NATIONAL BIORESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD Dept. of Biotechnology Government of India, New Delhi

NATIONAL BIORESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD Dept. of Biotechnology Government of India, New Delhi MARINE BIORESOURCES FORMS DATA ENTRY: Form- 1(general ) (please answer only relevant fields;add additional fields if you require) Fauna : Flora Microorganisms General Category : Vertebrata (Zooplankton), Fish larvae Scientific name &Authority : Gempylus serpens Cuvier 1829 Adult Common Name ( if available) : Snake mackerel For office use: Synonyms: Gempylus coluber Lemnisoma thryistoides Classification: Author(s) Cuvier and Valenciennes Jordan and Evermann Status 1829 1905 Phylum: Vertebrata Super Class : Pisces Super Order: Teleostei Super Family: Genus : Gempylus Sub- Phylum Class : Osteichthyes Order: Perciformes Family : Gempylidae Species : serpens Authority: Gempylus serpens Cuvier 1829 Reference No. Cuvier, G., 1829. Regne Animal ed. 2, 2: 200 Sub- Class: Actinopterygii Sub Order :Trichiuroidei Sub-Family: Nishikawa, Y. 1987. Early development of fishes of the family Gempylidae. 1. Larvae and juveniles of escolar, Lepidocybium flavobrunneum (Smith). Bull. Far Seas Fish. Res. Lab. 19 : 1-13. Geographical Location: Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean warm waters. Latitude: Place: Longitude: State:

Environment Fresh water: Yes/ No Habitat : Salinity : Brackish : Yes/ No Migrations : Temperature : Salt water : Yes / No Depth range : Picture (scanned images or photographs of adult / larval stages) Figs. 1-4. Gempylus serpens larvae Fig. 1-3.5 mm, Fig. 2-4.4 mm, Fig. 3 8.8 mm, Fig. 4 14.0 mm (Reproduced from Nishikawa, 1987)

Figs. 5 7. Gempylus serpens Cuvier Fig. 5-4.91 mm larva, Fig. 6-5.28 mm larva, Fig. 7 Outline figure of 580mm specimen (Reproduced from Jones, 1960).

DATA ENTRY FORM: Form- 2(Fish / shellfish / others ) Ref.No.: (please answer only relevant fields ; add additional fields if you require) Form 1 Ref.No.: IMPORTANCE Landing statistics (t/y) : from to Place : Ref. No.: Main source of landing: Yes/ No Coast: east/ west Importance to fisheries: Main catching method : Used for aquaculture : yes/ never/ rarely Used as bait : yes/no/ occasionally Aquarium fish : yes/ no/ rarely Game fish : yes/ no Dangerous fish : poisonous/ harmful/ harmless Bioactivity : locally known/ reported/ not known Details: Period of availability : Throughout the year yes/ no If no, months: SALIENT FEATURES : Morphological: Diagnostic characteristics: Sex attributes: Descriptive characters:

Meristic characteristics: Feeding habit: Main food : Feeding type : Additional remarks: Size and age: Maximum length (cm) (male / female/ unsexed) Average length (cm) (male / female / unsexed) Maximum weight : (g) (male / female / unsexed) Average weight :(g) (male / female / unsexed) Longevity (y) (wild) : (captivity ) Length / weight relationalships:

Eggs and larvae: Ref. No.: Eggs are pelagic. Larvae are deep bodied with about 44 55 myomeres. Newly hatched larva measures around 2.5 mm. In 3.5 mm larva, body is partially pigmented.alimentary canal is thick anteriorly and extends backwards to 2/3 of the body. Head is with opercular spines and pointed snout. Eyes are big. In the 4 to 5 mm stage, the spinous rays of first dorsal and ventral fins are serrated very conspicuous. Pignentation present at the tip of jaws, on the forebrain, midbrain, lateral midline, dorsal and ventral margins of the body. Larva of 8.8 mm size has a more elongated snout with more pigmentation on body, alimentary canal and dorsal fin. Post juvenile stage of 580 mm is like a miniature adult with full compliments of fins. Head with elongated snout and there is no sign of opercular spines. Teeth are present on jaws. (Figs. 1-7). Characteristics: Abundance: Biochemical aspects: Proximate analysis: moisture/ fat/ protein/ carbohydrate/ash Electrophoresis: SPAWNING INFORMATION: Ref. No. Ref. No. Locality: Main Ref: Larva are collected from Laccadive Sea and Indo Pacific tropical waters. Season: Fecundity: Comment: MAJOR PUBLICATIONS (INDIAN): (include review articles, monographs, books etc.) Jones, S. 1960. On the snake mackerel Gempylus serpens Cuvier from the Laccadive Sea. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India, 2 (1) : 85-88. Peter, K.J. 1982. Studies on some fish larvae of the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Ph. D.Thesis, Univ. of. Cochin, 349 pp. LIST OF INDIAN EXPERTS (Name, address, phone, fax, e-mail etc.) 1. Dr. K.J.Peter Scientist, NIO. (Rtd) Koithara 54/2950, Kadavanthara South Kochi-682020 Ph. (0484) 318036 e-mail: peterann@md4.vsnl.net.in 2. M. Kumaran Scientist, CMFRI. (Rtd) Malaparambil Housing Colony Calicut 673 009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: (List of persons who contributed, modified or checked information)

NATIONAL BIORESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD Dept. of Biotechnology Government of India, New Delhi For office use: MARINE BIORESOURCES FORMS DATA ENTRY: Form- 1(general) Fauna: Flora Microorganisms General Category: Vertebrata (Zooplankton) Fish larvae Scientific name &Authority: Rastrelliger kanangurta (Cuvier) 1817 - Adult Common Name (if available): Indian mackerel Language: English Synonyms: Author(s) Status Rastrelliger Jorden and Starks 1908 Scomber canangurta Cuvier 1829 Classification: Phylum: Vertebrata Sub-Phylum: Super class: Pisces Class: Osteichthyes Sub- Class: Actinopterygii Super order: Teleostei Order: Perciformes Sub Order: Scombroidei Super Family: Family: Scombridae Sub-Family: Scombrinae Genus: Rastrelliger Species: kanangurta Authority: Rastrelliger kanangurta (Cuvier) 1817 Reference No.: Cuiver, G. 1817. Regene Animal, 2: 313. Peter, K.J. (1967) Larvae of Rastrelliger (mackerel) from the Indian Ocean. Bull. Nat. Inst. Sci. India, 38,854-863. Geographical Location: Tropical Indo Pacific Coastal waters. Latitude: Place: Longitude: State:

