Respiratory Protection Basics - PDF Free Download

Presenter Don Rust, CIH, CSP Technical Service Specialist 3M Personal Safety Division 6 years with the Personal Safety Division at 3M 25 years experience in Health, Safety and Emergency Management with 3M, Dow Corning, Cummins Engine, and Stanford University Building 235-2E-91 St. Paul, MN 55144 (651) 737-2727 drust@mmm.com MS in Environmental Health 1

Est. 1902 4

Overview of this Presentation Respiratory hazards Respiratory protection Creating an Effective Respiratory Protection Program Selection Fit Filtration Compliance Regulations for respiratory protection approval and use 5

Applicability This training is based on current United States federal OSHA requirements, including: 29 CFR 1910 and 29 CFR 1926 US state or other country requirements may be different Requirements can change in the future 6

Regulatory Requirements Read and understand all User Instructions and warnings before using Occupational use of respirators must be in compliance with applicable health and safety standards By United States regulation, employers must establish a written respirator protection program meeting the requirements of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Respiratory Protection standard 29 CFR 1910.134 and any applicable OSHA substance specific standards Additional information on this standard can be found at: www.osha.gov In Canada, CSA standard Z94.4 requirements must be met and/or requirements of the applicable jurisdiction as appropriate Information here is current as of April 2018 7

Overview of Respiratory Hazards 8

Respiratory Hazards Types Oxygen Deficiency Particles Organisms Dusts Gases Fibers Mists Vapors Fumes 10

Respiratory Hazards At certain exposure levels: Short-term health effects could include: Coughing/Irritation Difficulty breathing/asthma Nausea Drowsiness Long-term health effects could include: Cancer Birth defects 11

What is a Respirator? 12

What is a Respirator? Equipment worn by an individual in the workplace to help protect them from breathing airborne hazards 14

Fundamental Philosophy of Respiratory Protection Equipment Respirators are intended to help reduce a worker s inhalation exposure to air contaminants from a level that is considered hazardous to a level that is considered acceptable No available respirator provides the wearer with a zero exposure level [ ] Hazards Atmosphere Respiratory Protection Acceptable Atmosphere 15

Certification of Respirators The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is responsible for testing and approving respirator systems hhs.gov 42 CFR Part 84 - Approval Of Respiratory Protective Devices NIOSH approves respirators as complete systems cdc.gov cdc.gov/niosh 16 NPPTL

Certification of Respirators NIOSH approves respirators as complete systems Component parts or subassemblies are not approved [84.30 (b)] OSHA violation to alter any respirator or use parts that are not made by the original manufacturer For supplied air, approval includes airline hoses but not filter panels 17

Creating an Effective Respiratory Protection Program 18

Key Elements of Written Respiratory Protection Program Written worksite-specific procedures for: Respirator selection Medical evaluations Use of respirators Maintenance and care Assuring adequate air quality Training and fit testing Program evaluations Requires a program administrator 19

OSHA Regulations General Industry (29 CFR 1910) Subpart I: Personal Protective Equipment 1910.134 Respiratory protection Appendix A: Fit testing procedures (Mandatory) Appendix B-1: User seal check procedures (Mandatory) Appendix B-2: Respiratory cleaning procedures (Mandatory) Appendix C: Appendix D: Medical evaluation questionnaire (Mandatory) Information for employees using respirators when not required under standard (Mandatory) Subpart Z: Toxic and Hazardous Substances 1910.1000 Air Contaminants 1910.1001 Expanded Health Standards 1910.1052 (e.g., Asbestos, lead, benzene) 20

Selection Filtration Fit Compliance 21

SELECTION 22

Selection Filtration Fit Compliance 23

Types & Styles of Respirators Types Respirators Styles Air Purifying Atmosphere Supplying Powered Air Purifying Negative Pressure Air Line Self Contained Filtering Facepiece Elastomeric Half-Mask Elastomeric Full-Face 24

