Utilization of Industrial Waste in Low Volume Roads Construction Heeralal.M 1, Venkatesh.N 2, Praveen.G.V 3 Abstract----Potential use of waste materials in several engineering fields has been the need of the hour. Fly ash, plastic waste & tire waste are the most abundant waste materials in modern day, and dumping of these waste materials is a severe problem that various organizations are facing. The potential use of fly ash randomly mixed with plastic and tire chips separately has been taken up as a research work in this case. For this purpose several tests such as classification tests, SEM-EDAX analysis, compaction proctor, CBR (soaked and unsoaked) were carried out. Through SEMEDAX analysis we have come to know that the percentage of lime in fly ash is around 1%(<10%) which classifies it under Class F fly ash. Class F fly ash is a pozzolonic material but does not possess cementations properties. CBR tests were carried out for various percentages of plastic strips (0-1%) and also for various percentages of tire chips and tire powder (0-30%) randomly mixed with fly ash. Plastic strips had an aspect ratio of 3 and a length of 30mm. Tire chips has a length of 15-35mm. Results indicated an increase in CBR values for both plastic strips and tire chips mixed with fly ash. There was a marked increase in the CBR values for soaked and unsoaked CBR. For 1% of plastic waste the soaked CBR value of fly ash increased up to 3 times the value of unreinforced fly ash. For 20% tire chips the Soaked CBR value increased up to 2 times the value of unreinforced fly ash. CBR tests were also carried out by adding a certain percentages of lime to the mixture of fly ash and tire powder, and also to the mixture of fly ash and plastic waste. Fly ash was treated with 2.5% and 5% lime content and then mixed with tire and plastic waste separately. Due to pozzolonic reaction with lime, CBR values of fly ash increased to a great extent. According to IRC SP20-2002 code the minimum CBR values for sub bases in rural roads with medium traffic is 15%. For 5% lime treated fly ash CBR values above 15% were achieved when randomly mixed with tire and plastic waste. So lime treated fly ash mixed with tire or plastic waste can be used for rural roads Keywords- California Bearing Ratio, Fly ash, Plastic Waste, Tire Waste D I. INTRODUCTION UE to rapid industrialization & population growth, waste products are being generated at a very fast rate. Both developing and developed countries face the big question on how and where to dump these waste materials. So a lot of study and research work has been put in to find efficient, environment friendly and long lasting ways to use these waste materials in various engineering works and fields so that not only the problem of disposing of waste materials is solved but also a lot of money is being saved in the form of costly raw materials. 1 Associate Professor Department of Civil Engineering, N.I.T Warangal, India (heeralal.mudavath@gmail.com) 2 PhD Student, Department of Civil Engineering, N.I.T Warangal, India 3 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, S.R. Engineering College, Warangal, Indi) In this present study the waste materials that are considered are fly ash which is the waste product from thermal power plant, tire shreds which comes from recycling waste tire and plastic waste from PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles. All three waste materials are the most abundantly occurring waste materials not only for developed countries but also for developed countries. Organizations all around the globe are facing a herculean task to dispose of these waste materials as these waste materials pose severe environmental threats not only to human beings but also to the flora and fauna around us. So it is the need of the hour to use these waste products in engineering fields. In the present study focus has been put on the increase of CBR value of fly ash and fly ash treated with lime when reinforced with tire shreds and plastic strips. Reinforcing fly ash and other similar particulate materials to improve their strength can be broadly divided into two types: namely; systematically reinforced soil and randomly distributed fiber reinforced soil. In a systematically reinforced soil, reinforcing elements are oriented or placed in position so that maximum shear resistance is developed along the slip plane in a soil and is popularly called reinforced soil technique. Reinforcing soils using fibers/inclusions randomly in these materials is another variant and focus of continued research. Evidence of root reinforcement to improve stability and erosion of natural slopes, has triggered an interest of research in this field. In order to find the potential use of fly ash and wasted tire in bulk quantities, it is necessary to understand the strength behavior of fly ash when it is mixed with tire powder. As both the materials are considered as waste materials it is found out that when fly ash is mixed with different percentages of tire powder the shear strength parameters shows an increase in their value. As we know that fly ash can be used as a light weight backfill material so it is important that the shear strength parameters of fly ash are having a high value. For this purpose different tests were carried out such as classification test, SEM& EDAX analysis, Direct shear test on fly ash mixed with different percentages of tire powder. The percentages of tire powder were varied from 0% to 25% (5,10,15,20,25). The results indicated an increase in the shear strength parameters of fly ash when mixed with tire powder. CBR tests (soaked and unsoaked) were also done on Flash mixed with different percentages (10%, 20% and 30%). results indicated an increase in CBR values. Flash stabilized with tire powder can be used as a light weight backfill material and also as road sub-bases. II. MATERIALS Fly ash : It was procured from NTPC Ramagundam site. Fly ash classified as pond ash has the following chemical composition SiO2 (62%), Al2O3 (10.17%), Fe2O3 (3.04%), CaO (0.92%), TiO2 (0.99%), MgO (0.44%). As the lime 23