Environment Freshwater: Yes/ No Habitat: Salinity: Brackish: Yes/No Migrations: Temperature: Salt Water: Yes Depth range : Picture (scanned images or photographs of larval stages) Figs. 1-3. Larvae of Rastrelliger (Peter, 1967). Fig. 1. 2.7 mm. larva. Fig.2. 3.1 mm. Fig 3. 5.3 mm. larva

Fig.4-6. Juveniles of Rastrelliger (Balakrishnan and Rao 1971) Fig.4. 16.9 mm. Fig. 5. 19.3 mm. Fig. 6. 22.4 mm.

DATA ENTRY FORM: Form 2 (Fish/ Shell fish/ Others ) Ref. No.: (Please answer only relevant fields; add additional fields if you require) Form- 1 IMPORTANCE Landing statistics (t/y): from to Place: Ref. No.: Main source of landing: Yes/ No Coast: east/ west Importance to fisheries: Main catching method: Used for aquaculture: yes/ never/ rarely Used as bait: yes/no/ occasionally Aquarium fish: yes/ no/ rarely Game fish: yes/ no Dangerous fish: poisonous/ harmful/ harmless Bioactivity: locally known/ reported/ not known Details: Period of availability: Throughout the year yes/ no If no, months: SALIENT FEATURES: Morphological: Diagnostic characteristics: Sex attributes: Descriptive characters:

Meristic characteristics: Feeding habit: Main food: Feeding type: Additional remarks: Size and age: Maximum length (cm) (male/ female/ unsexed) Average length (cm) (male/female/unsexed) Maximum weight: (g) (male/female/unsexed) Average weight: (g) (male/female/unsexed) Ref. No Longevity (y) (wild): (captivity) Ref. No Length/ weight relation ships:

Eggs and larvae: Eggs are pelagic, transparent, 0.7mm to 0.9mm in diameter, with single oil globule. Larvae of Rastrelliger has fairly stubby body with thirty myomeres, big eyes, wide mouth, coiled intestine and a large head devoid of opercular spines. Pigmentation is less in very early larvae. The earliest record of larvae from the Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal (1967) comprisied of only three larvae measuring 2.7mm, 3.1mm and 5.3mm (Figs 1-3). The 2.7mm larva has thirty well-defined myomeres, of which seven are abdominal and twenty-three are caudal. The alimentary canal is short and single coiled, the coiling being through the right side. The length of head measures 0.6mm, and height 0.6mm. The depth of the body at the region of the stomach is 0.7mm. The mandibles, maxillae, cleithra and opercula are ossified to a greater degree than the rest of the skeletal elements. The notochord is straight, and partly ossified. Mouth is rather wide, and the inner corner of mouth extending up to the base of the middle eye. The diameter of eye measures 0.3mm. The eyes are pigmented. The dorsal and anal fins are represented by the long finfold that extends through out the length of the body. The pectoral fins are represented by two flattened membraneous finfolds one on either side. The caudal has a symmetrical appearance with the tip of notochord passing through the centre. The dorsal part of the larva is quite unpigmented, whereas ventral part exhibits certain definite pattern of pigmentation. There are two pigment spots just below the stomach. Located at the anterior and posterior margins of the anal opening two pigment spots are noticeable. Posterior to the anal opening, a row of melanopores numbering up to fifteen is seen on the ventrolateral margin of the myomeres. They extend from 8 th to 29 th myomeres. But the 14 th, 15th,18 th and 30 th myomeres lack this pigmentation. The 3.1 mm larva has a more stubby bodied appearance. The length of the head measures 1.5mm and the height, 1.6mm. The myomeres could be separated into 7 abdominal and 23 caudals. Some of the anterior myomeres have developed a zigzag pattern. The processes of branchiostegal rays and gill arches are noticeable. The eyes also show proportional increase in size, having a diameter of 0.4mm. The mouth lacks teeth at this stage. The notochord is still straight. The pectorals show a certain degree of advancement in their growth. They measure 0.3mm in length and are very conspicuous. At this stage the larva might be capable of swimming fast. The dorsal parts of stomach and alimentary canal are well pigmented. The pigmentation in the gut region is confined to the peritoneal cavity. On the top of the head are noticed two small pigment spots. The stomach and intestine retain the same pattern of pigmentation. Posterior to the anal opening as many as eighteen pigment spots could be counted. In the caudal region one pigment spot is noticed at the base of the hyural plates and another at the distal margin of the caudal rays. The 5.3mm long larva is very deep bodied and short. In relation to the greater size of the head, the eyes also show a proportional increase in size (0.7mm in diameter). A lengthening of the intestine is also observed at this stage. The myomeres appear very compact and exhibit a high degree of zig zagging, indicating further advancement in the muscle differentiation towards the adult condition. Nine abdominal and twentyone caudal myomeres could be demarcated. Ossification of principal caudal rays is already noticed. The vertebral column and urostyle are almost completely ossified. The second dorsal, though appearing like a memberanous finfold, shows signs of ossification of rays especially at the positions of the basals. Even though the entire finfold uniformly, exhibits a thickened margin towards the base through out its length,

