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2010-2014 www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anthfood/aftexts.html#title

Diet and Human Evolution Diet and Human Evolution Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology Teeth Skulls and Jaws The Postcranial Skeleton What Is Adaptation? Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets of Extinct Hominids Our Place in Nature A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids What Did Early Hominids Eat? What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? Summary Highlight: Lactose Intolerance

Diet and Human Evolution Diet and Human Evolution Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology Teeth Skulls and Jaws The Postcranial Skeleton What Is Adaptation? paleontologists study fossilized remains Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets of Extinct Hominids Our Place in of Nature extinct animals and plants A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids What Did Early Hominids Eat? What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? Summary fossilized remains of plants Highlight: Lactose Intolerance paleobotanists specialize in the study of

you ve seen paleontology on the chart earlier...

NOTE: hominids are now generally reclassified as hominins The Cultural Feast, 2 nd Ed., p. 17

NOTE: hominids are now generally reclassified as hominins -- We are what they ate The Cultural Feast, 2 nd Ed., p. 17

Diet and Human Evolution Diet and Human Evolution Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology Teeth Skulls and Jaws The Postcranial Skeleton Through Paleontology What Is Adaptation? Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets of Extinct Hominids Our Place in Nature A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids What Did Early Hominids Eat? What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? Summary Highlight: Lactose Intolerance Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans

Diet and Human Evolution Diet and Human Evolution Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology Teeth Skulls and Jaws The Postcranial Skeleton Through Paleontology What Is Adaptation? Using Chemistry paleontology Infer the Diets of Extinct Hominids Our Place in Nature paleobotanists A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids paleontologists What Did Early Hominids Eat? What Can primates We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? Summary prosimians Highlight: Lactose Intolerance Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans

REM paleontologists study fossilized remains of extinct animals and plants paleobotanists specialize in the study of fossilized remains of plants

Diet and Human Evolution Diet and Human Evolution Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology Teeth Skulls and Jaws The Postcranial Skeleton Through Paleontology What Is Adaptation? Using Chemistry paleontology Infer the Diets of Extinct Hominids paleobotanists Our Place in Nature A Brief Who's paleontologists Who of the Early Hominids What Did primates Early Hominids Eat? What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? Summary prosimians... Highlight: Lactose Intolerance Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans

Primates are a biological Order comprised of prosimians ( pre-monkeys ) monkeys apes humans

hominids now hominins are two-legged primates prehistoric and contemporary The Cultural Feast, 2 nd Ed., p. 20

http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/apes.html#title

pre-monkeys (aka prosimians )

monkeys prosimians

prosimians monkeys apes

prosimians monkeys apes bipedal apes

prosimians monkeys apes apes that walk habitually on two legs, like you do bipedal apes

prosimians monkeys apes bipedal apes humans

Anthropoids = all living and extinct monkeys, apes and humans

Anthropoids prosimians monkeys apes bipedal apes humans

Hominoids = all living and extinct apes and humans aka Hominoidea The Cultural Feast, 2 nd Ed., p. 20

prosimians Hominoids monkeys apes bipedal apes humans

gibbons humans bonobos chimps orangutans gorillas Campbell and Loy, Humankind Emerging, 8 th Ed., pp. 138 ff.

Hominids = modern humans and their nearest predecessors aka Hominidae The Cultural Feast, 2 nd Ed., p. 20

prosimians TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION Hominids monkeys apes bipedal apes humans

prosimians monkeys Hominids apes bipedal apes humans

Understanding Humans: Introduction to Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 11 th ed. NEW CLASSIFICATION Barry Lewis, Robert Jurmain, and Lynn Kilgore Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing 2012

NEW CLASSIFICATION Hominin = colloquial term for members of the tribe Hominini, the evolutionary group that includes modern human and now-extinct bipedal relatives (like Lucy )

prosimians monkeys Hominin apes bipedal apes humans

prosimians monkeys Hominins apes bipedal apes humans

example Lucy and The First Family Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 206

example Lucy and The First Family Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9 th Ed., p. 206

useful markers of the earliest hominids / hominins: adaptations for bipedalism... reduced canine length...

useful markers of the earliest hominids / hominins: adaptations for bipedalism reduced canine length...

useful markers of the earliest hominids / hominins: adaptations for bipedalism reduced canine length which is walking habitually on two legs, like you do

useful markers of the earliest hominids / hominins: adaptations for bipedalism... reduced canine length http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4900946.stm

useful markers of the earliest hominids / hominins: adaptations for bipedalism... reduced canine length and canine length brings us to teeth...