content of the fly ash is below 10% so the fly ash is classified as Class F fly ash according to ASTM standards. The SEM image of fly ash is shown in Figure 3.1 Fig. 3.1 SEM image of Fly ash Tire waste: Tire waste was divided into two types depending on their sizes and used as a reinforcing material for fly ash. The two types are mainly tire powder which passes 1.18mm sieve size and is retained on 600micron sieve, and tire chips whose size varies from 10-30mm. Both tire chips and tire powder were incorporated in fly ash and CBR test was done. The material was obtained from a centre in Warangal which alters machinery scrap tires to other materials. Figure 3.2(a) and 3.2 (b) will give an idea about the materials that were used diameter of 150 mm and a height of 175 mm. These tests were done using 50 mm diameter plunger and a surcharge load of 2.5 kg. A mechanical loading machine equipped with a movable base that moves at a uniform rate of 1.25 mm/min and a calibrated proving ring was used to record the load. In the present study CBR tests were done for various percentages of plastic waste and tire waste reinforced in fly ash, and all the tests were done by uniformly mixing various percentages tire and plastic waste into fly ash. For tire waste it was divided into two types mainly based upon their size. First is tire chip, whose length varied from 10-30mm and second is tire powder which was passing 1.18mm sieve size and retained on 600micron sieve size. Fly ash was mixed with both tire chips and tire for various percentages such as 10%, 20% and 30% in both cases. In case of plastic waste, fly ash was mixed with 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% plastic strips of length 30mm and width 10mm. All the tests were carried out mixing tire and plastic waste separately with fly ash at MDD and OMC. TABLE 3.1 INDEX PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH ALSO FOUND ACCORDING TO I.S CODES Fig. 3.2 (a) Tire chips (b) Tire Powder PLASTIC WASTE: Plastic water bottle wastes in the form of chips were used as random reinforcing material. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the polymer used in the manufacture of plastic bottles. PET has a molecular formula of C10H8O4n. Its solubility in water is negligible at less than 0.4%, melting point is in the range of 245 C 260 C and has specific gravity of 1.33. Plastic waste chips of effective length were 30mm and effective width was 10mm, Aspect ratio of 1:3 was maintained for all the tests done. Figure 3.6 shows the plastic strips that were used. IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CBR tests were performed on fly ash randomly mixed with varying percentages of tire powder. Both soaked and unsoaked tests were carried out on fly ash randomly mixed both tire powder. The typical variation for load versus penetration of fly ash randomly mixed with tire powder is shown in Figure 4.1 and CBR values for different percentages of tire powder has been mentioned in Table 1. Fig 3.3 Plastic Strips used in experiment III. EXPERMENTAL PROGRAMME California bearing ratio test CBR tests were conducted in accordance with IS: 2720 (Part 16) [13]. For this test specimens were prepared corresponding to their MDD at OMC in a rigid metallic cylindrical mould with an inside Fig. 4.1: Load vs. Penetration Curve for Fly ash mixed with tire powder 24
TABLE 4.1 CBR VALUES OF FLY ASH MIXED WITH VARYING PERCENTAGES OF TIRE POWDER Fig. 4.3 Load vs. Penetration curves for fly ash mixed with plastic strips Both soaked and unsoaked CBR tests were done on fly ash mixed with various percentages of tire chips. The typical variation of the load versus penetration for various percentages tire chips is shown in Figure 4.2 and the CBR values for different percentages of tire chips are mentioned in Table 4.2. TABLE 4.3 CBR VALUES FOR FLY ASH MIXED WITH VARYING PERCENTAGES OF PLASTIC STRIPS Fig. 4.2 Load vs. Penetration curves for fly ash mixed with tire chips TABLE 4.2 CBR VALUES OF FLY ASH MIXED WITH VARYING PERCENTAGES OFTIRECHIPS Fly ash was treated with various percentages with lime and then mixed with varying percentages of tire chips. At first fly ash was treated with 2.5% of lime and then mixed with varying percentages of tire chips. Then fly ash was treated with 5% lime and mixed with varying percentages of tire chips. Then soaked CBR tests were carried out for both the cases Both soaked and unsoaked CBR tests were done on fly ash mixed with various percentages of plastic strips. The typical variation of the load versus penetration for various percentages plastic strips is shown in Figure 4.3 and the CBR values for different percentages of plastic strips are mentioned in Table 4.3 Fig. 4.4 Load vs. Penetration curve for fly ash treated with 2.5% lime and mixed with tire chips Fig. 4.5 Load vs. Penetration curves for fly ash treated with 5% lime and mixed with tire chips 25
