Industrial America A Nation Transformed 1860-1910 1. The Western Crossroads 1860-1910 2. The Second Industrial Revolution 1865-1905 3. The Transformation of American Society 1865-1910 Hey Mikey Boylan! What Kyle Williams? Look at this class. Boy, do they got it Easy! Yeah, Kyle I wish I could read! This looks like Josh Codis
The Western Crossroads 1860-1910 1. War in the West 2. Western Farmers 3. The Cattle Boom 4. The Mining Boom The resolution of the Oregon boundary dispute in 1846 and the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 reshaped the United States. 1 million square miles of land added to the United States Significance As Americans settled west beyond the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, American Indians suffered the consequences.
1860-1910 1. The War in the West When I was young, I walked all over the country, east and west, and saw no other people than the Apaches. After many summers I walked again and found another race of people had come to take it. How has his views of his country changed? As Americans settled west beyond the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, American Indians suffered the consequences. Cochise, a Chiricahua Apache leader
The Great Plains Country 1860-1910 By 1850, 360,000 American Indians lived on reservations, land set aside for Indians, and they also lived west of the Mississippi River. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was a government agency created to manage Indian affairs. Commissioner Luke Lea supported reservation systems. Not all Americans supported reservation systems. Indian agent, Thomas Fitzpatrick called it expensive, vicious, [and] inhumane. Thomas Fitzpatrick
The Treaty of Fort Laramie As Americans moved west, government officials tried to acquire land guaranteed to Indians under the treaty of Fort Laramie the Great Plains. The settlement of the West led to many years of struggle between the Indians on reservations and Americans trying to settle new lands. 1860-1910
I Black Kettle
The Sand Creek Massacre 1860-1910 Throughout the summer of 1864, violence occurred between Cheyenne and Arapaho forces and the local militia in the Colorado territory. Cheyenne Chief Black Kettle moves to make peace and camped at Sand Creek. U.S. Army Colonel John Chivington and 700 volunteers arrived at the tribe s camp. As one later recalled, suddenly the troops opened fire... and all began to scatter and run. Some 200 Indians, many women and children, died at was later known as the Sand Creek Massacre. "I have come to kill Indians," he is known to have said, "and believe it is right and honorable to use any means under God's heaven to kill Indians." Black Kettle: Peacemaker or Terrorist John Chivington
1860-1910 Significance The massacre prompted many Indian raids. It also led to reforming government policies. Treaty of Medicine Lodge -Indians gave up land in Colorado in exchange for reservations in Indian territory (Kansas) Second Treaty of Fort Laramie -Sioux moved to Black Hills of South Dakota.
Col. John M. Chivington at Camp Weld with Black Kettle and his men, Courtesy of Colorado Historical Society
Little Bighorn The discovery of gold led the United States government to violate the treaties. Sitting Bull, Tatanka Iyotake, a Lakota Sioux leader led the Sioux resistance. In the summer of 1876, Sitting Bull had a vision in which his soldiers and horses were upside down. After the Battle of Rosebud, confident 2,500 Indians met General George Armstrong Custer and about 600 members of the U.S. Army 7th Cavalry. Custer and about 200 soldiers entered the Indian Camp. After about an hour, 200 men, including Custer, lay dead. The Battle of Little Bighorn was the Sioux last victory. 1860-1910 Sitting Bull General George Armstrong Custer
1860-1910 The Ghost Dance A Paiute Indian, Wovoka, started a religious movement that featured a dance to bring back traditional Indian life and even Indian ancestors. Afraid that this Dance could provoke an uprising, government officials ordered the arrest of Sitting Bull, who had joined the movement. December 15, 1890, a riot broke out at the cabin of Sitting Bull on the Standing Rock Reservation. 14 Indians, including Sitting Bull lay dead. How does Sitting Bull s death affect the Indian s Resistance movement? Wovoka
Massacre at Wounded Knee 1860-1910 Hoping to avoid conflict a Sioux leader, Big Foot, led a group of Indians to the Pine Ridge Reservation as a result of the death of Sitting Bull. On December 28, 1890, government officials wanted to arrest Big Foot because they were afraid that he would start an uprising. Big Foot
Big Foot? Oops, wrong one!!! Any of you lovely ladies available for dinner?
