World Journal of Sport Sciences 5 (4): 237-244, 2011 ISSN 2078-4724 IDOSI Publications, 2011 Kinematics of the Mawashi Shoudan Kick as a Parameter of Designing a Training Program for Karate Juniors Alaa Mohamed Taha Halwish Department of Sports Training, Faculty of Physical Education, Tanta University, Egypt Abstract: Like other sports, karate all over the world has recently witnessed major developments in various aspects related to performers, especially those of training programs. In turn, this led to major changes in offensive / defensive fighting styles. The current research aims at identifying the kinematics of the " Mawashi Shoudan" skill as a parameter for designing training programs for junior karate fighters. The researcher used the descriptive (analysis) approach on a sample of only one karate fighter "Saady Abbas" who is characterized with elite performance of the " Mawashi Shoudan" skill. Video recording and analysis was carried out during the training camp of the fighter in Egypt on 4-16 June 2011 in preparation for Asia Championship 2011. Results indicated that performance speed increases with the increase of pelvis joint angle. Metatarsus speed in basic phase reached 9.84m/s in frame 11, while pelvis joint angle was 171.76 in frame 9 during 0.36s. The researcher thinks that this angle characterizes the technical performance of this skill. Key words: Kinematics % Motion analysis % Karate % Mawashi Shoudan INTRODUCTION of the karate performer / fighter depends basically on his/her own physical abilities like speed strength. Like other sports, karate all over the world has Therefore, maximum speed and muscular strength should recently witnessed major developments in various aspects be fully utilized during motor performance of karate [1]. related to performers, especially those of training Physical abilities include strength, speed and flexibility. It programs. In turn, this led to major changes in offensive is recommended to improve these abilities through / defensive fighting styles. Karate includes two major exercises similar to real performance of these basic skills events. Each of these events has its own characteristics. [9-12]. One of this is imaginative fight called Kata, while the other Muscular ability (speed strength) includes is a real fight called Kumite [1, 2]. linking strength to motor speed. It is one of the most Excelled technical performance can never be important physical fitness components for karate achieved with a significant style unless it is analyzed performers/fighters as it is closely related to the dash thoroughly in the light of rules and premises of bio- component and aims at reaching the opponent in the least mechanics [3, 4]. Techniques of elite performers/ players time span [13]. can be used as a standard for evaluating technical In one study, the researcher analyzed kinematics performance. Analyzing skills continuously on all levels of the kicking leg angles as a basis for teaching the helps predicting ideal performance from various straight lick in karate. He concluded that analyzing perspectives [5, 6]. kinematics of a specific basic skill helps greatly in The author thinks that all kinds of circle kick to effective learning of the skill under investigation. Another torso (Mawashi Shoudan and Kazami Mawashi study analyzed the dynamic characteristics of the pelvis Shoudan) are among the most important karate skills joint and muscles as a basis for performing some basic used in "KUMITE" fights, especially after the new skills of karate fighters. The researcher concluded the amendments of the international rules and regulations dynamic characteristics of pelvis joint and its working indicating that if performed correctly, these kicks receive muscles affect the performance of the skills under two full points "Nihon" [7, 8]. Effective motor performance investigation [14, 15]. Corresponding Author: Alaa Mohamed Taha Halwish, Department of Sports Training, Faculty of Physical Education, Tanta University, Egypt. 237