Air Purifying Atmosphere Supplying Cleaning contaminated air to make it breathable Bringing clean breathable air into contaminated environment 25

Air Purifying Respirators Negative Pressure Wearer breathes through cartridges and/or filters to purify the air Wearer powered Powered Air Purifying Respirators (PAPR) Clean air is delivered to the facepiece via motor blower drawing air through cartridges/filters Battery powered 26

Basic Factors in Choosing a Respirator Physical state of contaminant Oxygen Deficiency Gases Vapors Particles Organisms Dusts Fibers Mists Fumes Workplace concentration of the contaminant compared to the Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL). Such as: Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL), Recommended Exposure Limit (REL), Threshold Limit Value (TLV) [Workplace] vs [Limit] Other top considerations in selection: Assigned protection factor (APF) needed IDLH / oxygen deficiency Other work hazards / required PPE Environmental conditions / comfort Cartridge service life information Other site specific criteria in compliance with the written respiratory protection program 27

Filtering Facepiece Respirators Disposable 28

Elastomeric Half-Mask Elastomeric Half-Mask Reusable 29

Elastomeric Full Facepiece Elastomeric Full-Face Reusable 30

Air Purifying Filters Air Purifying Air Purifying NIOSH Filter Categories (42 CFR Part 84) Resistance to Oil Minimum Filter Efficiency N (No Oil) R (Oil Resistant) P (Oil Proof) 95% N95 R95 P95 99% N99 R99 P99 100% (99.97%) N100 R100 P100* * For Powered Air Purifying Respirators (PAPRS) there is only one filter class, HE (high Efficiency) 31

Air Purifying Cartridges Air Purifying Air Purifying Organic Vapor Acid Gases Organic Vapor / Acid Gases Ammonia / Methylamine Formaldehyde Organic Vapor Multi-Gas and Vapor Mercury Vapor / Chlorine Gas P100 (filter); High Efficiency (PAPR) Black White Yellow Green Olive/Black Olive Orange Magenta 32

Powered Air Purifying Respirator 33

Atmosphere Supplying Respirators Airline Respirator (SAR) Full Facepiece Self-contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) Combination supplied air / SCBA 34

Components of a Supplied Air Respirator System Headgear Air Hoses F&R Panel Breathing Tube NIOSH-approved as a system Air Control Devices Compressor or Bottled Air 35

Assigned Protection Factors (APF) Outside Respirator Concentration Inside Respirator Concentration = APF APF 10 = 10X reduction inside respirator Half Facepiece Respirators = 10 APF 36

OSHA Assigned Protection Factors (APF) Half facepiece (negative pressure) Covers mouth and nose APF = 10 Full facepiece (negative or positive pressure) Covers mouth, nose and eyes APF = 10 Qualitative Fit Test APF = 50 Quantitative Fit Test APF = 1,000 in positive pressure mode Loose-fitting Headgear (positive pressure) Covers face and most of head APF = 25 Hoods and helmets (positive pressure) Covers face, entire head and shoulders APF = 25/1,000* 37 *The employer must have evidence provided by the respirator manufacturer that testing of these respirators demonstrates performance at a level of protection of 1,000 or greater to receive an APF of 1000.

Assigned Protection Factor (APF) OSHA Definition The workplace level of respiratory protection that a respirator or class of respirators is expected to provide to employees when the employer implements a continuing, effective respiratory protection program as specified by 29 CFR 1910.134. 38

FIT 39

Selection Filtration Fit Compliance 40

Sealing Surface 41

Fit Testing of Tight-fitting Respirators Purpose: to determine the appropriate respirator style and size for the individual wearer Qualitative fit testing (QLFT) or Quantitative fit-testing (QNFT) Repeat annually, or earlier if facial scarring, dental surgery, excessive weight loss or gain, or any other change occurs in the employee s physical condition that could affect fit 42

