Bicycle and Pedestrian Level of Service Evaluation June 214
Florida Department of Transportation Bicycle and Pedestrian Evaluation Prepared by Sprinkle Consulting Cambridge Systematics For the Florida Department of Transportation Transportation Statistics Office June 214 1
Overview Sprinkle Consulting was tasked with calculating both bicycle and pedestrian level of service using the FDOT Q/LOS Handbook Generalized Tables and the Model. Bicycle and pedestrian level of service measures a roadway s fit for purpose and is scored with a letter grade of A, B, C, D, E, or F. The highest obtainable score of A indicates the optimal perception by bicyclists or pedestrians, while an F indicates the facility is perceived as poor by users. The following report compares the results of both methods and suggests modifications to be made to the Generalized Service Volume Tables to improve accuracy. Process Using Microsoft Excel workbooks in addition to data obtained via Cambridge Systematics, level of service scores were calculated separately using the FDOT Generalized Service Volume Tables and then again using the Sprinkle (LOS) Model. This process was repeated for each of the 67 counties in Florida. In order for a finer, more detailed comparison, results were assessed based on a classification of area type: urban, rural, or transitioning. Initial Trends Note that a score of A is not obtainable using the Generalized Service Volume Table (s) method. Also note that not all development patterns are present in all counties. For instance, Hardee County contains no urban roadways and Leon County contains no rural roadways. A few general trends can be seen in comparing the Generalized Service Volume Tables to Sprinkle LOS model results for pedestrian level of service. As evidenced by Figures 1, 2, and 3, Generalized Tables resulted in worse scores whereas the Sprinkle LOS Model resulted in better scores. (It should be noted that an LOS A is not possible using the generalized tables.) Different trends can be seen from comparisons of bicycle level of service (these will be illustrated using Hardee and Leon Counties). For urban areas the Sprinkle LOS model appears to result in better LOS scores than the Generalized Service Volume Tables. However, for outside urban areas Generalized Service Volume Tables resulted in a significant skew towards better scores whereas the Sprinkle LOS Model resulted in a skew towards worse scores. (Figures 4, 5, and 6). 2
Figure 1: Comparison of Pedestrian LOS from Generalized Tables and Sprinkle LOS Model for Urban Roads Figure 2: Comparison of Pedestrian LOS from Generalized Tables and Sprinkle LOS Model for Transitioning Roads 3
Figure 3: Comparison of Pedestrian LOS from Generalized Tables and Sprinkle LOS Model for Rural Roads Figure 4: Comparison of Bike LOS from Generalized Tables and Sprinkle LOS Model for Urban Roads 4
Figure 5: Comparison of Bike LOS from Generalized Tables and Sprinkle LOS Model for Transitioning Roads Figure 6: Comparison of Bike LOS from Generalized Tables and Sprinkle LOS Model for Rural Roads 5
Modifications to the Process Based on comparisons between the Generalized Tables and the Sprinkle LOS Model, some conclusions were drawn regarding how scores are calculated. For bicycle level of service, it was found that heavy vehicle (truck) percent was a major influence on level of service scores. For this reason, the LOS was run again in several counties changing 24 hour truck percentages as reported on the FDOT Traffic Information DVD to one third their original values. The hypothesis is that this better represents the peak hour truck volumes. A reanalysis of the roadways resulted in shifting the calculated LOS scores (as opposed to the Generalized Tables). The bike and pedestrian LOS calculated scores now both result in more favorable results than the Generalized Service Volume Tables. See Figures 7 through 1. Figure 7: Bicycle Scores Based on Truck Volumes for Rural Roads in Hardee County 6
Figure 8: Bicycle Scores Based on Truck Volumes for Transitioning Roads in Hardee County Figure 9: Bicycle Scores Based on Truck Volumes for Transitioning Roads in Leon County 7