Through bio-mechanical analysis research in karate C Control and guiding markers. and reviewing the related literature, the researcher aims at C A restameter for measuring weight and height. measuring and analyzing the Mawashi Shoudan motor C A measuring tap for measuring heights. performance in elite fighters because of its significant importance for KUMITE fighters in direct and indirect Measurements: attack to block and stop the opponent's attack. According the researcher's knowledge, this specific skill is perhaps C Height (cm). totally ignored in the literature of karate. Conclusions of C Weight (kg). this kinematics analysis can be used as an example for C Leg length (leg - thigh - shank - metatarsus) (cm). designing training programs for karate junior fighters. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Aim of the Study: The current research aims at identifying the kinematics of the Mawashi Shoudan skill Table 2 and figures 1-10 for kinematics of the as a parameter for designing training programs for junior Mawashi Shoudan skill indicated that total time of the skill karate fighters. phases (preparation - basic - conclusion) is 1.20 second. Pelvis Joint of the Kicking Leg: Horizontal displacement Research Question: What are kinematics of the Mawashi (x) ranged between 1.80 m in frame 1 and 2.63 m in frame Shoudan skill? 17. Vertical displacement (y) ranged between 0.82m in frame 28 and 1.04m in frame 13. Speed ranged between Terminology: Mawashi Shoudan skill: it is the circular 0.17 m/s in frame 1 and 2.92 m/s in frame 7. Acceleration 2 2 kick to torso. This skill is new and requires great speed. It ranged between 0.02 m /s in frame 13 and 2.36 m /s in follows the same motor path as the classic Mawashi Giri frame 5. Muscular strength ranged between 0.12 N in (the classic circular kick) (Procedural term). frame 13 and 179.76 N in frame 5. Efficacy ranged between 0.09 Joule/s in frame 13 and 329.46 Joule/s in frame 6. MATERIALS AND METHODS Maximum values of strength, efficacy and speed, respectively, were in frames 5, 6 and 7. Approach: The researcher used the descriptive analysis approach to identify the kinematics of the Mawashi Knee Joint of the Kicking Leg: Horizontal displacement Shoudan skill. (x) ranged between 1.69 m in frame 1 and 3.16 m in frame 16. Vertical displacement (y) ranged between 0.08m in Research Sample: Sample included only one karate frame 2 and 6.86m in frame 9. Speed ranged between 0.12 fighter "Saady Abbas" who is characterized with elite m/s in frame 1 and 6.86 m/s in frame 9. Acceleration ranged 2 2 performance of Mawashi Shoudan skill. This fighter holds between 0.48 m /s in frame 25 and 55.70 m /s in frame 6. several Arab, Asian and International titles. He won the Muscular strength ranged between 1.61 N in frame 25 and Asian gold medal 2011 in individual Kumite (70 kg). 186.59 N in frame 6. Efficacy ranged between 0.73 Joule/s Table 1 shows the sample measurements. in frame 2 and 989.74Joule/s in frame 10. Maximum values of strength, efficacy and speed, respectively, were in Procedures: Video recording and analysis was carried out frames 9.25 and 10. during the training camp of the fighter in Egypt on 4-16 June 2011 in preparation for Asia Championship 2011. Metatarsus Joint of the Kicking Leg: Horizontal displacement (x) ranged between 1.58 m in frame 4 and Tools and Equipments: 3.81 m in frame 16. Vertical displacement (y) ranged C Motion analysis device (Skillspector V.1.3.0). between 0.03m in frame 26 and 1.25m in frame 15. Speed ranged between 0.08 m/s in frame 5 and 9.84 m/s in frame C A registration notebook for the fighter's data. 2 11. Acceleration ranged between 0.19 m /s in frame 30 and Table 1: Sample specifications Height (cm) Weight (kg) Training age (year) Leg length (cm) Thigh length (cm) Shank length (cm) Metatarsus length (cm) 171 67 18 96 46 45 24 238