Use of Respirators Do not wear tight-fitting facepieces with facial hair that comes between the sealing surface and face or that interferes with valve function or any other condition that interferes with facepiece seal or valve function The respirator faceseal must be clear of obstructions at all times For all tight-fitting respirators, must perform a user seal check each time it is put on If you cannot achieve a proper seal, do not enter the contaminated area! 43

Facial Hair Will cause leakage at the facepiece-to-face seal (even beard stubble) OSHA States: No facial hair that comes between the sealing surface of the facepiece and the face or that interferes with valve function Hoods and loose-fitting headgear can accommodate limited facial hair including, in some cases, beards Check with the manufacturer 44

FILTRATION 46

Selection Filtration Fit Compliance 47

Sizes of selected particles NIOSH Test Size (0.3 μm) Visible by electron microscope Visible by microscope Visible by human eye Viruses Welding fume Tobacco smoke Bacteria Industrial mists Pollen Human hair Dust Fog Mists & drizzle Rain 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100 Particle diameter, microns (1mm = 1,000 microns) Total Inhalable 1000 10000 49

Relative Size of Selected Particles NIOSH Test Size (0.3 μm) Smallest Visible Particle (40 μm).01 0.1 1 10 100 Viruses Welding Fumes Smoke Bacteria Woodworking Dust Paint Spray Coal Mining Pollen Human Hair Scale in microns (μm) 1 μm = 1/10,000 cm 50

Particle Filters A filter is NOT a screen or sieve 51

Particle Filters Filters are open structures with randomly oriented fibers. Particles are retained on fibers within the filter media. 52

Filter Media in Respirators Disposable Respirator Outer Layer Filter Media Air Flow Inner Layer Fibrous filter media remove particulates Fibers create a tortuous flow path Filter media made of: Natural fibers Polymer fibers Glass fibers 53

Particle Capture by Filter A filter can be made up of many layers, each with a limited level of efficiency. If a single filter layer has only 5% efficiency, then building up 100 layers would result in an overall efficiency of 99.4%. 54

Fibrous Filtration: Different Mechanisms of Capture Impaction Interception Diffusion 56 Source: Aerosol Technology, W.C. Hinds (2 nd Ed.)

Particle Capture Mechanisms Sedimentation Flow Lines Fiber Capture Mechanism: Sedimentation of particle >2mm 57

Particle Capture Mechanisms Impaction Flow Lines Fiber Capture Mechanism: Inpaction of particle 0.05-0.5mm 58

Particle Capture Mechanisms Interception Flow Lines Fiber Capture Mechanism: Interception of particle 0.05-0.5mm 59

Particle Capture Mechanisms Diffusion Flow Lines Fiber Capture Mechanism: Diffusion of particle <0.01mm 60

Particle Capture Mechanisms Electrostatic + - Flow Lines + - Fiber Capture Mechanism: Electrostatic Capture 0.05-0.5mm 61

Source: Aerosol Technology, W.C. Hinds (2 nd Ed.) 3M U.S. Personal Safety Division Fibrous Filtration: Most Penetrating Particle Size Most Penetrating Particle Size (MPPS): ~0.1um 0.5um Basis of NIOSH test using 0.3um particles 62

Particle Deposition in the Respiratory Track 63

Fibrous Filtration vs. Respiratory Deposition 0.3um 64

Particle Captured by Filter Pre-capture Post-capture 65

Filter Loading Solid Aerosol Liquid Aerosol 69

NIOSH Filter Categories (42 CFR Part 84) Test Aerosol Efficiency NaCl DOP DOP 95% N95 R95 P95 99% N99 R99 P99 100% (99.97%) N100 R100 P100 N = Not Resistant to Oil Mist R = Resistant to Oil Mist P = Oil Mist Proof PAPR (~HEPA) 70

COMPLIANCE 71

Selection Filtration Fit Compliance 72

Importance of: Use & Compliance Non-wear time Challenge: unworn respirator cannot protect worker Example: Worker takes off respirator to communicate with TB patient Respirators must be worn to be effective! 73 August 12, 2010