Figure 1: Bicycle Scores Based on Truck Volumes for Urban Roads in Leon County We believe the reason the calculated LOS scores result in better overall scores than the Generalized Service Volume Table is due to the assumed percent facilities on a roadway. The percent facilities is calculated based on the presence of a paved shoulder for bikes, or sidewalk or shared use path for pedestrians, for any given road segment. The Generalized Service Volume Tables provides three options for percent coverage. Any coverage less than 5% is rounded down to %, any greater or equal to 5% but less than 85% to is rounded down to 5%, and any greater than or equal to 85% to 1%. This means that all values except those at 85% or higher were rounded down. By rounding percent coverage down, Generalized Service Volume Tables largely yielded poorer scores for level of service than the Sprinkle LOS Model, which used actual weighted averages representing true percent coverage values and no rounding. Figures 12 and 13 illustrate the amount of over and under estimation of the percent facilities for bikes and pedestrians in Leon County urbanized areas. The most important factor influencing the letter grades produced by the s is the presence of a facility e.g. a bike lane or sidewalk. When a sidewalk is present it is nearly impossible to go below LOS D and where there are no sidewalks it is as equally unlikely to produce a LOS letter grade better than E. The Sprinkle LOS Model reports more favorable results than the s when there are no sidewalks present. This may result from the presence of shoulders which favorably impact the pedestrian LOS. Florida DOT has determined the presence of a sidewalk is the most important factor to an individual who is walking. Furthermore the s inability to produce an LOS A letter grade skews LOS results downward. These two explanations help account for the differences between the s pedestrian LOS scores and the Sprinkle LOS mode. 8
Figure 11: Percent Pedestrian Facilities Comparison for Urban Roads in Leon County Figure 12: Percent Bicycle Facilities Comparison for Urban Roads in Leon County A review of Figures 11 and 12 reveals that the percent coverage of bicycle and pedestrian facilities is under represented by the s more often than it is over represented. Thus it makes sense that the calculated LOS scores would be more favorable than those obtained from the s. Similar Figures for Miami Dade County urbanized areas are shown below: 9
Figure 15: Percent Pedestrian Facilities Comparison for Urban Roads in Miami Dade County Figure 15: Percent Bicycle Facilities Comparison for Urban Roads in Miami Dade County Recommendations for the Generalized Service Volume Tables The Generalized Service Volume Tables provide LOS results that are quite conservative when compared to the more in depth LOS analysis. This may be acceptable for users purposes. Any changes to the s resulting in significant improvements to LOS scores accuaracy would likely involve adding more options to the Generalized Service Volume Tables. To significantly improve the fidelity of s, one would likely implement five categories of facility coverage; this would make the Generalize Service Volume Tables more complicated to use and may not be desirable. There are a significant number or roadway segments that have no facilities or 1 percent facilities. There are also a significant number that have 5% facilities (for pedestrians this often results from having facilities on only one side 1
of the roadway). Thus three natural categories for percent coverage would be essentially none, essentially 1 percent, and about 5 percent. The last two categories would be less than 5% and more than 5%. The defaults for these last two categories should be set based upon actual averages (or a sampling of averages) from these categories. Recommendations for Statewide Model Analysis The truck percentage reduction from the transportation statistics database to 1/3 that value seemed to provide more intuitive results. This adjustment only impacts the bicycle level of service results. 11
Statewide and District Summaries of Results Summaries of the level of service results are provided below. Some districts do not have an area type, e.g. rural undeveloped, in those instances a zero value for mileage is displayed. The slight variation in mileage between the two tables is due to rounding. Statewide Statewide 12
