State of Small pelagic Fish resources and its implications for Food Security and Nutrition Manuel Barange, Stefania Vannuccini, Yimin Ye, Malcolm Beveridge Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Rome, Italy, Manuel.Barange@fao.org
Historical trends and Sustainability
Global landings of Small Pelagic Fish (by family) Millions 45 40 35 30 25 Clupeidae Engraulidae Carangidae Scombridae Osmeridae (Capelin) Other 20 15 10 5 What goes up must come down 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
But not at the same time Total Landings of SPF (by FAO Area)
80 70 All (480 stocks) FAO State of Stocks Underfished Fully fished Overfished 60 50 % 40 30 20 10 Fully fished + Overfished = rubbish 0 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014
80 70 60 FAO State of Stocks Underfished Fully fished Overfished All (480 stocks) Small Pelagic Fish (35 stocks) 50 % 40 30 20 10 SPF appear to be more sustainable 0 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014
Small Pelagic Fish as Food
Fish food supply by species group Crustaceans 9% Small pelagics 10% Aquatic 25 animals, Other 1% Marine, fish, Cephalopods Other 3% 20 12% Molluscs, excl. cephalopods 13% Landings (Mt) Freshwater fish excluded 15 10 5 0 Demersal fish 2013 Molluscs, excl. cephalopods Small pelagics Crustaceans Marine fish, other Other pelagics Cephalopods Aquatic animals, Freshwater others and diadromous fish 38% Demersal fish 14% pickled herring is not everyone s treat
Use of Small Pelagic Fish Food Non-food Share non-food (%) 40 70 35 65 LANDINGS (MILLION T) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 22.8 Mt 12.4 Mt 64.8 % Nobody has engineered this trend 12.6 Mt 13.6 Mt 48 % 60 55 50 45 40 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
Fish food supply (apparent consumption)
Per capita consumption of small pelagics per region 5 Europe Oceania Asia Africa Latin America & Caribbean North America 4 Kg / capita 3 2 1 maybe pickled herring is a treat 0 1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013
Share of small pelagics in total fish food supply Percentage 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Africa Europe Oceania North America Latin America & Caribbean World Asia 0 1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 SPF are cheaper and accessible to the poor
Small Pelagics and Trade
Share of small pelagics in total Fish trade Quantity Value 70 Total small pelagics in total fish trade (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Peruvian anchovy decline
US$/t 2500 Fishmeal and Fish oil price Fish oil Fishmeal Soybean oil Soybean meal 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Jan-84 Jan-85 Jan-86 Jan-87 Jan-88 Jan-89 Jan-90 Jan-91 Jan-92 Jan-93 Jan-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17
Trade of small pelagics (Quantity&Value) Million tonnes (live weight equivalent) 30 25 20 15 10 5 US$ billions 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Food Non-food 0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Food Non-food Selling SPF for food is economically beneficial
Trade of small pelagics, 2015 Share in quantity (live weight) Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania 16,000,000 14,000,000 12,000,000 Peru - Denmark Chile - Thailand China Japan Norway Taiwan (China) 10,000,000 8,000,000 Norway China Netherlands Morocco UK Nigeria Egypt Ghana Thailand Cote d Ivoire 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 0 EXPORTS (Food) EXPORTS (Nonfood) IMPORTS (Food) IMPORTS (Nonfood)
Small Pelagic Fish and Aquaculture
Aquaculture Trends Production (Mt) 80,000,000 70,000,000 60,000,000 50,000,000 40,000,000 30,000,000 20,000,000 10,000,000 0 Growth rate - 1995 2004, 7.2%/yr growth - 2005 2014, 5.8%/yr growth Production and Food - 35 countries produced more farmed than wildcaught fish in 2014. - This group of countries has a combined population of 3.3 b, or 45% of the world s population.
Half of aquaculture production relies on feed and is growing Fed aquaculture source: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5555e.pdf
Production of Fishmeal and Fish Oil (Mt) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Fishmeal 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.5 Fish oil 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Use of fishmeal 1960 1980 2012 Chicken Pork Aquaculture Other this is a good thing
Fish are highly efficient convertors of feed into flesh source: http://www.biomar.com
Per capita fish supplies have doubled over the past half century, despite a doubling of the global population source: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5555e.pdf
Fish rich food for poor people? Of the top 30 fish consuming nations 22 are from Low Income Food Deficit (LIFD) countries
SPF are perfectly good to eat. Why are we reducing them to meal? source: http://www.healthnewsline.net/ Producers prefer to sell for Human Use it is much more profitable! Society has preferences SPF are often caught seasonally preservation costs too high for low price Value adding is common in food systems
The future of Small Pelagics and Food
FAO Objectives + + Max Roser (2016) Hunger and Undernourishment
FAO Objectives + + A morally compelling conundrum protect OR feed FAO 2017. The Future of Food 50% more food Alexandratos N, Bruinsma J. 2012. FAO
A morally compelling conundrum protect AND feed 11.00 10.75 10.50 10.25 10.00 9.75 9.50 Arable Land As % of Total Land Marine capture fisheries (Landings, no scale) 9.25 9.00 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 (c) BBC
Projecting the future Mt 120 Aquaculture Capture for human consumption Capture 100 80 60 40 20 0 1985 1995 2005 2015 2025
Fish Meal Production Fish Oil Production Mt 120 100 80 60 40 20 Aquaculture MagMeal and MagOil AgriProtein has announced plans to build up to 200 factories globally to scale up production of insect protein for animal feeds. Each factory will produce 5,000 tonnes of MagMeal, as well as and 2,000 tonnes of MagOil per year 0 1985 1995 2005 2015 2025
A Blue Revolution in Food Production Increasing Aquaculture production, especially in low intensity regions, but at lower rates than before, and increase diversity Stability in marine capture production, requiring strengthening management frameworks, resource rebuilding, addressing IUU fishing Significant increases in efficiencies across the entire value chain Integration of F+A in food production strategies at national and global level Changing people s behaviours (lower protein intake, fish-food diversity, lower waste, tackle obesity and malnutrition) SPF are part of the solution, not the problem