BIOLOGY BOB GOES TO THE BEACH Presented at the 16 th Annual Literacy Symposium University of Central Florida April 11, 2014 Orlando, FL Robert M. Everett, Ph.D. University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Robert.Everett@ucf.edu 2014 Robert Everett
I'M A FROG OH, I'M A FROG I LIKE TO HOP AROUND YES, I'M A FROG NO ONE CAN HOLD ME DOWN AND WHEN THE SUN GOES DOWN, YOU CAN HEAR THAT FAMILIAR SOUND IT ECHOES THROUGH THE NIGHT AND INTO THE TOWN CHORUS: OH, I'M A FROG I'M A FROG........ OH, I'M A FROG I MIGHT LOOK PRETTY SAD BUT, I'M A FROG I'M HAPPY ON MY PAD WHEN I WAS A YOUNGER TAD, I BREATHED THROUGH LITTLE GILLS NOW I'VE GOT LUNGS THAT'S HOW I GET MY THRILLS CHORUS SOME PEOPLE THEY LIKE TO EAT ME OTHERS THEY LIKE TO DISSECT ME WHY DON'T THEY LEAVE ME ALONE? A POND IS WHERE I BELONG IF THEY WOULD LET ME LEAD MY OWN LIFE, THEN I MIGHT STAY ALIVE I'M A FROG........ OH, I'M A FROG I LIKE TO EAT BIG BUGS YES, I'M A FROG I CATCH THEM WITH MY TONGUE I MIGHT HAVE SOFT MOIST SKIN AND A THREE-CHAMBERED HEART BUT I CAN DO MY THING WITHOUT COMING APART CHORUS
CRUISING DOWN THE HIGHWAY RIDING ON A BUS TRAFFIC GOT STALLED JUST UP AHEAD WHAT SEEMS TO BE THE FUSS? PEOPLE LOOKING ON THE SIDE OF THE ROAD THEY MUST NOT BE VERY SMART THERE S A GATOR CLOSE AT HAND FIXIN' TO PLAY HIS PART CHORUS: TOO CLOSE TO FOCUS TOO CLOSE TO SEE TOO CLOSE TO THINK ABOUT THE DANGER THAT MAY BE TOO CLOSE TO FOCUS TOO CLOSE TO SEE DON'T GET TOO CLOSE TO THAT GATOR NOW CAUSE HE'S GOT REAL BIG TEETH CANOEING DOWN A NICE CLEAR SPRING THERE'S DARK GREEN HIDE AHEAD HIT THAT OVERHANGING TREE AND LANDED ON HIS BIG HEAD KNOW THEY CAN JUMP REAL HIGH AND RUN YEAH REALLY FAST? A LOT FASTER THAN YOU MY FRIEND I HOPE YOU'RE NOT RUNNING LAST CHORUS CHORUS TOO CLOSE TO FOCUS
OH WHALE! WE ARE THE WHALES WE'RE VERY BIG WE LIVE IN THE DEEP BLUE SEA BUT WE BREATHE AIR AND SOME EAT THINGS THAT YOU CAN'T EVEN SEE AND YOU MIGHT THINK I'M LIKE A FISH BUT THERE'S MUCH MORE TO BE SAID CAUSE IF YOU LOOK FOR MY NOSE IT'S RIGHT ON TOP OF MY HEAD CHORUS: OH WHALE, IT'S BETTER TO BE BIGGER WHEN WE GO LOBTAILING IN THE SEA OH WHALE, IT'S BETTER TO BE BIGGER THAT'S THE WAY IT IS AND HOW IT SHOULD BE I MIGHT BE GRAY I MIGHT BE BLUE MAYBE RIGHT OR HUMPBACK TOO THE BREACHING AND THE SOUNDING DONE ARE IMPORTANT THINGS WE DO CAUSE ALL'S NOT WELL IN OUR WORLD THERE'S DANGER ALL AROUND BUT MOST OF ALL IT'S FROM MANKIND THE SHIPS ECHO THAT SOUND CHORUS YOU DON'T NEED THE THINGS YOU TAKE FOR GREED LIVING FREE IS HOW WE WANT TO BE WE ARE THE WHALES WE'RE VERY BIG WE LIVE IN THE DEEP BLUE SEA BUT WE BREATHE AIR AND SOME EAT THINGS THAT YOU CAN'T EVEN SEE AND YOU MIGHT THINK I'M LIKE A FISH BUT THERE'S MUCH MORE TO BE SAID CAUSE IF YOU LOOK FOR MY NOSE IT'S RIGHT ON TOP OF MY HEAD CHORUS CHORUS