Bike LOS 35 3 District 1 Urbanized 296 25 229 28 2 15 125 166 1 5 93 74 38 19 17 1 1. District 1 Transitioning 9. 8. 7. 86 79 72 6. 5. 51 51 4. 3. 2. 1.. 24 24 22 13 1 3 13
Bike LOS 35. 3. District 1 Rural Developed 38 25. 234 2. 15. 1. 79 121 181 143 16 114 9814 5.. 37 9. 8. District 1 Rural Undeveloped 8 7. 6. 6 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.. 3 1 14
Pedestrian LOS 3 District 1 Urbanized 269 25 2 196 182 211 161 15 1 74 116 5 34 2 1 1 12 District 1 Transitioning 18 1 8 83 6 4 2 56 55 42 3 23 18 9 2 15
Pedestrian LOS 6 5 District 1 Rural Developed 47 535 4 3 2 1 14 196 111 62 52 6 6 12 District 1 Rural Undeveloped 1 1 9 8 6 4 2 1 16
17
Bike LOS 2 18 District 2 Urbanized 181 16 149 149 14 12 1 8 94 1513 12312 6 4 2 27 11 6 2 18 172 186 District 2 Transitioning 16 14 12 18 18 1 8 6 4 4 54 41 37 2 16 7 18
Bike LOS 7 6 63 District 2 Rural Developed 57 5 4 3 2 36 18 34 21 29 21 1 8 3 6 5 District 2 Rural Undeveloped 477 4 45 336 3 2 242 298 25 1 86 76 7 31 2 19
Pedestrian LOS 25 2 District 2 Urbanized 21 2 15 146 159 1 11 73 12 5 3 21 2 5 3 District 2 Transitioning 25 2 218 244 15 1 92 5 31 59 41 42 41 1 2 2
Pedestrian LOS 7 6 District 2 Rural Developed 55 62 5 46 43 4 3 29 22 21 2 1 9 2 1 7 6 5 District 2 Rural Undeveloped 665 58 495 4 3 2 189 25 1 73 55 1 7 4 21
22
Bike LOS 3 District 3 Urbanized 27 25 2 172 24 15 116 128 138 1 86 5 13 18 3 25 225 264 District 3 Transitioning 2 15 146 1 12 5 65 53 13 1 7 23
Bike LOS 1 9 91 District 3 Rural Developed 8 7 66 6 5 4 41 51 58 3 2 22 17 14 1 1 6 District 3 Rural Undeveloped 569 5 4 3 233 335 32 287 2 162 1 38 2 31 8 24
Pedestrian LOS 3 25 2 District 3 Urbanized 29 215 247 15 143 1 77 15 74 5 41 15 16 1 3 25 District 3 Transitioning 236 27 2 15 1 81 77 67 84 5 4 14 1 4 3 25
Pedestrian LOS 12 1 District 3 Rural Developed 98 92 8 72 6 53 4 27 2 9 3 4 2 6 District 3 Rural Undeveloped 551 532 5 421 4 3 229 2 162 1 39 4 12 24 11 26
27
Bike LOS 45 4 District 4 Urbanized 417 35 3 25 2 26 243 18 23 15 1 12 12 5 39 26 7 4 35 35 District 4 Transitioning 35 3 25 2 2 15 1 14 11 9 5 5 1 28
Bike LOS 7 6 District 4 Rural Developed 61 5 4 48 45 41 41 39 3 3 2 1 18 13 1 5 1.9 District 4 Rural Undeveloped.8.7.6.5.4.3.2.1 29
Pedestrian LOS 35 3 District 4 Urbanized 287 38 25 215 2 15 151 126 172 13 131 1 5 22 9 2 4 District 4 Transitioning 38 35 3 29 29 25 2 15 1 5 11 1 7 5 1 3
Pedestrian LOS 12 1 District 4 Rural Developed 99 19 8 66 6 4 4 22 2 9 6 2 1.9 District 4 Rural Undeveloped.8.7.6.5.4.3.2.1 31
32
Bike LOS 6 5 District 5 Urbanized 523 4 3 261 273 296 2 182 184 1 82 61 48 7 1 6 5 4 District 5 Transitioning 53 47 41 3 2 14 24 19 24 1 6 5 33
Bike LOS 3 25 25 District 5 Rural Developed 2 15 1 9 11 7 15 7 5 2 1 25 District 5 Rural Undeveloped 238 2 15 1 5 158 141 87 72 74 58 43 26 2 21 34
Pedestrian LOS 45 4 District 5 Urbanized 39 35 3 32 299 322 25 2 15 12 215 155 1 5 56 37 1 5 6 5 4 District 5 Transitioning 54 43 36 3 2 22 31 19 13 1 7 5 2 35
Pedestrian LOS 35 District 5 Rural Developed 32 3 25 26 2 15 1 11 5 5 2 1 1 4 35 District 5 Rural Undeveloped 347 3 25 225 2 15 1 5 11 79 78 51 54 1 1 36
37
Bike LOS 25 2 188 District 6 Urbanized 23 15 16 1 81 61 66 5 38 26 16 1 18 16 16 16 District 6 Transitioning 14 12 12 12 1 8 6 8 9 8 4 2 1 38
Bike LOS 8 7 6 District 6 Rural Developed 61 72 5 46 4 3 25 23 2 16 1 7 16 14 District 6 Rural Undeveloped 14 12 1 8 8 6 5 4 2 1 39
Pedestrian LOS 18 16 14 District 6 Urbanized 157 166 139 12 1 8 17 99 6 4 2 48 37 23 9 1 18 16 14 District 6 Transitioning 15 15 16 12 1 8 6 4 2 11 1 6 4 3 2 4
Pedestrian LOS 9 8 District 6 Rural Developed 84 81 7 6 5 4 38 3 2 1 24 12 4 3 1 12 District 6 Rural Undeveloped 11 11 1 8 6 4 3 3 2 41
42
Bike LOS 3 District 7 Urbanized 284 25 214 2 15 141 171 161 1 7 5 48 39 26 43 1 9 District 7 Transitioning 89 8 7 66 6 5 4 39 34 54 5 3 25 2 1 11 43
Bike LOS District 7 Rural Developed 12 1 1 8 7 6 4 3 2 1 1 25 District 7 Rural Undeveloped 22 2 18 19 16 15 1 11 5 4 5 4 6 2 1 44
Pedestrian LOS 3 District 7 Urbanized 25 243 2 28 2 156 15 1 75 12 1 5 34 53 3 4 12 1 District 7 Transitioning 97 8 77 66 65 6 4 2 19 11 14 8 9 2 45
Pedestrian LOS 8 District 7 Rural Developed 7 7 6 5 6 5 4 3 3 2 1 4 35 District 7 Rural Undeveloped 35 3 25 26 2 17 15 1 1 9 5 5 5 2 46
47