini, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Manimala, Achencoil, Chalakudy, Kallada, Neyyar, Chaliyar, Valapattanam and Chandragiri. Remarks: Mainly seen in the low and mid land areas. Common size is 30cms. Juveniles are most preferred as ornamental fishes. IUCN status: Non- threatened (LR-Ic) (Biju et al., 2000). Kerala has optimum conditions for the development of an ornamental fish industry. But adequate scientific knowledge about the resources for the use of public are still lacking. The knowledge about the indigenous ornamental fish resources is expected to contribute substantial improvement in the growth of the ornamental fish industry of Kerala. At the same time, the increasing concern of scientists about the resource depletion is becoming one of the crucial limiting factors for the development of the industry, as the over exploitation is expected to create species endangerment in the future. One of the possible solutions to overcome this situation is the development of captive breeding technique for the commercial species. Several research institutions have taken initiatives to perfect the captive breeding technology of many species, giving highest priority to the endangered fishes, with the financial support from Government of India. As per the available information, captive breeding technology for 27 Indigenous ornamental fishes has been perfected so far. This covers about 28.42% of the total ornamental species available in Kerala. The traders also take effort to breed some popular ornamental species, as they are aware about the environmental problem associated with the wild fish harvesting. These achievements are expected to facilitate the expansion of the industry in the coming years. Diversity and distribution of ornamental fishes of Kerala 78

Ornamental fishes of Kerala

PLATE I Acanthocobitis moreh (Truncate Finned Loach) Ambassis gymnocephalus (Bald Glassy Perchlet) Amblypharyngodon melettinus (Indian Glass Barb) Amblypharyngodon microlepis (Indian Carplet) (Climbing Perch) (Brown Snake Eel) Aplocheilus blockii (Dwarf Panchax) Aplocheifus fineatus (Stirped Panchax) Awaous gutum (Giant Goby) Bari/ius bakeri (Blue Dotted Hill Trout)

PLATE 11 Barilius bendelisis (Hamilton's Baril) Barilius canarensis (Jerdons Hill Trout) Barilius gatensis (Metallic Hill Trout) Batasio travancoria (Malabar Batasio) Bhavania austra/is (Western Ghat Loach) Brachydanio rerio (Zebra Danio) Chandanama (Indain Glass Fish) Chanda ranga (Indain Glass Fish) Channa maru/ius (Peacock Snakehead) Channa orientalis (Asciatic Snakehead)