THIS IS FLORIDA I HAVE SEEN THE DARK ANHINGA SITTING ON A CYPRESS KNEE I HAVE SEEN THE GENTLE SEA COW WEST INDIAN MANATEE CHORUS CHORUS GOPHER TORTOISE MOVING SLOW SAND CRANES IN PAIRS THEY GO SHRUB JAY SQUAWKING LOUD SAYING THIS, THIS IS FLORIDA I HAVE SEEN THE GREAT BLUE HERON FLYING THROUGH THE EVERGLADES I HAVE WATCHED THE PLAYFUL DOLPHINS RIDING THE WIND SWEPT WAVES RACOONS RAID THE GARBAGE CAN 'POSSUM JOINS IN 'CAUSE HE CAN FOR THIS, THIS IS FLORIDA CHORUS: THIS IS FLORIDA WHERE THE SKY S SO BLUE FLORIDA WHERE THE SUN SETS TRUE FLORIDA WHERE THE EAGLE FLYS SO HIGH THIS IS FLORIDA WHERE THE PANTHER ROAMS FLORIDA WHERE I MAKE MY HOME FLORIDA WHERE THE WATERS TOUCH THE SKY I HAVE SEEN A BLACK BEAR CROSSING AND MANY GATORS PASSING BY ARMADILLO YOU DON'T BELONG BENEATH THE SAW GRASS SKY DIVING OSPREYS BUILD THEIR NEST SAND TERNS IT S TIME TO REST PALM TREES GENTLY SWAY ALONG THE SANDY SHORE BLACK SNAKES IN MY YARD BIRDS OF PREY WORKING HARD 'CAUSE THIS, THIS IS FLORIDA CHORUS FROGS KEEP ON CROAKING DEER KEEP ON RUNNING SEA TURTLES SLOWLY MAKE THEIR WAY TO THE SHORE BUT YOU KNOW WE SHOULDN'T GET ANY CLOSER BECAUSE WE ALL KNOW IT'S NOT RIGHT WE SHOULD WATCH THEM FROM A DISTANCE THEN IT, IT WILL BE ALL RIGHT
NAT THE NUTRIA LIFE IS SO SIMPLE AS THE SUN SHINES DOWN YOU KNOW I'M SO HAPPY WHEN I'M SWIMMING AROUND I LOVE THE BAYOUS I LOVE THE STREAMS FEEDING ON SWAMP THINGS WHILE I FOLLOW MY DREAMS THEY CALL ME A SWAMP RAT WITH MY SCANTLY HAIRED TAIL AND THOUGH I'M NO NATIVE I LOVE THE LOUISIANA TRAILS OVER AND OVER I TRY TO RELIVE AS I SHARPEN MY FRONT TEETH YOU KNOW I'M GETTING MY FILL THE MARSH IS MY HOME THAT'S WHERE I BELONG I DIG AND LIVE IN BURROWS PLEASE LEAVE ME ALONE IT'S A LOVELY HOME IT'S A LOVELY HOME OO YEAH! CHORUS: HEY, LOOK AT NAT HE'S SWIMMING THROUGH THE STREAM LIVING THE LIFE OF A NUTRIA'S DREAM HEY, LOOK AT NAT YOU KNOW HE LOOKS LIKE A RAT YES, HE'S A RODENT BUT A RAT HE IS NOT I EAT VEGETATION FOLIAGE AND SEEDS THE ROOTS ARE SO TASTY THEY'RE MUCH MORE THAN WEEDS MY HIND FEET HAVE WEBBING AND I CAN SWIM QUITE WELL I LIVE IN THE WATER AND WITH MY FUR THAT'S SO SWELL I TRY TO BE COOL I TRY TO BE SMOOTH I TRY TO DO EVERYTHING THAT A WARM-BLOODED MAMMAL WOULD DO I LIVE MY LIFE I LIVE MY LIFE OO YEAH! CHORUS I LIKE TO GRUNT LIKE A PIG I GRUNT AND I JOIN IN THE CHORUS WITH THE OTHERS AT DUSK I'M FROM SOUTH AMERICA MY SCIENTIFIC NAME IS MYOCASTER COYPUS REPEAT VERSE 1 CHORUS CHORUS
CRAWFISH (THE CRAYFISH SONG) JOINT-FOOTED CRUSTACEAN PINCING CLAWS INSTEAD OF HANDS GASTRIC MILL TO GRIND MY FOOD AND IT TASTES SO GOOD I M NOT SCARED I M HIDING UNDER STONES I M FINDING MESS WITH ME AND I LL REVERSE MY COURSE GOTTA MAKE MY MOVE CHORUS: BACKING UP IS EASY IT S SWIMMING THAT S SO HARD TO DO BACKING UP IS EASY THERE S NOT MUCH I CAN DO I PICK APART THE FOOD I EAT ALL THE PIECES A DELIGHTFUL TREAT PEOPLE CALL ME A MUD BUG AND THAT S ALL RIGHT WITH ME TWO-PART STOMACH I M A DECAPOD DON T SWIM WELL WITH MY UROPOD THAT S WHY I HIDE AND I MAKE MY STAND WITH MY CLAWS HELD HIGH CHORUS PINCING CHELAE WALKING LEGS SCAVENGER DON T HAVE TO BEG MANDIBLES FOR CRUSHING FOOD I KNOW IT S CRUDE BUT YOU KNOW THAT S WHAT I DO REPEAT VERSES 1 & 2 CHORUS CHORUS