the future position of the second dorsal is clearly indicated. On close examination as many as 12 thickened basals and an equal number of very thin supporting rays could be noticed. Even though the first dorsal is not yet formed, its future site is demarcated by the thickening noticed just anterior to the second dorsal. The anal also is almost in the same stage of development as the second dorsal. It is located just opposite to the second dorsal, having about 12 thickenned basals. The dorsal and anal finlets are not developed at this stage The caudal has under gone a higher degree of ossification than the dorsal and anal up to 15 caudal rays could be counted. The tip of the urostyle is curved upwards. Of all the fins, the pectorals are the most conspicuous with a high degree of muscular support. The total length of the fin including the stalk measures. 6mm. Six teeth are noticed in the upper jaw and four in the lower. Gill rakers are better developed. Four branchiostegal rays are clearly visible. The dorsal side of the head and the tip of the snout are pigmented. Pigmentation is also seen all over the stomach, especially in the peritoneal cavity. Pigment spots present at he anterior and posterior margins of the anal opening as in the previous stages are noticed in this stage too, but they appear to be darker. Two other pigment spots are also noticed just below the stomach. The ventro lateral row of pigment spots start from the 13 th myomere is found to be unpigmented. On the caudal region three conspicuous pigment spots are present on the caudal fin also, of which two are below the hypurals and one towards the distal end of the fin rays. The melanophores on the occipital region and top of head form a more or less circular pattern. The number of ventral pigment spots is limited to14, and they exhibit some degree of fading. The post larval and early juvenile stages (Figs. 4-6 Balakrishnan and Rao) resemble the adult in general appearance, with the comparatively long head, deep body and big eyes. In the 8.7 mm stage, the eyes are completely pigmented, jaw with few teeth and pre-opercle umarmed. All fins except 1 st dorsal are well developed with full complements of rays. The first dorsal is low and has only 5 spines. There are 6 dorsal and anal finlets. Pectoral is fan shaped. Pelvic is small and thoracic in position. Finlets are interconnected by a membrane. Pigmentation is localized characteristically to the tip of the snout, mid brain region, sides of the body adjacent to the visceral cavity and the base of vertical fins. In addition there are chromatophores, one on the tip of the lower jaw, 2 on the forebrain, two to three on the hind-brain region and four on the operculum. Similarly 4 chromatophores in a row on the mid-lateral side of the caudal region and a single one in the middle of the fluke of caudal fin are present. The 11.4 mm post larva has 6 teeth on the upper and seven on the lower jaw. Six spines are discernible in the first dorsal. Further increase in the pigmentation on the tip of the snout, dorsal side of head and opercle is recognizable. Four chromatophores have developed on the upper jaw. A single chromatophores in the preorbital area and a row of four in the post orbital are present. Interspinous membrane of the first dorsal is pigmented. The deep bodied and chubby early post larvae assumes a fusiform shape and increases in the density and pattern of pigmentation especially on the dorsal half as it grows (Figs. 1-6). Ref. No. Characteristics: Abundance: Biochemical aspects: Proximate analysis: moisture/ fat/ protein/ carbohydrate/ash Ref. No. Electrophoresis: Ref. No.

SPAWNING INFORMATION: Locality: Main Ref. Larvae are collected from the coastal waters of Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Gulf of Thailand. Season: Larval records coincide with the monsoon seasons. Fecundity: Comment: MAJOR PUBLICATIONS (INDIAN): (Include review articles, monographs, books etc.) Peter, K. J. (1967) Larvae of Rastrelliger (Mackerel) from the Indian Ocean. Bull. Nat. Inst. Sci. India. 38, 854-863. Balakrishnan V. and K.V. Narayana Rao (1971). Some post larval and juvenile stages of Indian mackarel Rastrelliger kanangurta (Cuvier) with notes on the changes in the body. Indian J. Fish., 14, 97-114 (1971) LIST OF INDIAN EXPERTS (Name, address, phone, fax, e-mail etc.) 1. Dr. K. J. Peter Scientist, NIO. (Rtd) Koithara 54/2950 Kadavanthara South Kochi-682020 Ph. (0484) 318036 e-mail: peterann@md4.vsnl.net.in 2. Dr. V. Balakrishnan Scientist, CMFRI. (Rtd.) Cherupilly Road Kaloor, Kochi 682017 Ph. (0484) 347413 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: (List of persons who contributed, modified or checked information)

NATIONAL BIORESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD Dept. of Biotechnology Government of India, New Delhi For office use: MARINE BIORESOURCES FORMS DATA ENTRY: Form- 1(general ) (please answer only relevant fields;add additional fields if you require) Fauna : Flora Microorganisms General Category : Vertebrata (Zooplankton) Fish larvae Scientific name &Authority : Auxis thazard (Lacepede) 1802 - Adult Common Name ( if available): Short corseletted frigate mackerel Language: English Synonyms Author( s) Status Scomber thazard Lacepede 1802 Scomber bisus Rafinesque 1810 Auxis taso Cuvier 1831 Auxis thazard Jordan and Evermann 1896 Classification: Phylum: Vertebrata Sub-Phylum: Super class: Pisces Class: Osteichthyes Sub- Class: Actinopterygii Super order: Teleostei Order: Perciformes Sub Order: Scombroidei Super Family: Family: Scombridae Sub-Family: Thunninae Genus: Auxis Species: thazard Authority: Auxis thazard (Lacepede) 1802 Reference No.: Lacepede, B.G.E. De Lav. 1800-03 Historie Naturelle de poissons Vols. 1-5. Matsumoto, W.M.1959. Description of Euthynnus and Auxis from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and adjacent seas. Dana Report, 50: 1-34 Geographical Location: Indian, Atlantic, Mediterranean and Pacific Oceans. In the Indian Ocean it is known from the east coast of South Africa, Gulf of Aden, west and east coast of India, Laccadive, Sri Lanka and west coast of Australia. Latitude: Place: Longitude: State:

Environment Fresh water: Yes/ No Habitat : Salinity : Brackish : Yes/ No Migrations : Temperature : Salt water : Yes Depth range : Picture (scanned images or photographs of adult / larval stages ) Figs. 1-6. Larval stages of Auxis (type I, reproduced from Matsumoto, 1959) Fig. 1. 4.5 mm, Fig. 2. 5.5 mm, Fig. 3. 7.05 mm, Fig. 4. 9.7 mm, Fig. 5. 11.2 mm, Fig. 6. 13.2 mm.

