Interdisciplinary Program for the PhD in Urban Design and Planning BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH MODULE 2011 Symposium April 29, 2011 1
CONTENTS Handouts Main research question Interactions between built environment and health outcomes Examples and policy implications Pedagogy Strengths Data and projects 2
IN YOUR HANDOUTS Students Staff Main faculty Area of research and grants 3
RESEARCH QUESTION How does the built environment affect human behavior, life style/choices, and consequently health enhancing behaviors? 4
EXAMPLES OF HEALTH EFFECTS OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT Transport infrastructure/walkability/access -> physical activity; eating; obesity; CVD; diabetes; cancers; injury Air quality -> asthma, cancers Noise -> hearing loss; stress; inattention; sleep; CVD
BUILT ENVIRONMENT-BEHAVIOR INTERACTIONS Domains of interest Use of environment (selective, time sensitive) Exposure/access to environment (unavoidable, time and intensity sensitive) Density of environmental attributes Proximity to environmental attributes Confounders (demographic and socioeconomic factors) Access INDIVIDUAL ENVIRONMENT [social or built] Exposure 6
POLICY IMPLICATIONS If the use of and exposure/access to certain environmental features affects health, what are the policy changes that planners could help address? Examples Make neighborhoods more walkable (reduce distances between destinations, improve non-motorize infrastructure, mitigate vehicular traffic impacts, etc.) Incentivize certain food and physical activity establishments to locate in neighborhoods Reduce local level air and water pollution, environmental noise 7
PEDAGOGY Students are part of an interdisciplinary team Team consists of faculty with different areas of expertise Other consultants (including sponsoring agencies) Staff Students from other UW units (Epidemiology, Geography, Demography, etc.) Synergy between different research grants (similar data, analytic approaches, etc.) Students work at all levels of research (data development, analyses, publications, contacts with sponsors) Student dissertations are a piece of the larger team work They co-author ~2+ papers during their studies, and publish ~2 papers as first author based on their dissertation 8
STRENGTHS RESEARCH CONTEXT Health related behaviors Built environment 9
HEALTH RELATED BEHAVIORS Data sources (mostly primary) Surveys (reported) Accelerometers (objective) GPS (objective) Variable selection Measurements 10
Seattle Obesity Study (SOS) 2,000 surveys (30-min) 700 food frequency questionnaires Food shopping locations Food costs and expenses Diet 11
TRAC STUDY Home locations Accelerometer and GPS data 736 participants 5,195 days (7 days /participant) 12,598 activity bouts An activity bout contains at least 5 minutes of walk epochs (where the accelerometer count > 500 for 30 seconds) during a 7 minute window 2,778 hours of activity bouts
~ 2,000 pairs in WA Up to 10, 000 in US TWIN REGISTRY Locations in WA State ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE MEASURES Neighborhood walkability (5) Deprivation Crime Traffic Sprawl 13
SAFE ROUTES TO SCHOOL (SRTS) Washington Mississippi Wisconsin Texas Florida ~890 schools funded out of 19,000 14
OBJECTIVE MEASURES OF BEHAVIOR IN TIME AND SPACE Figure 7: Example of food entry program (right) and energy balance interface (left) as viewed on the phone. 15
GPS TRACES WITH ACCELEROMETER AND TRAVEL LOG DATA 16
BUILT ENVIRONMENT Conceptual models Data sources Measures typically include counts, densities, and distances between features of interest. Both airline and network measures are calculated 17
BUILT ENVIRONMENT SPATIAL UNITS OF DATA CAPTURE AND ANALYSIS Public parcel data are 300 to 30,000 times finer than the resolution of area-based data 18
BUILT ENVIRONMENT DATA King Co Domains Variables* Number of discrete observations Neighborhood environment Routine destinations residential units (houses, apartments, condos, mobile homes) employment/jobs residential wealth (property values) vacant lands food facilities (stores versus restaurants, healthy versus unhealthy) physical activity and fitness facilities retail services schools and educational facilities offices medical offices public services (libraries, etc) open space and parks facilities in parks 489k parcels 21k parcels 489k parcels 51k parcels 1,500 food stores 6,500 restaurants 880 parcels 5652 parcels 737 parcels 4393 parcels 769 parcels 1541 parks 103 types of facilities per park 19
BUILT ENVIRONMMENT DATA King Co Domains Variables* Number of discrete observations Transportation infrastructure street (freeways and expressways, arterials, collector and local streets) 14k linear miles intersection density trails sidewalks 64k intersections 829 linear miles 1708 linear miles Traffic conditions traffic signals parking passenger rail stations bus stops vehicular volumes bus ridership pedestrian/bike collisions 2000 signals 2.7 million stalls 17 stations 8635 stops 86 million daily vehicle-miles 364k daily trips 1150 annual collisions 20
SPATIAL DATA DEVELOPMENT Example: sampling for RECRUITMENT SR 520 users 21
KFFI - BENCHMARKING ACCESS TO FOOD AND FITNESS Transit: ENVIRONMENT VS. BEHAVIOR
SOS STUDY SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF BMI Moran s I clusters 23