Table 2: Kinematics of Mawashi Shoudan skill Pelvis Joint Knee joint ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Displace Displace Muscular Displace Displace Muscular Phase ment ment Speed Acceleration Strength Efficacy ment ment Speed Acceleration Strength Efficacy Phase time Frame Time (m) X1 (m) Y1 (m/sec) (degree) ( kg) (kg/sec) (m) X1 (m) Y1 (m/sec) (degree) ( kg) (kg/sec) Preparation 0.36 1 0.04 1.8 0.85 0.17 2.49 20 3.38 1.69 0.29 0.12 2.19 7.33 0.91 2 0.08 1.81 0.83 0.04 6.25 50.21 1.86 1.69 0.28 0.08 2.87 9.6 0.73 3 0.12 1.82 0.82 0.36 10 80.42 29.11 1.69 0.29 0.14 7.92 26.54 3.71 4 0.16 1.85 0.8 0.92 17.71 142.4 130.44 1.7 0.28 0.69 19.68 65.93 45.62 5 0.2 1.91 0.8 1.72 22.36 179.76 308.82 1.75 0.23 2.02 46.69 156.4 315.78 6 0.24 2 0.81 2.49 16.44 132.15 329.46 1.87 0.24 4.07 55.7 186.59 758.87 7 0.28 2.11 0.84 2.92 4.63 37.26 108.61 2.07 0.33 5.78 29.91 100.19 578.97 8 0.32 2.22 0.89 2.9 5.61 45.14 130.67 2.32 0.34 6.78 20.21 67.71 459.21 9 0.36 2.32 0.95 2.52 13.03 104.72 264.11 2.59 0.47 6.86 16.27 54.49 373.89 Basic 0.32 10 0.4 2.39 0.99 1.94 16.09 129.33 250.9 2.81 0.7 5.45 54.2 181.57 989.74 11 0.44 2.45 1.02 1.33 14.54 116.91 155.26 2.93 0.9 3.29 54.12 181.29 595.54 12 0.48 2.49 1.04 0.88 7.74 62.25 54.9 2.99 1.03 1.7 24.94 83.53 142.34 13 0.52 2.52 1.04 0.73 0.02 0.12 0.09 3.02 1.07 1.35 7.36 24.67 33.35 14 0.56 2.56 1.03 0.74 0.89 7.16 5.33 3.07 1.1 1.41 4.43 14.85 20.96 15 0.6 2.59 1.02 0.69 3.69 29.68 20.42 3.13 1.11 1.13 9.76 32.7 36.85 16 0.64 2.62 1.01 0.43 9.04 72.67 31.54 3.16 1.14 0.46 23.41 78.41 36.38 17 0.68 2.63 1.01 0.05 10.21 82.12 4.02 3.15 1.15 0.65 32.34 108.34 70.53 Conclusion 0.52 18 0.72 2.62 1.02 0.24 4.44 35.7 8.71 3.12 1.08 1.25 2.35 7.89 9.87 19 0.76 2.61 1.03 0.31 1.31 10.51 3.23 3.1 1 0.62 29.02 97.21 60.56 20 0.8 2.59 1.03 0.24 2 16.1 3.88 3.09 1.02 0.12 3.81 12.76 1.52 21 0.84 2.59 1.02 0.21 0.43 3.47 0.73 3.09 0.99 0.9 35.31 118.27 106.68 22 0.88 2.59 0.99 0.28 3.08 24.76 6.93 3.08 0.78 2.08 23.61 79.11 164.54 23 0.92 2.59 0.95 0.44 4.93 39.64 17.44 3.03 0.54 2.86 15.51 51.94 148.66 24 0.96 2.58 0.91 0.64 4.95 39.76 25.33 2.93 0.39 3.38 10.31 34.53 116.67 25 1 2.57 0.87 0.82 4.25 34.14 28.03 2.79 0.31 3.58 0.48 1.61 5.76 26 1.04 2.54 0.83 0.99 4.19 33.66 33.33 2.65 0.27 3.36 10.23 34.28 115.23 27 1.08 2.5 0.82 1.13 2.56 20.55 23.12 2.53 0.27 2.9 13.07 43.78 126.75 28 1.12 2.45 0.82 1.2 0.99 7.99 9.56 2.42 0.29 2.36 13.56 45.43 107.3 29 1.16 2.39 0.84 1.22 0.3 2.41 2.95 2.33 0.32 1.88 10.68 35.78 67.17 30 1.2 0.86 1.2 1.32 10.64 12.77 2.26 0.35 1.51 7.72 0.35 25.87 39.04 Metatarsus --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Displacement Displacement Speed Acceleration Muscular Efficacy Phase Phase time Frame (m) X1 (m) Y1 (m/sec) (degree) Strength ( kg) (kg/sec) Preparation 0.36 1 1.58 0.27 0.11 7.13 4.78 0.51 2 1.58 0.27 0.1 5.28 3.54 0.37 3 1.57 0.27 0.28 3.43 2.3 0.64 4 1.55 0.27 0.29 2.71 1.82 0.53 5 1.55 0.26 0.08 16.02 10.73 0.88 6 1.56 0.27 1.05 32.36 21.68 22.74 7 1.63 0.28 2.5 40.21 26.94 67.38 8 1.77 0.2 4.5 59.58 39.92 179.51 9 2.01 0.06 7.11 71.3 47.77 339.83 Basic 0.32 10 2.33 0.33 9.17 31.45 21.07 193.17 11 2.7 0.51 9.84 2.02 1.35 13.29 12 3.07 0.68 9.76 5.83 3.9 38.1 13 3.39 0.97 8.55 54.74 