SEA SHINING STAR YOU'LL NEVER BELIEVE WHAT I HEARD LAST NIGHT AS I WALKED ALONE UNDER THE OCEAN MOONLIGHT I HEARD A SMALL VOICE I HAD NOT HEARD BEFORE AND AS I MOVED CLOSER I HEARD MORE AND MORE YOU KNOW IT'S HARD TO TELL WHAT HAPPENED NEXT WAS IT IN MY HEAD? THERE WAS THIS SEA STAR TALKING TO ME AND THIS IS WHAT HE SAID CHORUS: HERE COMES THE OCEAN HERE COMES THE TIDE IT'LL PICK ME UP AND SPIN ME 'ROUND IT'S A SWEET SALT WATER RIDE HE TOLD ABOUT HIS FIVE SPINY ARMS HIS RADIAL SYMMETRY HIS PEDICELLARIAE AND ALL ABOUT HIS TUBE FEET AND GROOVES HIS CLASSIFICATION: ASTEROIDEA AS I LISTENED TO THIS ECHINODERM YOU KNOW I GOT REAL CONCERNED WHAT WAS I TO TELL MY FRIENDS BACK AT SCHOOL WHAT I SAW AND HEARD CHORUS THE CURRENT IS STRONG IT'LL CARRY ME FAR AWAY BUT I'LL WASH BACK TO SHORE AGAIN ONE DAY REPEAT 1 ST VERSE YOU KNOW I GOT REAL CONCERNED AS I LISTENED TO THIS ECHINODERM WHAT WAS I TO TELL MY FRIENDS BACK AT SCHOOL WHAT I SAW AND HEARD CHORUS SEA SHINING STAR...............
HOME OF THE MANATEE GIVE ME SOME CLEAR BLUE SKIES AND A GENTLE STREAM FLOWING SO WARM AND FREE COME WITH ME AND SEE LOOK AT ALL THE SPREADING BRANCHES OF OVER HANGING TREES THEY MAKE A PERFECT CANOPY FOR THE HOME OF THE MANATEE I LOVE TO WATCH THEM SWIM THROUGH THE UNDERWATER GRASS SEE THE CALF AND COW ESCAPE THE HERE AND NOW AND WHILE THEY FEED THEY START TO ROLL ROUND AND ROUND THEY GO THEY RE GENTLE GIANTS FOR ALL TO SEE IN THE HOME OF THE MANATEE THE ENGINES ARE RUNNING THE BLADES TURN ROUND AND ROUND THE MANATEES ARE HURTING SPINNING OVER UPSIDE DOWN CAN YOU HEAR THE SIREN S CALL? I ASK FOR NOTHING YOU CAN T GIVE AND WITH THE HOPE IN YOUR HEARTS THE MANATEES WILL LIVE I SING FOR ALL HUMANITY TO EDUCATE AND BE MORE THAN JUST A MEMORY OF THE HOME OF THE MANATEE
FISH PARTS I LIVE IN THE OCEANS I LIVE IN THE RIVERS, PONDS, AND STREAMS I SWIM WITH MY FINS NOW I BREATHE THROUGH GILLS AND I HAVE SCALES BUT WHEN YOU TAKE A CLOSER LOOK THERE'S MUCH MORE TO SEE A CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IS FOUND INSIDE ME CHORUS: THERE'S NO PART NO PART I CAN'T LIVE WITHOUT THERE'S NO PART NO PART I CAN'T LIVE WITHOUT NO PART I CAN'T LIVE WITHOUT I'M STREAMLINED IN SHAPE NOW I'M TAPERED AT BOTH MY HEAD AND TAIL MY HEART HAS TWO CHAMBERS AND I REPRODUCE EXTERNALLY TAKE A CLOSE LOOK AT MY EYES I DON'T SEE VERY WELL BUT I CAN HEAR AND SENSE VIBRATIONS FROM MY HEAD TO MY TAIL CHORUS MY BODY TEMPERATURE DOESN'T STAY THE SAME IT CHANGES WITH THE WATER IT'S NOT MAINTAINED COLD-BLOODED IS WHAT I AM AND IT'S VERY HARD CAUSE I CAN'T LIVE IN PLACES WHERE YOU LIVE CHORUS
MOLLUSKS SNAIL I CRAWL THROUGH THE GARDEN I DON'T CARE HOW SLOW I GO IT REALLY DOESN'T MATTER THAT MUCH TO ME AS LONG AS MY RADULA FEEDS YEAH! CHORUS: SOFT BODIED GASTROPODS HEAD-FOOTED CEPHALOPODS TO NAME A FEW BIVALVE MEANS TWO WE'RE MOLLUSKS HOW 'BOUT YOU CLAM I'VE GOT A MANTLE THAT MAKES MY SHELL AND I'VE GOT A VISCERAL MASS AND A FOOT THAT MOVES ME WELL YEAH! CHORUS HOLDING ON TO YOU IS VERY EASY AND SOME OF US ARE REALLY QUITE SEDENTARY OCTOPUS I DON'T KNOW WHY I SEEM SO SHY CAUSE SNEAKY INKY IS MY GAME I'VE GOT EIGHTS ARMS AND SOME WATER JETS AND HEAD-FOOTED IS MY NAME YEAH! CHORUS