Diet and Human Evolution Diet and Human Evolution Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology Teeth Skulls and Jaws The Postcranial Skeleton Through Paleontology What Is Adaptation? Using Teeth Chemistry to Infer the Diets of Extinct Hominids Our Place Skulls in Nature and Jaws A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids What The Did Early Postcranial Hominids Eat? Skeleton What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? Summary Highlight: Lactose Intolerance Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans

www.newswise.com/articles/view/549004/?sc=rssn

useful markers of the earliest hominids / hominins: adaptations for bipedalism reduced canine length and this is though mostly to relate to a change in diet http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4900946.stm

useful markers of the earliest hominids / hominins: adaptations for bipedalism reduced canine length and this is though mostly to relate to a change in diet

REM: diet classifications herbivorous (principally plants) insectivorous (principally insects) frugivorous (principally fruits) graminivorous (principally grasses) folivorous (principally leaf eating) proteinivorous (principally protein eating) carnivorous (chiefly meats) omnivorous ( devours all ) locavore (principally locally available foods)

diet classifications herbivorous (principally plants) from... insectivorous (principally insects) frugivorous (principally fruits) graminivorous (principally grasses) folivorous (principally leaf eating) proteinivorous (principally protein eating) carnivorous (chiefly meats) omnivorous ( devours all ) locavore (principally locally available foods)

apes (and monkeys) still possess conical, daggerish canines which project well beyond the surface of the opposite teeth...

Teeth of a male patas monkey Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9 th Ed., p. 205

diastema = a space in the tooth row that accommodates one or more teeth from the opposite jaw

Diet and Human Evolution Diet and Human Evolution Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology Teeth Skulls and Jaws Through The Postcranial Paleontology Skeleton What Is Adaptation? Teeth Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets of Extinct Skulls Hominids and Jaws Our Place in Nature A Brief The Who's Postcranial Who of the Early Skeleton Hominids What Did Early Hominids Eat? What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? Summary Highlight: Lactose Intolerance Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans

Diet and Human Evolution Diet and Human Evolution Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology Teeth Skulls and Jaws Through The Postcranial Paleontology Skeleton What Is Adaptation? Teeth Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets of Extinct Skull Hominids = and cranium Jaws Our Place in Nature A Brief The Who's Postcranial Who of the Early Skeleton Hominids What Did Early Hominids Eat? What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? Summary Highlight: Lactose Intolerance Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans

Modern human cranium Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9 th Ed., p. 432

Diet and Human Evolution Diet and Human Evolution Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology Teeth Skulls and Jaws Through The Postcranial Paleontology Skeleton What Is Adaptation? Teeth Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets of Extinct Hominids Skulls and Jaws Our Place in Nature A Brief The Who's Postcranial Who of the Early Skeleton Hominids What Did Early Hominids Eat? What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? Summary Highlight: Lactose Intolerance Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans

the lower jaw = mandible and the little bony ridge inside running alongside the tongue is a mandibular torus

Modern human cranium Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9 th Ed., p. 432

Diet and Human Evolution Diet and Human Evolution Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology Teeth Skulls and Jaws The Postcranial Skeleton Through Paleontology What Is Adaptation? Using Teeth Chemistry to Infer the Diets of Extinct Hominids Skulls and Jaws Our Place in Nature A Brief Who's saggital Who of the crest Early Hominids What Did Early Hominids Eat? What The Can We Postcranial Say About the Diets Skeleton of Fossil Homo? Summary Highlight: Lactose Intolerance Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans

Pongid Prognathism (Line of greatest muscle force is shown in red) Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8 th Ed., p. 245

Satittal crests and temporal muscle orientations Hominid compared to pongid (Line of greatest muscle force is shown in red) Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8 th Ed., p. 245