36.67 313.6 14 3.63 1.2 5.52 96.86 64.9 358.17 15 3.77 1.25 2.31 63.56 42.58 98.37 16 3.81 1.24 0.24 40.21 26.94 6.33 17 3.79 1.23 1.45 43.92 29.43 42.58 Conclusion 0.52 18 3.72 1.16 3.25 46.2 30.95 100.59 19 3.59 1.01 4.87 34.69 23.24 113.11 20 3.41 0.8 6.03 23.52 15.76 95.02 21 3.2 0.53 6.63 6.62 4.44 29.43 22 2.96 0.27 6.61 7.89 5.28 34.92 23 2.71 0.12 6.1 17.42 11.67 71.22 24 2.48 0.09 5.21 27.45 18.39 95.75 25 2.3 0.06 3.96 34.95 23.41 92.67 26 2.17 0.03 2.52 37.02 24.8 62.45 27 2.09 0.13 1.22 28.07 18.81 22.89 28 2.06 0.17 0.3 17.63 11.81 3.58 29 2.07 0.18 0.23 9.15 6.13 1.43 30 2.08 0.18 0.41 0.19 0.13 0.05 239
Fig. 1: Stick figures of the metatarsus in Mawashi Shoudan Fig. 2: Geometric path of metatarsus during conclusion phase of Mawashi Shoudan Fig. 5: Geometric path of knee joint during conclusion phase of Mawashi Shoudan. Fig. 3: Geometric path of metatarsus during basic phase of Mawashi Shoudan Fig. 6: Geometric path of knee joint during basic phase of Mawashi Shoudan. Fig. 4: Geometric path of metatarsus during preparation phase of Mawashi Shoudan Fig. 7: Geometric path of knee joint during preparation phase of Mawashi Shoudan 240
Fig. 8: Geometric path of pelvis joint during conclusion phase of Mawashi Shoudan. Fig. 9: Geometric path of pelvis joint during basic phase of Mawashi Shoudan. Fig. 10: Geometric path of pelvis joint during preparation phase of Mawashi Shoudan 2 96.86 m /s in frame 14. Muscular strength ranged between 0.13 N in frame 30 and 64.90 N in frame 14. Efficacy ranged between 0.05 Joule/s in frame 30 and 358.17 Joule/s in frame 14. Maximum values of strength, efficacy and speed, respectively, were in frames 11and 14. The researcher thinks that frame 14 represents maximum values of acceleration, strength and efficacy during the basic phase. This is due to the close relation between efficacy and strength. Speed maximum value was in frame 11 in the basic phase and then it decreased as strength and efficacy increased. This indicates that efficacy links strength with speed. Karate training specialists indicate that strength, speed and technique, Table 3: Angular changes for the kicking and fixed legs during the performance of Mawashi Shoudan skill Kicking Leg ----------------------------------------------------- Phase Frame Time Metatarsus Joint Knee Joint Pelvis Joint Preparation 1 0.04 118.19 168.74 143.56 2 0.08 119.55 170.32 144.13 3 0.12 123.47 173.01 143.89 4 0.16 124.66 173.24 144.68 5 0.2 118.34 164.13 149.85 6 0.24 121.72 151.86 156.94 7 0.28 128.2 137.35 165.51 8 0.32 120.79 108.57 176.74 9 0.36 138.88 84.69 171.76 Basic 10 0.4 170.11 70.08 155.34 11 0.44 173.35 70.47 140.78 12 0.48 163.95 97.72 132.9 13 0.52 171.44 162.94 133.59 14 0.56 177.68 177.73 134.6 15 0.6 143.16 165.13 134.73 16 0.64 140.21 166.52 130.21 17 0.68 166.87 176.86 126.24 Conclusion 18 0.72 152.71 177.3 131.81 19 0.76 150.58 178.08 139.6 20 0.8 129.28 127.39 135.59 21 0.84 121.32 89.46 133.48 22 0.88 128.2 83.11 144.12 23 0.92 124.73 79.17 155.1 24 0.96 131.59 78.42 163.42 25 1 135.5 84.9 174.17 26 1.04 129.41 97.63 173.08 27 1.08 124.51 114.05 162.24 28 1.12 129.06 131.81 155.7 29 1.16 128.53 146.27 153.72 30 1.2 123.97 156.87 153.16 noticed from the displacement path, are the basic pillars of initiating the skill [13]. Karate training designers should take a careful look at planning their programs so that such programs can improve muscular strength. This is in agreement with several authors [16-18]. Kicking Leg Joints: It is note worthy that formative characteristics of body position during phases of motor performance change due to the change of the geometric path of the initiated skill. This indicates that working joints angles during technical performance vary and coaches should take special care for them, especially the angle characterizing the moment of kicking for releasing efficacy. This is clear from our discussion to Table 3 and figures 11-13. 241