High-cost supermarket Low-cost supermarket FOOD DESERTS IN KING CO Ten-minute walk Ten-minute bicycling Ten-minute riding transit Ten-minute driving 24
END 25
MARINA S SUGGESTIONS for questions Questions for Panels: What is unique about our program intellectual focus? What are our strengths? What potential synergies exist among the areas of specialization? How can we productively build on our strengths and emerging tensions among diverse perspectives? What are the implications for our program structure and pedagogy? Questions for panelists How do you and your students fit into the program? What are emerging research agendas and approaches? What are the cross cutting questions? What are the implications for the pedagogy? Suggestions for panel chairs: Chair the entire discussion, make sure the panel discussion stays focused on the questions. Role of discussant John Friedmann: Ask John to help us reflect on our questions, be our mirror, provide an external feedback, help us reach a synthesis of our discussion. - Ask him what kind of information he would like to have in advance to help us in the discussion. Perhaps supply with some tailored information in advance. 26
THIS SLIDE WILL NOT BE SHOWN this is a summary of presentation, as per my recent email "Several of our doctoral students have been and are currently involved in research on the interaction between built environment and health. There are several on-going projects funded mostly by multi-year NIH grants that enable students to focus on measuring the built environment in a GIS environment and to conduct analyses on environmental influences on health. Environmental data are available at the scale of the parcel or tax lot for King County and are also being developed at the state level, which enable detailed individual-level analyses of environment and behavior. Students have the opportunity to become familiar with and to develop advanced methods in geospatial data development and spatial analyses (List students at the UFL and other collaborating entities along with their area of focus). The research seeks to untangle the effect of various environmental exposures on health outcomes. Active travel, physical activity, and walking as a popular means of being active have long been the focus of this research (List/describe projects ranging from WBC, Balance, Trac, Twins, Small towns, etc.). This research came out of past research on "non-motorized" transportation carried out with the Wash State Dept of Transportation. A somewhat newer area of research is on the food environment and specifically access to healthy and affordable foods. Work on environments that are supportive of active life styles and facilitate access to food allows us to contribute to many aspects of obesity research (List/ describe UWCOR, SOS I and II, Balance). Most exciting is our current use of accelerometers and GPS to track activity in time and space. TBD 27
MAIN FACULTY Bae, Christine, UDP Born, Branden, UDP Drewnowski, Adam, EPIDEMIOLOGY Duncan, Glen, EPIDEMIOLOGY Hallenbeck, Mark, TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Moudon, Anne Vernez, UDP Saelens, Brian, MEDICINE & CHILDREN S HOSPITAL RESEARCH 28
STUDENTS AND STAFF Ruizhu Huang Bumjoon Kang Jared Ulmer Jason Scully Sora Baek Phil Hurvitz, PhD (Research Associate) Junfeng Jiao, PhD (Research Associate) Lin Lin, PhD (Research Associate) Orion Stewart, MUP (Research Scientist) Melissa Munsell, MUP (Research Scientist) 29
UFL PROJECTS: HEALTH Health, Physical Activity, Walking Health, Energy Balance, Obesity PROJECTS DOCTORA Geographic Extent Observations L Instruments Date Research Focus Sponsor /PI STUDENT WBC King County UGB 600 respondents Trac Twins Small Town Walkability Balance NIDDK (SOS) HURVITZ, ULMER, BUMJOO N JIAO RUIZHU. MUNSELL SCULLY,S TEWART HURVITZ. STEWART HURVITZ, ULMER, JIAO King County 700 respondents @ 3 data collection times Washington, other states 9 towns in New England, Texas, Washington 10,000 twin pairs 1,800 respondents Surveys 2001-05 Surveys, 2008- Accelerometers 13, GPS, Travel Logs Surveys 2009-12 Surveys (subsample withh Accelerometers, GPS, Travel Logs) King County NA Multi Sensor Board Incl GPS (MSB), cell phone with dietary intake King County 2,000 respondents 2010-13 2007-10 Surveys 2008-11 Probabilities of WALKING for health Effects of light rail on PHYSICAL ACTIVITY WALKABILITY and health Probabilities of WALKING for health Objective measures of ENERGY intake and expenditure Obesity and ACCESS TO FOOD Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCS) (Moudon PI) 2001-2004, Walk and Bike Communities Project. National Institutes of Health (Saelens PI) 2008-13. The effect of light rail transit on physical activity: a natural experiment. National Institutes of Health (Buchwald PI) 2009-11 Building a Unique National Community Based Twin Registry. National Institutes of Health (Doescher PI) 2010-13. Rural town walkability: measuring the effect of the built environment National Institutes of Health (Duncan PI) 2007-10. Bioengineering Approaches to Energy Balance and Obesity. National Institutes of Health (Drewnowski PI) 2008-11. Food environment, diet quality, and disparities in obesity. Seattle Obesity Study (SOS) 30