1860-1910 Wounded Knee Colonel James Forsyth of the 7th Cavalry and 500 soldiers surrounded the camp and ordered the seizure of Indian rifles. By day s end, 150 Sioux Indians and 30 U.S. soldiers lay dead. Some Americans declared that Custer and the 7th Cavalry had been avenged. Colonel James Forsyth
1860-1910 Significance The incident marked an end to the bloody conflict between American Indians and Western Americans. The massacre marked an end of resistance and the need to assimilate, or culturally absorb American Indians into white America.
1860-1910 The End of Resistance Chief Joseph Geronimo Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce tribe surrendered to the U.S. Army less than 40 miles fro the Canadian border. He and other members of the tribe fled their homelands in Idaho, northeastern Oregon, because they feared war. Some of the Nez Perce tribe was imprisoned in Kansas and later Chief Joseph and some 150 others settled on a reservation in Washington. The surrender of Geronimo, an Apache leader in New Mexico and Arizona, and the surrender of Chief Joseph, marked an end of armed resistance between Native Americans and Western Americans.
1860-1910 Assimilating American Indians By the 1880 s, the U.S. government had acquired more than half a billion acres of land formerly owned by American Indians. The government viewed assimilation, or the cultural absorption of American Indians into white America as the only way to ensure Indian survival. In 1887, the Congress passed the Dawes General Allotment Act, which required that Indian lands be surveyed and that American Indian families receive an allotment of 160 acres of reservation land for farming
1860-1910 2. Western Farmers To say that I am homesick,... Is but a faint description of my feelings... Not a tree, plant, nor shrub on which to rest my weary eyes, to break the monotony of the sand beds and cactus of the Great American Desert. Why do you suppose people left the east coast and settled west beyond the Mississippi River? What kind of person settled the west?» Annie Green, Sixteen Days in the American Desert Posters like this one persuaded many people that a better life waited for them out west
1860-1910 The Economic Development of the West Republicans in Congress during the Civil War passed a series of acts in the western territories/states to turn public land into private land.
1860-1910 Land Acts The Homestead Act permitted any citizen... to select any surveyed land up to 160 acres and to gain title to it after five years. (400,000 families took advantage of the act) The Pacific Railway Act granted land to railroad companies so that the companies would connect the western states to the eastern part of America. Morrill Act gave 17 million acres of federal land to the states. The sale of the land would help finance construction of agricultural and engineering colleges.
The Railroads 1860-1910 The railroads were essential to the economic development of the West. Within ten years of passage of the Pacific Railway Act, the United States government gave railroad companies 125 million acres of public land. State and local governments also contributed nearly 100 million additional acres. Railroad companies encouraged migration west.
The Migration to the West 1860-1910 Three main groups traveled westward after the Civil War: white Americans from the East, African Americans from the South, and immigrants from foreign countries (Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes, as well as Russian Mennonites and lastly, the Chinese. There were all seeking economic opportunities, or in African Americans cases, racial prejudices. The biggest migration, or exodus, of African Americans, occurred in 1879 when some 20,000 to 40,000 African Americans moved west.
Western Environment and Farming Even though the Great West was a place of tremendous economic growth, between 1862 and 1900, the region did not immediately prosper because of scarce resources (water and trees) and the lack of farming equipment and supplies. Farm life on the Plains was very difficult due to the harsh weather and the climate made it very difficult to work. The climate will eventually lead to the demise of the Cattle Ranching industry. My Antonia, is the most published account which examined life in the American West. 1860-1910 Willa Cather, a home spun of the West, was the writer who recorded stories about life on the Western Plains.