The Feed the Octopus Game Introduction: Mollusks are invertebrates classified in the Phylum Mollusca. This is one of the largest and most diverse phyla in the animal kingdom. In this phylum we find creatures such as snails, slugs, clams, oysters, nudibranches, chitons, squids, octopuses, cuttlefishes, and the chambered Nautilus. Mollusks are defined as soft-bodied animals that have an internal or external shell. The body plan of almost all mollusks consists of four basic parts: foot, mantle (that secretes shell), shell, and visceral mass.
Many mollusks such as snails and slugs feed with a tongueshaped rasping structure called a radula. Some mollusks are filter feeders while many carnivorous mollusks such as octopuses and some sea slugs use sharp jaws. Some octopuses are even poisonous. Movement is usually rather slow even somewhat sedentary; however, octopuses, squids, cuttlefishes, and even scallops, to some extent, can move quickly through the water by using a form of jet propulsion. Respiration is by gills (marine species). Land mollusks breathe by using a specially folded mantle lined with many blood vessels. Moisture is still needed in order for oxygen to enter the cells. Most mollusks have separate sexes and reproduce externally, however; there are some species that reproduce internally.
Phylum: Mollusca Classification Class Polyplacopora chitons Class Scaphopoda tusk shells, tooth shells Class Gastropoda snails, periwinkles, conches, whelks, oyster drills, cowries, nudibranches, limpets, abalones, slugs Class Bivalvia clams, oysters, scallops, mussels, cockles, shipworms Class Cephalopoda squids, octopuses, cuttlefishes, nautiluses
Feed the Octopus Our Octopus Friend is Hungry. Please Feed him! Materials (needed for each group): A pair of dice Animal food pieces Did You Know? Fact Cards Feed the Octopus Game Sheet Scissors (to cut out food pieces) Coloring supplies (if students will decorate their own game board and game pieces)
Procedures Divide the class into groups or four (also can be used in small group centers). Each student in the group chooses an animal food piece. Each student places his/her animal food piece on their Start square found on the Feed the Octopus game sheet. Students take turns throwing dice until one rolls any combination of eight. If more than one student rolls an eight (the number of legs on an octopus) on their first try, have those students keep rolling until the tie is broken. This student goes first. Students roll the dice trying to make a combination of eight. Each time a student rolls eight, he/she will read a Did You Know? fact card about mollusks out loud then place the card at the bottom of the stack. Then he/she will move his/her food piece one space towards the octopus. Students will only read a card and move their game piece when an eight is rolled. Dice are passed to the next player. The first student to reach the Finish box will feed the octopus by placing their animal food piece on the octopus. Continue until all students feed our hungry friend.
