THE CIE AND AUSTRALIA THE CIE AND AUSTRALIA ROAD AND PUBLIC SPACE LIGHTING Past - Present Future Alec Fisher, Chair of Standards Australia Committee Lighting for Roads and Public Spaces
CIE Committee TC4.6 Road lighting For the 2 quadrennia up to 1975 the committee was chaired by Nito de Boer (later Prof.) producing 2 Recommendations and 6 Technical Reports exploiting the wealth of N European research at that time. Road lighting was essentially for vehicular traffic. In 1975 I became chair TC 4.6 met in plenary session yearly with SCs to prosecute the working program. There were aspects unresolved eg. classification of surfaces, tunnel entrance lighting, accidents, visibility metrics. Four Technical Reports on but road lighting remained essentially for vehicular traffic.
IN THE BEGINNING CIE 1965 Pub 12 International Recommendations for the Lighting of Public Thoroughfares AUS - 1939/1964 AS CA19 SAA Street Lighting Code GENESIS CIE 1977 Pub 12.2 Recommendations for the Lighting of Roads for Motorized Traffic AUS - 1973/1986/1997 AS 1158 series CURRENTLY CIE 1995-115 Recommendations for the Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic AUS - 2005-on AS/NZS 1158 Lighting for Roads and Public Spaces; series of eight parts
THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD - into the computer age... CIE 1977 set out lighting requirements in terms of light technical requirements (LTPs) * Multiple lighting categories * Calculation of luminance formalised * Reflectances of road surface characterised and tabulated * Glare restriction by Glare Mark and TI AUS - 1986 ditched the recipe method of lighting design and the single minimum standard and espoused the CIE methodology the same but different! * Less demanding values of LTPs * Inclusion of surround illuminance ratio * Inclusion of software based on CIE a world first? * Requirements for curves, intersections and local roads
Road lighting and accident studies * No. of studies - 62 * No. of countries -15 including Australia * Night casualty accidents reduced 30% Reduction in accidents and light level - Australian data * Diminishing return in reduction for the higher light levels * Cat V3 is about 10 at elbow of curve - optimum return for medium traffic volumes
CURRENT STATE OF PLAY CIE 1995-115 Basis of EC Road Lighting Standards * Covers Cat V and P * Multiple levels * Includes conflict points but not curves *Glare Mark out but SR in! * Dabbles with Small Target Visibility and semi-cylindrical illuminance AUS/NZ - 2005 on AS/NZS 1158 series * Lighting for Roads and Public Spaces * Covers Cat V, P, TU and PX * Multiple levels * Cat V includes conflict points and curves *All design by computer Cat V by included upgraded software consolidation of calculation requirements *Cat P has crime risk criterion and vertical illuminance *All LTPs maintained values *Compliance by 3 stage documentation *Clients responsibilities
*AS/NZS 1158.5 2007 did not use latest CIE but 1 st ed plus the British Standard to produce a comprehensive document on lighting of tunnels and underpasses.
WHAT ABOUT UPWARD AND SPILL LIGHT? *No mention in CIE 115-1995 but see CIE 126-1997 and CIE 150-2003 (modelled closely on AS 4282 1997 a world first) *UWLR introduced into AS/NZS 1158 1997 (another world first) UWLR reduced from 12% to 10% Modern luminaires ~ 5% UWLR ~40% UWLR in 1997 set at 6% UWLR halved 2005 to 3% Modern luminaires ~ 1% Luminaires UWLR =0 need closer spacing UWLR ~5%
THE NEXT BIG ISSUES White Light Australia and UK action in Standards CIE Div 4 has a committee Energy efficiency - 1158 has Energy Efficiency as a design objective CIE Div 4? Possible actions *MEPS Federal objective *Lower light levels already modest *Time switching difficult, is by photocell *Use of most efficient equipment amendments to 1158 *Use of most efficient lamps amendments to 1158 and action by service providers see insert IN AUSTRALIA * Cat V group replace HPM with HPS * Cat P replace 80W HPM with CFL eg. 42W or T5 eg. 2x14W
I have had a rewarding and enjoyable time participating in CIE affairs I am sure you would too if you only join in! Join the CIE and see the world! TC 4.6 Arnhem Netherlands 1976 Karlsruhe Germany Grenoble France Manchester England Warsaw Poland Espoo Finland Dubrovnik Yugoslavia 1982 CIE Sessions Barcelona 1971 London, Kyoto Amsterdam, Venice Melbourne, New Delhi 1995 Not all work!