What affects wear time? Regulations? Management requirement? Worker attitude? Job Duties (communicating)? Comfort? Worker and supervisor awareness Hazards in workplace Necessity of wearing Training Fit testing Respirator selection 74 August 12, 2010

Care of Respirators Inspection Before each use and during cleaning Face seal, Straps, Buckles, Valves, Hoses Cleaning and Disinfecting Must use OSHA procedures in 1910.134 - Appendix B-2 or Procedures from the respirator manufacturer provided they are of equivalent effectiveness Repairs Use only manufacturer s NIOSH-approved parts for that specific respirator According to manufacturer s instructions by appropriately trained persons 75

Storage Protect the respirator from: physical damage, chemicals, dust, sunlight, extreme temperatures, excessive moisture 76

Overview of the regulations for respiratory protection approval and use 77

Training Training is required: Prior to initial use of respirator ANNUALLY With changes in workplace or respirator type 78

Voluntary Use of Respirators 80

So What Does Voluntary Use Mean? An exposure assessment has been conducted The PEL is not exceeded No OSHA regulation requires that respirators be provided by the employer The employer does not believe it is necessary to reduce exposures below their current levels The employer does not require that respirators be used Workers ask to wear respirators The respirators will not be used for emergency response or escape 81

Requirements for Voluntary Use The program elements specified by OSHA for respirators used voluntarily are: Medical evaluation Cleaning, storing and maintenance Minimal training, i.e., Appendix D 82

Filtering Facepiece Exemption Workers who wear filtering facepiece voluntarily only need to be provided with the information in Appendix D 83

OSHA Requirement for Change-out Schedules 1910.134(d)(3)(iii)(B)(2). if there is no ESLI appropriate for conditions in the employer's workplace, the employer implements a change schedule for canisters and cartridges that is based on objective information or data that will ensure that canisters and cartridges are changed before the end of their service life. The employer shall describe in the respirator program the information and data relied upon and the basis for the canister and cartridge change schedule and the basis for reliance on the data. 85

Cartridge Change-out Schedules Determine or estimate service life Replace cartridges before expected breakthrough Document objective data in written respiratory protection program 86

Manufacture-supplied calculation (Software) for Chemical Cartridge Service Life Enter Contaminants and Exposure Concentration 87

Enter Cartridge Enter Environmental Conditions (relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, temperature) Enter Work Rate (breathing rate) Estimated Service Life 88

Program Evaluation To ensure that the program is properly implemented and continues to be effective To consult employees regularly to assess their views on effectiveness and identify problems Proper fit Proper selection Proper use Proper maintenance Periodic evaluation of: Program Procedures Effectiveness 90

Top 10 Most Frequently Cited OSHA Standards October 1, 2012 September 30, 2013 Standard 29 CFR Title Number of Citations Penalty ($M USD) 1926.501 Fall Protection 8,172 20.5 1910.1200 Hazard Communication, 6,263 3.2 1926.451 Scaffolding 5293 9.4 1910.134 Respiratory Protection, 4,001 2.4 1910.305 Electrical, wiring methods, components and equipment 3,547 3.8 1910.178 Powered industrial trucks 3,518 4.5 1926.1053 Ladders 3,327 4.4 1910.147 Lockout/Tagout 3,418 7.9 1910.303 Electrical systems design 2,792 3.4 1910.212 Machinery and Machine Guarding 2,838 9.2 91

OSHA Citations Respiratory Protection Top 10 most frequently cited standards in fiscal year 2013 (October 1, 2012 through September 30, 2013) #4 Respiratory Protection 3,879 citations in 2013 Lack of medical evaluation Not conducting initial fit testing Not conducting annual fit testing Allowing a respirator to be worn with a beard Failing to evaluate the respiratory hazards Failing to select appropriate respiratory protection based on the hazards Not providing a written respiratory protection program Not training workers on the program 92

Questions? 3M PSD Technical Service 1-800-243-4630 3M Respiratory Protection 3M.com/Respiratory 94

Thank You 95