Feed the Octopus Robert M. Everett, Ph.D. Presented at the 16 th Annual Literacy Symposium April 11, 2014 University of Central Florida
Introduction to Mollusks Mollusks are invertebrates classified in the Phylum Mollusca. This is one of the largest and most diverse phyla in the animal kingdom. In this phylum we find creatures such as snails, slugs, clams, oysters, nudibranches, chitons, squids, octopuses, cuttlefishes, and the chambered Nautilus. Mollusks are defined as soft-bodied animals that have an internal or external shell. The body plan of almost all mollusks consists of four basic parts: foot, mantle (that secretes shell), shell, and visceral mass. Many mollusks such as snails and slugs feed with a tongue-shaped rasping structure called a radula. Some mollusks are filter feeders while many carnivorous mollusks such as octopuses and some sea slugs use sharp jaws. Some octopuses are even poisonous. Movement is usually rather slow even somewhat sedentary; however, octopuses, squids, cuttlefishes, and even scallops, to some extent, can move quickly through the water by using a form of jet propulsion. Respiration is by gills (marine species). Land mollusks breathe by using a specially folded mantle lined with many blood vessels. Moisture is still needed in order for oxygen to enter the cells. Most mollusks have separate sexes and reproduce externally, however; there are some species that reproduce internally.
CLASSIFICATION Phylum Mollusca Class Polyplacopora chitons Class Scaphopoda tusk shells, tooth shells Class Gastropoda snails, periwinkles, conches, whelks, oyster drills, cowries, nudibranches, limpets, abalones, slugs Class Bivalvia clams, oysters, scallops, mussels, cockles, shipworms Class Cephalopoda squids, octopuses, cuttlefishes, nautiluses
Feed the Octopus! Game Procedures Our octopus friend is hungry. Please feed him! Materials (needed for each group): - A pair of dice - Animal food pieces - Did You Know? Fact Cards - Feed the Octopus Game Sheet - Scissors (to cut out food pieces) - Coloring supplies (if students will decorate their own game board and game pieces) Procedures: 1. Divide the class into groups or four (also can be used in small group centers). 2. Each student in the group chooses an animal food piece. 3. Each student places his/her animal food piece on their Start square found on the Feed the Octopus game sheet. 4. Students take turns throwing dice until one rolls any combination of eight. If more than one student rolls an eight (the number of legs on an octopus) on their first try, have those students keep rolling until the tie is broken. This student goes first. 5. Students roll the dice trying to make a combination of eight. 6. Each time a student rolls eight, he/she will read a Did You Know? fact card about mollusks out loud then place the card at the bottom of the stack. Then he/she will move his/her food piece one space towards the octopus. Students will only read a card and move their game piece when an eight is rolled. 7. Dice are passed to the next player. 8. The first student to reach the Finish box will feed the octopus by placing their animal food piece on the octopus. Continue until all students feed our hungry friend.
Feed the Octopus! Finish Finish Finish Finish Feed me! Feed me! Feed me! Feed me! Start Start Start Start
Food Pieces Cut these menu items out along the dashed line. Only four are needed for each group.
The largest octopus is the North Pacific Octopus that may grow to over 30 ft. and weigh more than 100 lbs. The smallest octopus is the Californian Octopus that only reaches 3/8 to 1 inch in length. A tusk shell has no heart. Many snails have a horny plate that seals the opening when the snail s body is drawn into the shell. Snails and other gastropods have a muscular foot that is used for movement in most species. Gastropods are the largest group of mollusks. Chitons have a single heart, a pair of kidneys, a simple nervous system, and sense organs including eyes. Have you ever eaten abalone sandwich? Haha! Most bivalves reproduce externally; however, fresh water clams fertilize internally. Bivalve shells are closed by welldeveloped adductor muscles.
Fresh water clam larvae attach to fish gills, where they remain as parasites until they drop to the bottom to become sedentary adults. Scallops can move rapidly by clapping their valves together. Mollusk shells have also been used as a form of currency in some preindustrial societies. The dominant features of mollusks are shell, foot, mantle, and visceral mass. Snails and clams have open circulatory systems while fast moving octopuses and squids have closed circulatory systems. Tusk or tooth shells are in class Scaphopoda. Snails and slugs are in class Gastropoda. To name a few: clams, mussels, scallops, and oysters are in class Bivalvia. Chitons are in class Polyplacophora. The Southern European garden snail s genus name is Helix.