Figs. 7-11. Larval stages of Auxis thazard (reproduced from Jones, 1961) Fig. 7. 4.99 mm, Fig. 8. 6.58 mm, Fig. 9. 8.78 mm, Fig. 10. 10.25 mm, Fig. 11. 14.42 mm.

DATA ENTRY FORM: Form- 2(Fish / shellfish / others ) (please answer only relevant fields ; add additional fields if you require) Form 1 Ref.No.: IMPORTANCE Landing statistics (t/y) : from to Place : Ref. No.: Main source of landing: Yes/ No Coast: east/ west Importance to fisheries: Main catching method : Used for aquaculture : yes/ never/ rarely Used as bait : yes/no/ occasionally Aquarium fish : yes/ no/ rarely Game fish : yes/ no Dangerous fish : poisonous/ harmful/ harmless Bioactivity : locally known/ reported/ not known Details: Period of availability : Throughout the year yes/ no If no, months: SALIENT FEATURES : Morphological: Diagnostic characteristics: Sex attributes: Descriptive characters:

Meristic characteristics: Feeding habit: Main food : Feeding type : Additional remarks: Size and age: Maximum length (cm) (male / female/ unsexed ) Average length (cm) (male / female / unsexed ) Maximum weight : (g) (male / female / unsexed ) Average weight :(g) (male / female / unsexed ) Longevity (y) (wild) : (captivity ) Length / weight relationalships:

Eggs and larvae: Ref. No.: Information on eggs is not available. Ripe ovum is reported to be of having a diameter of 0.97mm. with single oil globule of 0.22mm size. Larvae are characterised by conspicuous chromatophores along the middorsal and midventral lines. In older specimens chromatophores are found along the mid lateral line also of the caudal peduncle. They have deep head with tapering body having 39 myomeres. In postlarval stages, snout is short and pointed, and its length is less than the diameter of eye. Mouth is oblique. Head is not as large as in other larval tunas. Teeth are present on both jaws. In 7.94 mm larva, pigmentation on the head and abdomen are present. Intestine is short and triangular in shape. Fins possess spines and rays characteristic of adult. Position of vent is near the middle of body. Eyes are big. Head, pectorals and dorsals are pigmented. Opercular spines are prominent (Figs. 1-11). Characteristics: Abundance: Biochemical aspects: Proximate analysis: moisture/ fat/ protein/ carbohydrate/ash Electrophoresis: SPAWNING INFORMATION: Ref. No. Ref. No. Locality: Auxis larvae are collected from Laccadive Sea and Indo-Pacific waters closer to land masses. Main Ref: Season: Fecundity: Comment:

MAJOR PUBLICATIONS (INDIAN): (Include review articles, monographs, books etc.) Jones, S. 1960. Notes on eggs, larvae and juveniles of fishes from Indian waters VI. Genus Auxis Cuvier. VII. Sarda orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel). Indian J. Fish., 7 (2): 337-347. Jones, S. 1961. Notes on eggs, larvae and juveniles of fishes from Indian waters IX. Further observations on the genus Auxis Cuvier. Indian J. Fish., 8 (2): 413-421. Jones, S. and M. Kumaran, 1964. Eggs, larvae and juveniles of Indian Scombroid fishes. Proc. Sym. Scombr. Fishes, Mandapam Camp,(Mar. Biol. Ass. India) 1962, 1: 343-378. Peter, K.J. 1977. Distribution of tuna larvae in the Arabian Sea. Proc. Symp. Warm Water Zoopl. Spl. Publ. UNESCO/NIO: 36-40. Peter, K.J. 1982. Studies on some fish larvae of the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Cochin, 349pp. LIST OF INDIAN EXPERTS (Name, address, phone, fax, e-mail etc.) 1. M. Kumaran Scientist, CMFRI. (Rtd) Malaparambil Housing Colony Calicut 673 009 2. Dr. K.J.Peter Scientist, NIO. (Rtd) Koithara 54/2950, Kadavanthara South Kochi-682020 Ph. (0484) 318036 e-mail: peterann@md4.vsnl.net.in ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: (List of persons who contributed, modified or checked information)

NATIONAL BIORESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD Dept. of Biotechnology Government of India, New Delhi For office use: MARINE BIORESOURCES FORMS DATA ENTRY: Form- 1(general ) (please answer only relevant fields;add additional fields if you require) Fauna : Flora Microorganisms General Category : Vertebrata (Zooplankton) Fish larvae Scientific name &Authority : Auxis thynnoides Bleeker 1855 Adult. Common Name ( if available): Long corseletted frigate mackerel Language: English Synonyms Author( s) Status Auxis marn Kishinouye 1915 Auxis tapeinosoma Herre and Herald 1951 Auxis thazard Jordan and Evermann 1990 Classification: Phylum: Vertebrata Sub-Phylum: Super class: Pisces Class: Osteichthyes Sub- Class: Actinopterygii Super order: Teleostei Order: Perciformes Sub Order: Scombroidei Super Family: Family: Scombridae Sub-Family: Thunninae Genus: Auxis Species: thynnoides Authority: Auxis thynnoides Bleeker 1855 Reference No.: Bleeker, P. 1855. Vijfide bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologiche fauna van Ternate. Nataurk Tijdschr Ned. Ind. 8: 301-302. Matsumoto, W.M.1959. Description of Euthynnus and Auxis from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and adjacent seas. Dana Report, 50: 1-34 Geographical Location: Tropical and subtropical sections of Pacific and Indian Oceans, including east and west coasts of India. Latitude: Place: Longitude: State:

Environment Fresh water: Yes/ No Habitat : Salinity : Brackish : Yes/ No Migrations : Temperature : Salt water : Yes Depth range : Picture (scanned images or photographs of adult / larval stages ) Figs. 1-4. Larval stages of Auxis (type II, reproduced from Matsumoto, 1959) Fig. 1. 3.5 mm, Fig. 2. 3.7 mm, Fig. 3. 5.2mm, Fig. 4. 7.2 mm