TABLE 4.4 CBR VALUES FOR FLY ASH TREATED WITH 2.5% & 5% OF LIME AND MIXED WITH TIRE CHIPS fly ash was treated with 2.5% of lime and then mixed with varying percentages of tire plastic strips. Then fly ash was treated with 5% lime and mixed with varying percentages of plastic strips. Then soaked CBR tests were carried out for both the cases. fly ash was treated with various percentages with lime and then mixed with varying percentages of tire powder. At first fly ash was treated with 2.5% of lime and then mixed with varying percentages of tire powder. Then fly ash was treated with 5% lime and mixed with varying percentages of tire powder. Fig. 4.8 Load vs. Penetration curve for fly ash treated with 2.5% Lime and mixed with Plastic Strips Fig. 4.6 Load vs. Penetration curves for fly ash treated with 2.5% Lime and mixed with Tire Powder Fig. 4.9 Load vs. Penetration curve for fly ash treated with 5% Lime and mixed with Plastic Strips TABLE 4.6 CBR VALUES OF FLY ASH TREATED WITH LIME AND MIXED WITH PLASTIC STRIPS Fig. 4.7 Load vs. Penetration curves for fly ash treated with 5% Lime and mixed with Tire Powder TABLE 4.5 CBR VALUES OF FLY ASH TREATED WITH LIME AND MIXED WITH TIRE POWDER Fly ash was treated with various percentages with lime and then mixed with varying percentages of plastic strips. At first V. CONCLUSION fly ash reinforced with tire chips it is found out that there is increase in CBR values. There is an increase of about 2 times for 20% tire chips and around 3 times for 30% tire chips. When fly ash was mixed with plastic waste, the value of CBR increased up to 2 times for 0.5% plastic, 2.5 times for 0.75% plastic and 3 times for 1% plastic waste. For tire powder the increase in CBR value was not as much as the increase in plastic waste and tire chips. For 30% tire powder CBR value of reinforced fly ash increased by 2.5 times When fly ash was treated with lime at 2.5% and5% it was found out that the soaked CBR value increased by 3 times and 26
4.5 times respectively. When the fly ash treated with lime was mixed with tire powder, tire chips and plastic strips, it was found that the CBR values increased with the addition of these materials up to a certain percentage. After the optimum percentage of these materials, there is improper binding between the fly ash and tire and plastic waste. For 2.5% lime treated fly ash plastic strips gave the highest value for CBR at an optimum content of 1.5% giving a value of 14.3%. For 5% lime treated fly ash, tire chips gave the highest value of CBR at an optimum content of 30% giving a value of 17.3%. When we compare the CBR values of fly ash mixed with tire powder to that of lime treated fly ash mixed with tire powder, there is almost 2 times at 2.5% lime and by 3 times for 5% lime. As we can see from the above cases stated that a CBR value above 15% were achieved for various cases, so we can say according to IRC SP20-2002 lime treated fly ash randomly mixed with tire and plastic waste can be used in rural roads with medium traffic. REFERENCES [1] Babu Sivakumar, G. L., and Chouksey, S. K. (2012). Analytical model for stress-strain response of plastic waste mixed soil J. Hazard. Toxic Radioactive Waste, 16(3), 219 228 [2] Consoli, N. C., Montardo, J. P., Prietto, P. D. M., and Pasa, G. S. (2002). Engineering behavior of sand reinforced with plastic waste. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:6(462), 462 472. [3] Edil, T. (2011).Specifications and recommendations for recycled materials used as unbound base course, Recycled Materials Resource Center, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI. [4] Edil, T. B., Acosta, H. A., and Benson, C. H. (2006). Stabilizing soft fine-grained soils with fly ash. J. Mat. Civ. Eng., 10.1061/(ASCE) 0899-1561(2006)18:2(283), 283 294 [5] Yetimoglu, T., and Salbas, O. (2003). A study on shear strength of sands reinforced with randomly distributed discrete fibers. Geotext. Geomembr., 21(2), 103 110. [6] ASTM. (1998). ASTM standard practice for use of scrap tires in civil engineering applications, D 6270-98, American Society for testing and materials, West Conshohocken. [7] Ahmed, I. (1993), Laboratory Study on Properties of Rubber-Soils, Ph.D. Thesis, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana [8] B Singh And V Vinot, Journal Of Civil Engineering And Architecture (2005) Influence Of Waste Tire Chips On Strength Characteristics Of Soils, Journal Of Civil Engineering And Architecture, ISSN 1934-7359,USA [9] Edil, T. B. and Bosscher, P. T. (1994), "Engineering Properties of Tire Chips and Soil Mixtures", Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 17, No. 4, December [10] IRC- SP 20-2002 Rural Roads Manual [11] Alam, J., and Akthar, M.N.(2011).- Fly ash Utilization in different Sectors in Indian Scenario. Int.J.Emerg.Trends Eng.Dev.,1(1),1-14. [12] Nanda, P. K., Chandwar, A., and Sahu, B. K. (2011). Greenhouse gas emissions from road project on improvement of Gomti Beawar section of NH -8 a case 27