Diet and Human Evolution Diet and Human Evolution Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology Teeth Skulls and Jaws The Postcranial Skeleton Through Paleontology What Is Adaptation? Using Teeth Chemistry to Infer the Diets of Extinct Hominids Our Place Skulls in Nature and Jaws A Brief The Who's Postcranial Who of the Early Hominids Skeleton What Did Early Hominids Eat? What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? Summary Highlight: Lactose Intolerance Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans

Postcranial = below the head (with bipeds) behind the head (with quadrupeds)

Postcrania Modern human New World monkey Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8 th Ed., pp. 223, 128

Homo sapiens Moderns (Cro-magnon ) Premoderns (Neandertal ) Homo erectus Homo habilis Paranthropus Australopithecus 165,000 ybp-present 500,000-28,000 ybp 1.8 mya 25,000 ybp 2.4-1.6 mya 2. 5-1 mya 4.25-2 mya Sivapithecus 15-7 mya dates are approximate and follow Understanding Humans 2009

Homo sapiens Moderns (Cro-magnon ) 165,000 ybp-present Premoderns (Neandertal ) Homo erectus Homo habilis Paranthropus Australopithecus Sivapithecus 500,000-28,000 ybp anything called pithecus is an ape 1.8 mya 25,000 ybp 2.4-1.6 mya 2. 5-1 mya 4.25-2 mya 15-7 mya dates are approximate and follow Understanding Humans 2009

http://www.gastronomica.org/gastro/pages/sample3.2.html Spring 2003

Homo sapiens Moderns (Cro-magnon ) 165,000 ybp-present Premoderns (Neandertal ) 500,000-28,000 ybp Homo erectus Homo habilis Paranthropus Australopithecus Sivapithecus 1.8 mya 25,000 ybp apes are not bipeds 2.4-1.6 mya they re brachiators (p. 23) 2. 5-1 mya 4.25-2 mya 15-7 mya dates are approximate and follow Understanding Humans 2009

Why bipedalism? there are a lot of theories several of them related to food procurement and use

Why bipedalism? there are a lot of theories... several of them related to food procurement and use...

Why bipedalism? Owen Lovejoy for example, thinks it s ALL about food...

Why bipedalism? Owen Lovejoy for example, thinks it s ALL about food... provisioning hypothesis

bipedalism relates to long-distance walking... including carrying food

Possible Factors Influencing the Initial Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 217

... and even non-bipeds carry food...

Chimpanzee The Primates, Time-Life (1974) p. 71

Lovejoy s ideas on bipedalism specifically relate to male help in carrying food back to the home base... known as provisioning

Lovejoy s ideas on bipedalism specifically relate to male help in carrying food back to the home base... this is known as provisioning

... note male help in provisioning in Owen Lovejoy s provisioning hypothesis

bipedalism is also related to tool use... including such simple tools as a digging stick (dibble / coa)

Possible Factors Influencing the Initial Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 217

bipedalism is related to hunting

Possible Factors Influencing the Initial Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 217

Hunting / Gathering / Collecting (foraging)

bipedalism is related to seed and nut gathering and feeding from bushes

Possible Factors Influencing the Initial Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 217

The Emergence of Humankind 4 th Ed., p. 105

New York University Press 2005

another consequence of our primate heritage and enlarged brain is that we are blessed and cursed with an insensate craving for sweets and fats we seem especially fond of sweetsour foods in nature, ripe fruits and berries we love animal fats and vegetable fats equally nuts, seeds, oily fruits Everyone Eats pp. 33-34

these are high-calorie, easily digestible foods that are most easily found in a rich patch following a burn Everyone Eats pp. 33-34

So the human tendency to crave certain foods is biologically grounded Everyone Eats pp. 33-34

bipedalism and vision (visual surveillance)

Possible Factors Influencing the Initial Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 217

Eye Level and Sight Humankind Emerging, 7th Ed., p. 114

and if you are a hunter, this difference makes a great difference in your hunting success rate... and maybe Eye even Level your and own Sight survival rate Humankind Emerging, 7th Ed., p. 114

2010-2014 www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anthfood/aftexts.html#title