Figs. 5-7. Larval stages of Auxis thynnoides (reproduced from Jones, 1961) Fig. 5. 4.66 mm, Fig. 6. 6.54 mm, Fig. 7. 8.68 mm,

Meristic characteristics: Feeding habit: Main food : Feeding type : Additional remarks: Size and age: Maximum length (cm) (male / female/ unsexed ) Average length (cm) (male / female / unsexed ) Maximum weight : (g) (male / female / unsexed ) Average weight :(g) (male / female / unsexed ) Longevity (y) (wild) : (captivity ) Length / weight relationalships:

Eggs and larvae: Ref. No.: Information on eggs is not available. Ripe ovum is reported to be of having a diameter of 0.97 mm with single oil globule of 0.2 mm size. Larva very closely resembles morphologically that of A. thazard, except for the comparatively slender body and small head. There are 5 opercular spines in the 3.7 mm stage larva. Myomeres are 39 in number. Pigmentation on the body is much less. 3.7 mm to 7.2 mm larva lack chromatophores along the midlateral line in the caudal region. The smallest specimen (3.5 mm) has a single dark pigment spot at the symphysis of the pectoral girdle, and chromatophores on the both dorsal and ventral edges of the body in the caudal peduncle region. A long series of well spaced chromatophores is present along the entire length of the ventral margin of the body. Midbrain is sparsely pigmented. In the 5.2 mm stage there are 3 very closely spaced chromatophores on the midventral line of the caudal peduncle, and 4 widely spaced chromatophores farther forward. In 7.2 mm stage first dorsal consists of 5 spines and second, 11 rays. Anal fin also shows signs of development (Figs. 1-7). Characteristics: Abundance: Biochemical aspects: Proximate analysis: moisture/ fat/ protein/ carbohydrate/ash Electrophoresis: SPAWNING INFORMATION: Ref. No. Ref. No. Locality: Larvae were collected from Laccadive Sea from January to April period. Main Ref: Season: Fecundity: Comment:

NATIONAL BIORESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD Dept. of Biotechnology Government of India, New Delhi MARINE BIORESOURCES FORMS DATA ENTRY: Form- 1(general ) (please answer only relevant fields;add additional fields if you require) Fauna : Flora Microorganisms General Category : Vertebrata (Zooplankton), Fish larvae For office use: Scientific name &Authority : Sarda orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel) 1842-Adult Common Name ( if available) : Oriental bonito Synonyms: Pelamis orientalis Pelamis orientalis Sarda chilensis Sarda velox Sarda orientalis serventyi Author(s) Temminck and Schlegel Gunther Day Meek and Hildebrand Whitley Status 1842 1860 1889 1923 1945, 1962 Classification: Phylum: Vertebrata Super Class : Pisces Super Order: Teleostei Super Family: Genus : Sarda Sub- Phylum Class : Osteichthyes Order: Perciformes Family : Scombridae Species : orientalis Sub- Class: Actinopterygii Sub Order : Scombroidei Sub-Family: Thunninae Authority: Sarda orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel) 1842 Reference No. Temminck, C.J, and H. Schlegel, 1842-50. Sive descripto animaliu, quae in itinere per Japonian suspeto, annis 1823-30 collegit, notis observation bus et adumbrationibus illustravit P.F.Siebold. Fauna Japonica, Pt.2. Pisces 1-323; Pt.3, 73-112 pls. Lugduni, Batavorum. Gorbunova, N.N. 1974. A review of larvae of scombroid fishes (Scombridae, Pisces). Akad. Nauk SSSR, Inst. Okeanol. Trudy, 96, 23-76 (in Russian) Klawe, W.L. 1960. Notes on larvae, juveniles and spawning of Bonito (Sarda) from the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Pacific Science, 15 (4) : 100-115. Geographical Location: Indian, Pacific and Atlantic ocean. Latitude: Longitude: Place: State:

Environment Fresh water: Yes/ No Habitat : Salinity : Brackish : Yes / No Migrations : Temperature : Salt water : Yes / No Depth range : Picture (scanned images or photographs of adult / larval stages) Figs. 1 3 Larvae of Sarda orientalis Fig. 1. 4.2 mm. Fig. 2. 4.9 mm. Fig. 3 6.1 mm. (Reproduced from Gorbunova, 1974).

Fig. 4. - Sarda sp. 3.5 mm larva (Reproduced from Klawe, 1961). Fig. 5. Sarda orientalis 80 mm juvenile (Reproduced from Jones, 1960).

Eggs and larvae: Ref. No.: Eggs: Ripe ovum is large, spherical, transparent with oil globule and an average diameter of 1.3 mm when fresh and 1.04 mm on preservation. Larvae: No information is available on early larvae. Three larvae measuring 4.2 mm, 4.9 mm and 6.1 mm described by Gorbunova, 1974 (Figs. 1-3 ) are reproduced here to facilitate identification. These larvae are less pigmented with chromatophores on the forebrain, tip of snout, stomach and along the midventral line up to urostyle. In the first two staged fins are represented by only finfolds. Opercular spines are present, the fourth one being the longest. In the 6.1 mm stage larva the head is more elongated with pointed snout and prominent opercular spines. The jaws are with teeth. There are large pigments noticed on the lower jaw. Rudiments of dorsal and anal are already indicated. In 3.5 mm larva described by Klawe, 1961 (Fig.4) only 3 opercular spines are seen. Area of forebrain is pigmented. Posterior to the vent chromatophores are present along the midventral line up to the urostyle. In juveniles of about 80 mm length (Fig. 5) twelve transeverse bands which are incomplete ventrally are present over the body gradually change into characteristic wavy lines of the adult. Characteristics: Abundance: Biochemical aspects: Proximate analysis: moisture/ fat/ protein/ carbohydrate/ash Electrophoresis: SPAWNING INFORMATION: Ref. No. Ref. No. Locality: Main Ref: S. orientalis is the only species of the genus found in the Indian ocean. Spawning period seems to be from April to September with peak in July August. Juveniles are reported to occur along the Kerala Coast. Season: Fecundity: Comment:

MAJOR PUBLICATIONS (INDIAN): (include review articles, monographs, books etc.) Jones, S.1960. Notes on eggs, larvae and juveniles of fishes from Indian Waters. VI. The genus Auxis Cuvier, VII. Sarda orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel), Indian. J. Fish.,7 (2) : 337-47. Jones, S. and M.Kumaran, 1964. Eggs, larvae and juveniles of Indian Scombroid fishes. Pro. Symp. Scombr. Fishes Mandapam Camp, (Mar. Biol. ASS.India), 1962 1: 343-378. Peter, K.J. 1982. Studies on some fish larvae of the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Ph. D.Thesis, Univ. of. Cochin, 349 pp. LIST OF INDIAN EXPERTS (Name, address, phone, fax, e-mail etc.) 1. M. Kumaran Scientist, CMFRI. (Rtd) Malaparambil Housing lony Calicut 673 009 2. Dr. K.J.Peter Scientist, NIO. (Rtd) Koithara 54/2950, Kadavanthara South Kochi-682020 Ph. (0484) 318036 e-mail: peterann@md4.vsnl.net.in ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: (List of persons who contributed, modified or checked information)

NATIONAL BIORESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD Dept. of Biotechnology Government of India, New Delhi For office use: MARINE BIORESOURCES FORMS DATA ENTRY: Form- 1(general ) (please answer only relevant fields;add additional fields if you require) Fauna : Flora Microorganisms General Category : Vertebrata (Zooplankton) Fish larvae. Scientific name &Authority : Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus) 1758 - Adult Common Name ( if available): Oceanic Skipjack Language: English Synonyms Author( s) Status Scomber pelanis Linnaeus 1758 Thunnus pelanis Cuvier 1831 Katsuwonus pelanis Kishinouye 1915 Classification: Phylum: Vertebrata Sub-Phylum: Super class: Pisces Class: Osteichthyes Sub- Class: Actinopterygii Super order: Teleostei Order: Perciformes Sub Order: Scombroidei Super Family: Family: Scombridae Sub-Family: Thunninae Genus: Katsuwonus Species: pelamis Authority: Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus) 1758 Reference No.: Linnaeus, C. 1758. Sive regna tria systamatics proposita per classes, ordines, genera, et species cum charactaibus differentiis, synonymus locis etc. Systema Naturaei 1: 297 pp. Matsumoto, W.M.1958. Description and distribution of larvae of four species of tuna in the Central Pacific waters. U.S. Dept.int.Fish and Wildl. Serv. Fish. Bull 58 (128) : 29-72. Geographical Location: Tropical and sub tropical waters of Indo-Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.In the Indian Ocean this species has been recorded from off south and east coasts of Africa, Gulf of Aden, Laccadive Sea, Maldives, Gulf of Mannar and western Australia. Latitude: Place: Longitude: State:

Environment Fresh water: Yes/ No Habitat : Salinity : Brackish : Yes/ No Migrations : Temperature : Salt water : Yes Depth range : Picture (scanned images or photographs of adult / larval stages ) Figs. 1 4. Katsuwonus pelamis (Reproduced from Jones,1959) Fig.1. 2.9mm, Fig. 2. 3.6mm, Fig. 3 5.8mm, Fig. 4 7.8mm

Figs. 5-6 Katsuwonus pelamis (Reproduced from Matsumoto, 1958) Fig. 5. 8.7mm, Fig. 6. 14.25mm.

Meristic characteristics: Feeding habit: Main food : Feeding type : Additional remarks: Size and age: Maximum length (cm) (male / female/ unsexed ) Average length (cm) (male / female / unsexed ) Maximum weight : (g) (male / female / unsexed ) Average weight :(g) (male / female / unsexed ) Longevity (y) (wild) : (captivity ) Length / weight relationalships:

Eggs and larvae: Ref. No.: Fully ripe ovum is spherical and transparent having a mean diameter of 0.9mm and with an oil globule of about 0.14mm size. Early larvae has a large head in comparison with the body, which is long and slender. Greatest depth is posterior to the eye. The abdominal sac is characteristically small and is situated anteriorly to the mid-point of total length. The mouth is large and the angle of jaws reaches to about a vertical below the posterior margin of the eye. The lower jaw is slightly included at the tip. Diameter of eye is less than the length of the snout which is long and pointed. A maximum of 8 spines are developed normally along the edge of the preoperculum, the one in the preopercular angle being the longest. Number of spines varies with the size of larvae, the maximum number being present at about 8mm stage. These spines gradually get atrophied in juvenile stages. Rudiment of dorsal fin begins to develop, when the larvae reach a length of about 6.7mm. In juveniles 20 precaudal and 21 caudal vertebrae could be counted. The presence of a single chromatophore, a little anterior to the caudal peduncle along the midventral line is very characteristic of this species, and this persists even at a very later stage. Chromatophores begin to develop on the opercle in the specimens of about 5mm and more. Early appearance of chromatophores over the forebrain in specimens of more than 7mm length, the presence of chromatophores on the middle of each mandible, and formation of few chromatophores along the anterior portion of the first dorsal fin are very characteristic. Dermal chromatophores are present at the tip of lower and upper jaws. (Figs.1-6) Characteristics: Abundance: Biochemical aspects: Proximate analysis: moisture/ fat/ protein/ carbohydrate/ash Electrophoresis: SPAWNING INFORMATION: Ref. No. Ref. No. Locality: Main Ref: Larvae and juveniles were recorded during December April months from the Minicoy area in the Indian Ocean. Season: Fecundity: Comment:

MAJOR PUBLICATIONS (INDIAN): (Include review articles, monographs, books etc.) Jones, S. 1960. Notes on eggs, larvae and juveniles of fishes from Indian waters III.Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus) and IV Neothunnus macropterus (Temminck and Schlegel). Indian J. Fish., 1959 6 (2): 360-373. Jones, S. and M. Kumaran, 1964. Eggs, larvae and juveniles of Indian scombroid fishes. Proc. Sym. Scombr. Fishes, Mandapam Camp,(Mar. Biol. Ass. India) 1962, 1: 483-498 Peter, K.J. 1977. Distribution of tuna larvae in the Arabian Sea. Proc. Symp. Warm Water Zoopl. Spl. Publ. UNESCO/NIO: 36-40. Peter, K.J. 1982. Studies on some fish larvae of the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Cochin, 349pp. LIST OF INDIAN EXPERTS (Name, address, phone, fax, e-mail etc.) 1. Dr. K.J.Peter Scientist, NIO. (Rtd) Koithara 54/2950, Kadavanthara South Kochi-682020 Ph. (0484) 318036 e-mail: peterann@md4.vsnl.net.in 2. M. Kumaran Scientist, CMFRI. (Rtd) Malaparambil Housing Colony Calicut 673 009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: (List of persons who contributed, modified or checked information)

NATIONAL BIORESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD Dept. of Biotechnology Government of India, New Delhi For office use: MARINE BIORESOURCES FORMS DATA ENTRY: Form- 1(general ) (please answer only relevant fields;add additional fields if you require) Fauna : Flora Microorganisms General Category : Vertebrata (Zooplankton) Fish larvae Scientific name &Authority:Neothunnus macropterus (Temminck and Schlegel) 1844 Adult Common Name ( if available) : Yellowfin tuna Synonyms: Author( s) Status Scomber albacares Bonnaterre 1788 Thunnus albacares Lowe 1839 Germo macropterus Jordan and Snyder 1901 Neothunnus macropterus Kishinouye 1923 Classification: Phylum: Vertebrata Sub-Phylum: Super class: Pisces Class: Osteichthyes Sub- Class: Actinopterygii Super order: Teleostei Order: Perciformes Sub Order: Scombroidei Super Family: Family: Scombridae Sub-Family: Thunninae Genus: Neothunnus Species: macropterus Authority: Reference No. Neothunnus macropterus (Temminck and Schlegel) 1844. Temminck, C.J. and H. Schlegel, 1844. Sive descriptio animalium 1820-30 Collegit notis observation bus et. Fauna Japonica p.98. Matsumoto, W.M. 1958. Description and distribution of larvae of four species of tuna in the Central Pacific. U.S. Fish. and Wildlife Service, Fish. Bull., 58 (128): 31-71. Geographical Location: Mostly in tropical and subtropical regions of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Latitude: Place: Longitude: State:

Environment Fresh water : Yes/ No Habitat : Salinity : Brackish : Yes/ No Migrations : Temperature : Salt water : Yes Depth range : Picture (scanned images or photographs of adult / larval stages ) Figs. 1-6. Neothunnus macropterus (Reproduced from Jones, 1959) Fig. 1. 10-38 mm., Fig. 2. 5.25 mm., Fig. 3. 6.88 mm., Fig. 4. 7.42 mm., Fig. 5. 8.85 mm., Fig. 6. 10.56 mm

DATA ENTRY FORM: Form- 2(Fish / shellfish / others ) (please answer only relevant fields ; add additional fields if you require) Form 1 Ref.No.: IMPORTANCE Landing statistics (t/y) : from to Place : Ref. No.: Main source of landing : Yes/ No Coast: east/ west Importance to fisheries : Main catching method : Used for aquaculture :yes/ never/ rarely Used as bait: yes/no/ occasionally Aquarium fish :yes/ no/ rarely Game fish : yes/ no Dangerous fish :poisonous/ harmful/ harmless Bioactivity : locally known/ reported/ not known Details: Period of availability: Throughout the year yes/ no If no, months: SALIENT FEATURES : Morphological: Diagnostic characteristics: - Sex attributes: Descriptive characters:

Meristic characteristics : Feeding habit: Main food : Feeding type : Additional remarks : Size and age : Maximum length (cm) (male / female/ unsexed ) Average length (cm) (male / female / unsexed ) Ref. No.: Maximum weight : (g) (male / female / unsexed ) Ref.No.: Average weight :(g) (male / female / unsexed ) Ref No.: Longevity (y) (wild) : (captivity ) Ref. No.: Length / weight relation ships:

Eggs and larvae: Ref.No.: Ripe ovum is reported to be between 0.76 mm and 1.23 mm in diameter, with a golden yellow oil globule of 0.26 mm size. The larvae differ from other tuna larvae by the absence of chromatophores over the forebrain and midventral line near caudal peduncle, early development of dorsal spine and heavy pigmentation of the first dorsal in specimens over 7mm length. In specimens of about 5 mm, the dorsal outline tapers from the region of the head to the end of the tail. The ventral outline is rounded in the abdominal region and tapers gradually to the end of caudal. Snout is pointed and diameter of eye is less than the length of snout. The first dorsal develops comparatively early and rudiments of spines are visible even in specimens of 6 mm length. Seven preopercular spines are visible in specimens of about 7.5 mm and one at the angle is the longest. In 8 mm stage, the dorsal contour is deep, mouth is large and oblique, and the maxillary almost reaches a vertical below the posterior margin of the pupil. Chromatophores are present over the midbrain, along the hindbrain aspect, a few on the sides of the head near the dorsal end of the preopercle and posteroventral boarder of the eye. Body is unpigmented until the larva reaches a length of about 12 mm excepting for the dorsal region of the abdominal sac, which bears internally numerous chromatophores. The dorsal is heavily pigmented in specimens of more than 7 mm length. When the larva approaches 11 mm length, the body becomes much deeper, the abdominal sac is large and elongates, and the vent is posterior to the mid point of the total length. In general, it attains juvenile features early, eventhough preopercular spines persist and the chromatophores not formed at the body (Figs 1-6). Characteristics: Abundance: Biochemical aspects: Proximate analysis: moisture/ fat/ protein/ carbohydrate/ash Ref. No. Electrophoresis: Ref. No. SPAWNING INFORMATION: Locality: Main Ref: Tropical and subtropical regions of the Indian and Pacific oceans. Season: Fecundity: Comment:

MAJOR PUBLICATIONS (INDIAN): (Include review articles, monographs, books etc.) Jones, S. 1960. Notes on eggs, larvae and juveniles of fishes from Indian waters III.Katsuwonus pelanisi (Linnaeus) and IV Neothunnus macropterus (Temminck and Schlegel). Indian J. Fish., 1959 6 (2): 360-373. Jones, S. and M. Kumaran, 1964. Eggs, larvae and juveniles of Indian scombroid fishes. Proc. Sym. Scombr. Fishes, Mandapam Camp,(Mar. Biol. Ass. India) 1962, 1: 483-498 Peter, K.J. 1977. Distribution of tuna larvae in the Arabian Sea. Proc. Symp. Warm Water Zoopl. Spl. Publ. UNESCO/NIO: 36-40. Peter, K.J. 1982. Studies on some fish larvae of the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Cochin, 349pp. LIST OF INDIAN EXPERTS (Name, address, phone, fax, e-mail etc.) 1. Dr. K.J.Peter Scientist, NIO. (Rtd) Koithara 54/2950, Kadavanthara South Kochi-682020 Ph. (0484) 318036 e-mail: peterann@md4.vsnl.net.in 2. M. Kumaran Scientist, CMFRI. (Rtd) Malaparambil Housing Colony Calicut 673 009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: (List of persons who contributed, modified or checked information)

NATIONAL BIORESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD Dept. of Biotechnology Government of India, New Delhi MARINE BIORESOURCES FORMS DATA ENTRY: Form- 1(general ) (please answer only relevant fields;add additional fields if you require) Fauna : Flora Microorganisms General Category : Vertebrata (Zooplankton), Fish larvae Scientific name &Authority : Euthynnus affinis (Cantor) 1880-Adult Common Name ( if available) : Mackerel tuna For office use: Synonyms: Thynnus affinis Euthynnus affinis Euthynnus yaito Classification: Author(s) Cantor Fraser-Brunner Clank and Postal Status 1850 1949 1958 Phylum: Vertebrata Super Class : Pisces Super Order: Teleostei Super Family: Genus : Euthynnus Sub- Phylum Class : Osteichthyes Order: Perciformes Family : Scombridae Species : affinis Authority: Euthynnus affinis (Cantor) 1880 Reference No. Cantor, T.E., 1850. Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 18: 1088 Sub- Class: Actinopterygii Sub Order : Scombroidei Sub-Family: Thunninae Gorbunova, N.N., 1974. A review of Scombroid fishes (Pisces, Scombridae). Trudy. Inst. Okeanol, 96: 23-76 (in Russian). Matsumoto, W.M. 1959. Descriptions of Euthynnus and Auxis larvae from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and adjacent seas. Dana Report, 50: 1-34. Geographical Location: Wide spread along the east coast of Africa, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, West and east coast of India, Laccadives, Maldives, Srilanka, Andamans and Indonesian waters. Latitude: Longitude: Place: State:

Environment Fresh water: Yes/ No Habitat : Salinity : Brackish : Yes / No Migrations : Temperature : Salt water : Yes / No Depth range : Picture (scanned images or photographs of adult / larval stages) Figs. 1 6. Larvae of Euthynnus affinis Fig. 1 3.45 mm; Fig. 2 4.8 mm; Fig. 3 5.4 mm Fig. 4 6.1 mm; Fig. 5 7.1 mm; Fig. 6 8.4 mm; Fig. 7 9.1 mm. (Reproduced from Gorbunova, 1974)

Eggs and larvae: Ref. No.: Information on eggs is not available. Ripe ovum is reported to be of having an average diameter of 0.99 mm with single oil globule of 0.25 mm. Larval stages are characteristically long and slender and head conspicuously large. The abdominal sac is triangular, small and anteriorly situated. The vent is far forward of the mid point of total length. Eye diameter is more than the length of snout in early stages. Seven preopercular spines could be distinguished. There are 39 myomeres, of which 20 are precaudal and 19 caudal. Teeth are present on both jaws. Pigments are present on the membrane covering the brain and the sides of the head. An important distinguishing character is the presence of an irregular row of dark chromatophores along the posterior portion of the ventral midline, and a series of 4 or 5 chromatophores in anterior half of the mandible. (Figs. 1-7) Characteristics: Abundance: Biochemical aspects: Proximate analysis: moisture/ fat/ protein/ carbohydrate/ash Ref. No. Electrophoresis: Ref. No. SPAWNING INFORMATION: Locality: Main Ref: Spawning ground appears to be within the 200 km line from the coast. Off Vizhinjam the probable period of spawning of this species is between April and September with peak in May August. This differs in different parts of the Indian Ocean. Season: Fecundity: Comment: MAJOR PUBLICATIONS (INDIAN): (include review articles, monographs, books etc.) Jones, s. 1960. Notes on egg, larvae and juveniles of fishes from Indian waters.v. Euthynnus affinis (Cantor). Indian J. Fish., 7(1): 101-106. Jones, S., and M. Kumaran, 1964. Eggs, larvae and juveniles of Indian Scombroid fishes. Proc. Sym. Scomber. Fishes, Mandapam Camp, (Mar. Biol. Ass. India) 1: 343-378. Peter, K.J., 1977. Distribution of tuna larvae in the Arabian Sea. Proc. Symp. Warm. WaterZool. Spl. Pbl. UNESCO/NIO, pp. 36-40. Peter, K.J., 1982. Studies on some fish larvae of the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. of Cochin, pp. 349.

LIST OF INDIAN EXPERTS (Name, address, phone, fax, e-mail etc.) 1. Dr. K.J.Peter Scientist, NIO. (Rtd) Koithara 54/2950, Kadavanthara South Kochi-682020 Ph. (0484) 318036 e-mail: peterann@md4.vsnl.net.in 2. Mr. M. Kumaran Scientist CMFRI (Rtd.) Malamparambil Housing Colony Calicut 673 009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: (List of persons who contributed, modified or checked information)