UFL PROJECTS: Transportation Walking and Bicycling PROJECTS DOCTORAL STUDENT Geographic Extent Observations Instrumen ts Date Research Focus Sponsor /PI Land Use and Pedestrian Travel Puget Sound Four Counties NA NA 1995-2004 A number of methodologies to identify LOCATIONS and AREAS more likely to support PEDESTRIAN TRAVEL US and Washington State Departments of Transportation, (Moudon PI). Pedestrian Location Identification Tools, Transportation-Efficient Land Use Mapping Index Pedestrian Safety LIN, JIAO King County ~14,000 pedestrian and bicyclist collisions in WA State 200-2004 Police records 2004-08 Risk of COLLISION and severe INJURY/FATALITY US and Washington State Departments of Transportation, (Moudon PI). Pedestrian Safety SRTS LIN, STEWART Florida, Mississippi, Texas, Washington, Wisconsin, ~ 900 SRTS schools (~19,000 public schools) Surveys, Case studies 2008-2011 Children WALKING and BIKING to school US and Washington State Departments of Transportation, Transportation Pooled Funds (Moudon PI) 2008-2011. Safe Routes to School, Statewide Mobility Assessment Study. 31
UFL Built environment (BE) data by domain and variable of interest (data structure and sources) Domains Variables* Data structure, and original data sources Neighborhood environment Routine destinations Transportation infrastructure Traffic conditions Number of discrete observations residential units (houses, apartments, parcels, county assessor s office 489k parcels condos, mobile homes) employment/jobs parcels, UFL 21k parcels residential wealth (property values) parcels, county assessor s office 489k parcels vacant lands parcels, county assessor s office 51k parcels food facilities (stores versus restaurants, healthy versus unhealthy) parcels, food permits from Public Health Seattle King Co 1,500 food stores 6,500 restaurants physical activity and fitness facilities parcels, InfoUSA 880 parcels retail services parcels, county assessor s office 5652 parcels schools and educational facilities 737 parcels parcels, county assessor s office, National Center for Educational Statistics offices parcels, county assessor s office 4393 parcels medical offices parcels, county assessor s office 769 parcels public services (libraries, etc) parcels, county assessor s office open space and parks parcels, UFL 1541 parks facilities in parks within each park 103 types of facilities per park street (freeways and expressways, networks, King Co GIS 14k linear miles ESRI StreetMap Premium North America NAVTEQ arterials, collector and local streets) intersection density points, UFL 64k intersections trails networks, King Co GIS 829 linear miles sidewalks networks, UFL 1708 linear miles traffic signals points, King Co GIS 2000 signals parking rasters, UFL 2.7 million stalls passenger rail stations points, UFL 17 stations bus stops King Co Metro 8635 stops vehicular volumes networks, Puget Sound Regional Council 86 million daily vehicle-miles bus ridership King Co Metro 364k daily trips pedestrian/bike collisions points, Washington State DOT 1150 annual collisions * measures typically include counts, densities, and distances between features of interest. Both airline and network measures are calculated; UFL = data already has been collected by the UW Urban Form Lab
Domains Variables* Data structure, and original data sources Neighborhood environment Routine destinations Transportation infrastructure Traffic conditions Number of discrete observations residential units (houses, apartments, parcels, county assessor s office 489k parcels condos, mobile homes) employment/jobs parcels, UFL 21k parcels residential wealth (property values) parcels, county assessor s office 489k parcels vacant lands parcels, county assessor s office 51k parcels food facilities (stores versus restaurants, healthy versus unhealthy) parcels, food permits from Public Health Seattle King Co 1,500 food stores 6,500 restaurants physical activity and fitness facilities parcels, InfoUSA 880 parcels retail services parcels, county assessor s office 5652 parcels schools and educational facilities 737 parcels parcels, county assessor s office, National Center for Educational Statistics offices parcels, county assessor s office 4393 parcels medical offices parcels, county assessor s office 769 parcels public services (libraries, etc) parcels, county assessor s office open space and parks parcels, UFL 1541 parks facilities in parks within each park 103 types of facilities per park street (freeways and expressways, networks, King Co GIS 14k linear miles ESRI StreetMap Premium North America NAVTEQ arterials, collector and local streets) intersection density points, UFL 64k intersections trails networks, King Co GIS 829 linear miles sidewalks networks, UFL 1708 linear miles traffic signals points, King Co GIS 2000 signals parking rasters, UFL 2.7 million stalls passenger rail stations points, UFL 17 stations bus stops King Co Metro 8635 stops vehicular volumes networks, Puget Sound Regional Council 86 million daily vehicle-miles bus ridership King Co Metro 364k daily trips pedestrian/bike collisions points, Washington State DOT 1150 annual collisions * measures typically include counts, densities, and distances between features of interest. Both airline and network measures are calculated; UFL = data already has been collected by the UW Urban Form Lab 33
34