Pay close attention to the roof! Sod House, Martin Powell Crossett, www.thebigdeacon.com. (accessed September 6, 2010)
Homesteaders and their sod house in the Midwest during the late 1800s. Millions of sod houses dotted the prairies in the late 1800s, but almost all of them have melted back into the prairie. The Homestead Act of 1862, DelsJourney.com (accessed September 6, 2010)
1860-1910 Willa Cather My Antonia considered one of the best novels by an American Author and tells the stories of several immigrant families who move out to rural Nebraska
1860-1910 U.S. Department of Agriculture In 1862, the U.S. Department of Agriculture was created to help farmers adapt to their new environment. The development of new farming equipment helped the farmers. This new farming technique created a new kind of large-scale operations, known as bonanza farms. The era of bonanza farming was short lived. By the 1890 s, most of them had been broken up into smaller farms.
1860-1910 3. The Cattle Boom [Abilene was] a very small dead place, consisting of about one dozen log hunts, low, small, rude affairs, four-fifths of which were covered with dirt for roofing; indeed but one shingle roof could be seen in the whole city. Joseph McCoy, quoted in Cowboy Culture, by David Dary
1860-1910 Ranching in the Western Plains The Texas Longhorn - interbred English cattle with Spanish cattle The growth of eastern cities after the Civil War led to an increase in cattle ranching and a tremendous selling profit. Sheep ranching was also quite profitable, but there was conflict between the cattle ranchers and the sheep ranchers. Why? Sheep ate the roots of the grass and ruined it for cattle! MOOO! This hoofed locust better stay out of my way! BAHHH! Please don t drive Me off a cliff!!!
The Era of the Cowboys Cowboys were workers who took care of a rancher s cattle; many were Confederate veterans of the Civil War African Americans, Mexicans, and Mexican Americans made up 1/3 of the 35,000 cowboys in the west; other two thirds were white. Cowboys herded as many as 3,000 cattle on long drives to reach railroad towns, known as railheads, where brokers brought cattle to ship east on railroad cars. Early cattle towns, or railheads, had a general store, a hotel, a railroad depot, and a stockyard. Cowboys were paid after the drive and usually frequented gambling halls and saloons. 1860-1910
Ranching in the West 1860-1910 In the 1870 s/1880 s, cattle ranching spread west and the government allowed the ranchers to use public land as open ranges, or free grazing lands. The open range and higher grade cattle breeding led to greater profits.
The End of the Cattle Boom 1860-1910 The cattle boom lasted about 20 years. Bad weather in the winter of 1885-1886 led to the destruction of the open range. Joseph Glidden and his patent, the barbed wire also led to the loss of the open range. Good-by, old trail boss, I wish you no harm; I m quittin this business to go on the farm. I ll sell my old saddle and buy me a plow; And never, no never, will I rope another cow. ( The Old Chisholm Trail ) Joseph Glidden
4. Mining Boom 1860-1910 Farming and Ranching still existed, but at a much smaller scale due to the economic impact of mining gold silver. From 1860 to 1900, prospectors found gold in several areas in the West and in the North. Discoveries of gold and silver after the California Gold Rush were made in Colorado, Carson River valley in Nevada, and even Arizona. The prospect of finding gold also led to the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. Secretary of State William Seward considered the area to possess treasures. He turned out to be right.
Life in the Mining Community 1860-1910 Mining camps were not family oriented and consisted mostly of males in search of possible wealth. At first, mining camps were a place of intense competition and violence and instability. Once mining camps turned into towns, mining became a profitable business. With the arrival of families, as well as businesses to feed and cloth the prospectors, the camps turned into permanent communities.
1860-1910 Mining as a Big Business Mining companies relied on technology and reaching the ore, companies used one of two methods. Hydraulic Mining -the use of water shot at high pressure to rip away gravel and dirt to expose the minerals Hard-Rock Mining -involves sinking deep shafts to obtain ore locked in veins of rocks During the 1900 s, mining increasingly affected the landscape and the environment of the West. (Unions)
Look out I blowing the wall!