Over 50,000 living mollusk species have been named. The giant squid, the largest invertebrate, can grow to a length of 60 ft. There are approximately 100,000 species of mollusks. Some mollusks don't have a shell. Some mollusks don't have a head. The name mollusk means "soft", because mollusks don't have any skeletons. An octopus is a large mollusk. Female oysters can produce as many as 500 million eggs in a year. Pearls are formed by mollusks when an irritant, like a grain of sand, becomes trapped inside the mollusk The kraken, a mythological Norse sea monster, is based on an octopus.
The Pygmy Octopus lays about 150 large eggs. The most dangerous predator to the octopus is the Moray Eel. Squids have an internal shell called a pen. Snails have a single shell, which spirals outward and to one side as it grows. Octopuses, squids, cuttlefish, and the chambered Nautilus belong to the class Cephalopoda which means head foot. Octopuses do not have shells. Octopuses are carnivorous. They eat fish, clams, lobsters, and other invertebrates Most female octopuses will not eat after laying their eggs. They guard the eggs instead. Most of them die from starvation after their eggs hatch. The genus name of the American land snail is Polygyra. True pearl producing oysters live in the waters of the Indo Pacific.
Tusk shells have a single shell that grows in a narrow and very slightly curved cone shape. Oysters, clams, and mussels have two parts to their shell that opens and closes like a hinge. Chitons are like little armored tanks with a row of eight overlapping plates protecting them. The Common Octopus found on the west coast of Florida reaches an average size of 24-36 inches. The Pygmy Octopus found on the west coast of Florida reaches a maximum size of 4 inches. Octopuses have the most complex brain of the invertebrates. Octopuses have both short-term and long-term memory. Octopuses, when threatened, can release a cloud of purple-black ink. This ink is toxic, even to the octopus releasing it, so it must quickly move away to escape. Octopuses can change colors. This coloration reflects mood; white for fear or red for anger. Typically they are brown. Many octopuses produce venomous secretions. The tiny Blue Ringed Octopus found in Australia is deadly to man.
MOLLUSKS Music & Lyrics by Robert Everett (Biology Bob) SNAIL I CRAWL THROUGH THE GARDEN I DON'T CARE HOW SLOW I GO IT REALLY DOESN'T MATTER THAT MUCH TO ME AS LONG AS MY RADULA FEEDS YEAH! CHORUS: SOFT-BODIED GASTROPODS HEAD-FOOTED CEPHALOPODS TO NAME A FEW BIVALVE MEANS TWO WE'RE MOLLUSKS HOW 'BOUT YOU? CLAM I'VE GOT A MANTLE THAT MAKES MY SHELL AND I'VE GOT A VISCERAL MASS AND A FOOT THAT MOVES ME WELL YEAH! CHORUS HOLDING ON TO YOU IS VERY EASY AND SOME OF US ARE REALLY QUITE SEDENTARY OCTOPUS I DON'T KNOW WHY I SEEM SO SHY CAUSE SNEAKY INKY IS MY GAME I'VE GOT EIGHTS ARMS AND SOME WATER JETS AND HEAD-FOOTED IS MY NAME YEAH! CHORUS 2013 Robert Everett http://www.biologybob.com/
Resources & References Everett, Robert. (2013). Mollusks. Song from Biology Bob: Nature s Wild Dance. MM 004CD. Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S., & Hickman, F.M. (1984). Integrated principles of zoology. St. Louis: Times Mirror/Mosby College Publishing. Miller, K.R. & Levine, J. (1991). Biology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Starr, C. & Taggart, R. (1989). Biology - the unity and Diversity of life. Belmont, CA:Wadsworth Publishing Company. http://animal diversity.ummz.umich.edu/mollusca.html http://is.dal.ca/~ceph/tcp/index.html http://www.bio.metu.edu.tr/~e072847/project.html http://www.marinelab.sarasota.fl.us/ http://www.wh.whoi.edu http://york.biosis.org/zrdocs/zoolinfo/grp_moll.htm http://www.amazon.com/mollusks/dp/b00c3uxxmw Many thanks to Christiana V. Luciano, M.Ed. for helping me put this game together. We presented Feed the Octopus at the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) national conference in San Antonio, Texas April 11-14, 2013.