In conclusion phase, it ranged between 78.42 in 0.76s for frame 24 and 177.30 in 0.72s for frame 18. Fig. 11: Angular change curve for the kicking leg during the conclusion phase of Mawashi Shoudan Fig. 12: Angular change curve for the kicking leg during the basic phase of Mawashi Shoudan Fig. 13: Angular change curve for the kicking leg during the preparation phase of Mawashi Shoudan Metatarsus Angle: Table 3 and Fig. 11 in preparation phase indicate that metatarsus angle ranged between 118.19 in 0.04s for frame 1 and 128.20 in 0.28s for frame 7. In the basic phase, the angle ranged between 138.88 in 0.36s for frame 9 and 177.68 in 0.56s for frame 14. In conclusion phase, it ranged between 121.32 in 0.84s for frame 21 and 152.71 in 0.72s for frame 18. Knee Joint Angle: Table 3 and Fig. 12 in preparation phase indicate that metatarsus angle ranged between 108.57 in 0.32s for frame 8 and 173.24 in 0.16s for frame 4. In the basic phase, the angle ranged between 84.69 in 0.36s for frame 9 and 177.73 in 0.56s for frame 14. Pelvis Joint Angle: Table 3 and Fig. 13 in preparation phase indicate that metatarsus angle ranged between 143.56 in 0.04s for frame 1 and 176.74 in 0.32s for frame 8. In the basic phase, the angle ranged between 126.24 in 0.68s for frame 17 and 171.76 in 0.36s for frame 9. In conclusion phase, it ranged between 131.81 in 0.72s for frame 18 and 174.17 in 1.00s for frame 25. The researcher thinks that during the basic phase there is a directly proportional relation between angular change values of metatarsus and knee joints. This results in fluency that led to increasing performance speed. There is a disproportionate relation between these two values and the value for pelvis joint. This elevates the kicking leg to the ideal point of performance. The researcher concluded that performance speed increases with the increase of pelvis joint angle. Metatarsus speed in basic phase reached 9.84m/s in frame 11while pelvis joint angle was 171.76 in frame 9 during 0.36s. The researcher thinks that this angle characterizes the technical performance of this skill. From this analysis of kinematics and kicking leg angles, it is clear that improving working and antagonist muscles of the same joint in a balanced way is very important for achieving muscular balance in strength between the two groups of muscles. It is important to choose exercises that work on both sides of the joint and both sides of the body if it is required to improve the player's muscles equally. It is important to develop specific physical abilities as it is considered very important for many sports activities. Speed strength is the major motor component resulting from the link between muscular strength and maximum speed to generate a coordinated motor pattern. It is the most important component of motor performance in most sports activities [19-22]. Speed strength depends on muscular strength and motor speed, the two major requirements of most sports activities and especially for combat fighters as performance is characterized with speed strength to control the opponent [23]. Authors noticed that performance is the objective standard for determining success of any training program [24]. For sports requiring speed as a major component of efficacy, it is recommended to train on exercises similar to real performance of that sport [25]. Most training theories assure the importance of preparing muscular strength in 242
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